GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024

BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

Lecture # 6 : Movement

CHAPTER OUTLINE:
I. Movement
a. Muscle Tissues
II. Skeletal Muscle
a. Structure Smooth Muscle
b. Stimulus • Fibers - non-striated, spindle shaped,
c. Types of muscle contraction and uninucleated.
d. Exercise effects • Involuntary
e. Muscle group • Usually covering wall of internal organs.
III. Muscle Physiology • Found along our digestive tract: used to
a. Actin move food along.
b. Myosin
c. Motor Point and Unit

A Movement

Movement
• Contraction and relaxation of muscle.
Cardiac Muscle
• Shortening of muscle fiber =
• Fibers - striated, branched and
Contraction = Movement
uninucleated.
• Muscle fiber – rope like structure
• Involuntary
• In animal, they traverse distance.
• Only covering walls of the heart.
A1 Three Major Types of Muscle Tissue • Found in the heart.

Skeletal Muscle
• Fibers - striated, tubular and multi
nucleated.
• Voluntary
• Usually attached to skeleton
• Found in biceps, triceps, postural
muscles, etc
A2 Layers of Muscle

• Epimysium – outermost layer that

surrounds entire muscle fiber.

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

• Perimysium – middle layer that o If contract there is flexion

surrounds bundle of muscle fiber. backward
• Endomysium – innermost layer that
surrounds bundles of muscle fiber.

• Bursae
o Lie in between some tendons
and bones beneath them
o Bone is prone to friction which
leads to damage. Bursa’s
B Skeletal Muscle primary function is to reduce
friction and cushion.
B1 Structure of Skeletal Muscle • Synovial membrane
o Secretes a slippery lubricating
• Origin fluid that fills the bursa.
o The stationary attachment to • Tendon sheaths
bone o Enclose some tendons.
• Insertion
o The more movable attachment
site to the bone
• Tendons
o Anchor muscles firmly to bones
o Made of dense fibrous
connective tissue in the shape
of heavy cords
o Connection of muscle to bone.
• Ligaments
o Bone to bone

• Gastrocnemius
o Origin – Femur
Microscopic Structure of Skeletal
o Insertion – Calcaneus B2
Muscle
o Tendon – Achilles tendon

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

Muscle Fibers • The basic functional or contractile unit

• Specialized contractile cells that are of skeletal muscle
grouped together and arranged in a
highly organized way.
• Equivalent to muscle cell.

Thine and Thick Myofilaments

• Thick filaments are composed of
myosin.
• Thin filaments composed of actin.
o Thin filament is Actin,
Tropomyosin, Troponin complex.
• Mitochondria is abundant, because
muscle fiber is constantly needs ATP.
B3 Muscle Stimulus

Understand what a motor unit is and how it

works
• Neuromuscular junction: Specialized
point of contact between a nerve
ending and the muscle fiber it
innervates.
o Neuro – electrical signal,
transmit through a muscular
component.
o That connection is the junction.
• Motor neuron: a specialized nerve that
transmits an impulse to a muscle.
Actin
• Thin filaments Know how the process of muscle stimulus
o Also called Actin, Troponin, works
Myosin complex • When does a muscle fiber fire?
Myosin o Needs electrical signal.
• Thick filaments • When does it not?
• Myosin molecule o When paralyzed – no movement
o Composed of rod / tail and • Threshold stimulus: Minimal level of
head stimulation needed to make a muscle
Sarcomere contract.

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

• "All or none" muscle response: Muscles

will not partially contract. It will
contract or remain the same.
B4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Contraction

1. An isotonic contraction vs. an isometric

contraction
a. Isotonic Contraction
2. A twitch contraction vs. a tetanic
§ Muscle contract and
contraction
shortens.
o There should be signal first
§ Tone remains the same.
before contraction.
However, there is
shortening.
a. Twitch Contraction
§ Muscle length: Changes
§ Laboratory condition
§ Tension: Constant
§ Does not play a
§ Limb motion: Yes
significant role in normal
§ Ex. Walking, running, lifting
muscular activity.
a dumbbell.
§ Benefits: enhance muscle
b. Tetanic Contraction
mass, strength, and
§ Are sustained and steady
mobility.
contractions caused by a
b. Isometric Contraction
series of stimuli
§ The muscle contracts but
bombarding the muscle.
does not shorten.
§ Muscle length: No change
§ Tension: Increases
§ Limb motion: No
§ Ex. Holding bar during a
bench press, standing in
a doorway with a bent
elbow.
§ Benefits: Safe in the early
phase of strengthening
after surgery.

B4 Exercise Effects

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

What happens when you don’t exercise? o Also known as protein kinase b
• Disuse atrophy: Atrophy is when the o Activates mTOR
muscle fibers become weak due to o Glucocorticoids - it inhibits FOXO
lack of stimulation. § FOXO – activates ubiquitin
• Muscle decrease in size when there is no ligase
stimuli. § Ubiquitin is for protein
degradation then you will
experience muscular
degredation.
• mTOR
o mammalian target of rapamycin
o Protein kinase - capable of
phosphorylation.
o End point
§ Protein synthesis
§ Ribosome biogenesis
What happens when you do exercise? o Leads to hypertrophy
• Hypertrophy: Hypertrophy is the
increased size of a muscle.
• Increased sized is different in
hyperplasia.
o Hyperplasia increases in size of
cell.
• Hypertrophy triggered by tension, which
induced control damage.
• IGF-1
o Elevated during exercise
o Produce in muscle and liver
o If continuous damage, IGF is • Satellite cells
increased o Adult stem cells
o Promotes deactivation of o Related to stem cells repair
satellite cells which is o Stem cell undifferentiated which
responsible for repair. has high potency
• PI3K o Induced damage
o Secondary messenger is
What are the different types of exercise?
phosphatidylinositol
3triphosphate 1. Strength training
o Activates Akt
• Akt
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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

Exercise
o involving the to protect. Therefore, it increase
contraction of muscle against antioxidant.
heavy resistance.
2. Endurance training
o Increases a muscle's ability to • SOD1 – an enzyme and anti-oxidant
sustain moderate exercise over a • GPX – glutathione peroxidase.
long period of time • If there is GPX, peroxide reduced into
o is also called "Aerobic training" water. Damaging ROS become water.
o Allows for more efficient delivery • ROS will not attack protein in the cell.
of oxygen to muscles.
\

Why increase in acute oxidative when B4 Skeletal Muscle Groups

exercising?

• Transfer of Ubiquinol to complex III Know the muscles of each group and what
o Production of ROS ( Reactive each muscle does
Oxygen Species)
Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Short interval exercise is good because
it induce minimal amount of unpaired • Facial muscles
electrons, the semiquinone. o Orbicularis oculi
• Over exercise induce oxidative stress. o Orbicularis oris
o Zygomaticus
• Muscles of Mastication
o Masseter
o Temporal
o Sternocleidomastoid
o Trapezius

• Mild / moderate exercise is good

because it produce small amount of
ubiquinone. Then body will compensate
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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

• Muscles that move the Upper

Extremities
o Pectoralis major- flexes upper
arm
o Latissimus dorsi- extends upper The Movements produced by skeletal
arm muscle contraction
o Deltoid- abducts upper arm
Flexion
o Biceps brachii-flexes forearm
o Triceps brachii- extends forearm • Movement that decreases the angle
• Muscles of the Trunk between two bones at their joint:
o Rectus abdominis bending
o External oblique.
Extension
o Internal oblique
o Transversus abdominis • Movement that increases the angle
• Muscles that move the Lower between two bones
Extremities
Abduction
o Iliopsoas-flexes hip
o Gluteus maximus- extends thigh • Movement of a part away from the
o Adductor magnus- adducts midline of the body
thighs Adduction
o Hamstrings- flex lower leg
o Quadriceps- extends lower leg • Movement of a part towards the
midline of the body

Rotation

• Movement around a longitudinal axis

Supination and pronation

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

• Hand positions that result from rotation • 40% - skeletal muscle - voluntary &
of the forearm; striated
o Supination results in palms • 10% - cardiac muscle - involuntary &
facing up striated & smooth muscle - involuntary
o Pronation results in palms facing & nonstriated
down
Skeletal Muscle
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
• Forms the great mass of somatic
• Foot movements; musculature
• Dorsiflexion results in elevation of • Main function is tension development &
dorsum or top of foot shortening
• During plantar flexion- the bottom of • Under the control of nervous system
the foot is directed downward • Coordinated activity of different
muscles - provide useful movement &
maintenance of posture
• Structure of Skeletal Muscle
o Skeletal muscle is made up of
bundles of muscle fibers (muscle
cells).
o The muscle fibers are arranged
longitudinally and parallel to one
another
o Muscle fibers/cells are the
building blocks of the muscular
system, like the neurons in
nervous system.

C Muscle Physiology

Muscle Physiology

• Muscle, another excitable tissue like the

nervous tissue, forms about 50% of the
total body weight
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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

o Myofilaments § Special unit of contraction

§ Between two Z lines
Each thick
filament § Important structural and
consists of 500 functional unit of a
myosin
Thick molecules
myofibril
filament whose heads § Composed of proteins
protrude at
§ Within Z line
opposite ends
of the • A band- dark band,
filament. contain thick
A thin filament
filament,
consists of two
strands (300- composed of
400)of actin protein myosin and
subunits
actin. Arranged
twisted into a
Thin helix plus two parallel.
filament types of o H zone –
regulatory
proteins
middle of the
(troponin[40- A band
60] and
where no
tropomyosin
[40-60]). overlapping.
• I band – light band,
contain thin
§ Myosin onsist of 500 filaments,
myosin molecules composed of actin,
§ Thin and thick filaments tropomyosin,
practically interdigitate. troponin.
§ 7:1:1 ratio o Z line to Z line
§ The arrangement of thick
and thin" filaments in the
myofibrils results in the
striated appearance of
muscle fibers.
§ Darker shade is thick
filaments, lighter shade is
the thin filaments
§ Disk striation –
consequence of disk
interdigitating
o Sarcomeres
§ Transverse tubules

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

§ Z Disk • Fully Contracted

• Composed of o Higher overlapping than partially
protein structure contraction
o Arrangemen o Decrease length of H zone
t of proteins o There is shortening of H zone and
• Composed of increase in the overlap in the
intermediate actin (thin filaments) and
filaments myosin (thick filaments).

Muscle Protein

• Myosin & actin are contractile proteins.

They are directly involved in tension
generation and shortening
• Troponin and tropomyosin are
regulatory proteins. They regulate the
actin-myosin interaction. Hence called
so.
• Relaxed
o H zone – no overlap
o M disk – between H zone
o Light overlapping
• Partially Contracted
o Increased overlapping
o Decrease length of H zone

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

• Head – Subunit 1
• Arm – Subunit 2, protrude

Myosin

• 2 heavy chins, 4 light chains • There are two hinges present between
arm and tail. Other one is between
head and arm.

• Direction of cross bridge opposite in 2

halves of the sarcomere - so there is no
cross bridge in the center of the
sarcomere
• Tail directed toward the center
• Head away from the center
• Hence no heads but only tails in the
center
• Purpose: to not collide with other cross-
bridge

• Protrude arm + Head = Cross bridge

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

• Troponin
o Troponin C – binding site of
Calcium
Actin
o Troponin I – binding site of actin,
• Double-stranded protein connection of troponin and actin.
• Made of F actin, which is formed by o Troponin T – Binds tropomyosin,
polymerization of the globular protein G connection between
actin tropomyosin and troponin
• Myosin binding site during muscle complex
contraction
•

• Tropomyosin
o Long filaments located on the • In the presence of Ca, it will bind that will
groove between the two actin uncover / expose of myosin binding
strands site.
o Resting-state - loosely attached • State where Ca connects to troponin C.
to F actin & physically covers
active sites of actin strands
o So no interaction between actin
& myosin in the resting / relax
state

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

• Sliding filament model 5. ATP hydrolyze to ADP and

1. The active site on actin is exposed phosphate, which returns the
as Ca2+ binds to troponin C. myosin to the “cocked” position.
§ Myosin has active site in • Work done in here?
lateral for ATP. If ATP binds o Conversion of low energy myosin
it will facilitate ATP to high energy.
hydrolysis which is an o ATP hydrolysis used to convert to
exergonic process. Energy a myosin head to cocked
is used to convert the low position.
energy state ,myosin to o Then it will allow power stroke
high energy configuration because of that,
state / Cocked Position. o Allow shortening / move of actin
§ Cocked position = high filament to M line
energy configuration • Consequence?
2. The myosin head forms a cross- o Shortening of sarcomere which is
bridge with actin associated to end point
§ Due to activation of • End point?
troponin C. o Muscle contraction
§ Cross-bridge = leads to • How many ATP used?
release of ADP and Pi o 1 ATP only
§Myosin is in higher energy o Chemical energy is used to
state. convert into a cocked position.
3. During the power stroke, the myosin That energy is used to power-
head bends, and ADP and stroke
phosphate are released.
§ Power Stroke = use energy
– release = low energy
configuration
• There is pulling of
thin filament.
• Goal: to pull actin to
M line; shortening of
H band
4. A new molecule of ATP attaches to
the myosin head, causing the cross-
bridge to detach.
§ ATP binding = myosin
detach and recock =
cross-bridge cycle again
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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

Motor Point

• The area on the skin which corresponds

to the point of entry of nerve on the
muscle.
• This area, when stimulated, gives the
maximum contraction.
• Composed of motor neuron.

Motor Unit

• Muscle fiber connection in between.

• In a long nerve, there are several motor

points.
• When the nerve supply to the muscle is
intact & when the muscle is stimulated
over its motor points, it is the nerve that
is stimulated.
• Clinically, the muscle is stimulated
electrically at motor points, to prevent
muscle atrophy in certain muscular &
neurological disorders.
Neuromuscular Junction

• Where neuron and muscle connects.

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

• Vesicle in presynaptic valve will fuse

with protein of neuron.
• When fused, it will facilitate invagination
then neurotransmitter will exit.
• EM of neuromuscular junction
o Action potential is propagated in
continuous / saltatory
conduction in pre-synaptic
terminal.
o If there has electrical signal,
gated-channel will open.
o Calcium is responsible for
mobilization of hormone vesicle.
Thus, there is fusion with
membrane of presynaptic
terminal.
o Fusion will release hormone.
Protein identified for Endocytosis
o Acetylcholine activates ligand-
gated sodium channel in • Restrain vesicles
muscle. It will facilitate the • Target freed vesicles to active zones
movement of sodium and • Dock targeted vesicles
expulsion / efflux of potassium. • Allow fusion and exocytosis
Then, it will depolarize the 1. Presynaptic terminal
muscle, resulting in action 2. Acetylcholine exits and binds to ligand-
potential. gated channel. One way to degrade /
reutilize the neurotransmitter through

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

enzymatic degradation o Facilitate movement of sodium,

(acetylcholinesterase). outward flow of potassium =
3. Acetylcholinesterase will enzymatic depolarization.
cleavage of acetylcholine to choline
and acetic acid.
4. Then it will be reuse as acetylcholine.

• In the post-synaptic neuron (muscle),

there is ACh receptor and acetylcholine,
after use, the acetylcholinesterase will
degrade to choline and acetyl. Acetyl is
con verted to acetic acid.

Drugs that Affect Transmission at the

Neuromuscular Junction

1. Stimulate by Acetylcholine-like action:

o methacholine
o carbachol
o nicotine

Not destroyed by acetylcholinesterase or

destroyed slowly – action

Persists for hours -- persistence of muscle

• Post synaptic receptor
contraction
o There is binding site for
acetylcholine. After binding, it will
open.
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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE | 1ST SEMESTER Date: Nov. 14, 2024
BS BIO 3-1 GAZA INSTRUCTOR: A. KIKUCHI

2. Block transmission
o curariform drugs
o compete for receptor sites,
higher affinity

• Higher mass = Higher contraction

capacity
• Hypertrophy expect higher loads

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