Mode
• A manufacturer would like to know the size of shoes that has
maximum demand or style of the shirt that is more frequently
demanded.
• The word mode has been derived from the French word ''la
Mode''
o means the most fashionable values of a distribution,
o it is repeated the highest number of times in the series.
• Mode is the most frequently observed data value.
• It is denoted by Mo.
Mode
According to Kenney and Keeping,
"The value of the variable, which occurs most frequently in a
distribution, is called the mode.''
Merits
• Simple in calculation
• Not affected by extreme value
Demerits
• Not based on all values
• No further mathematical calculations
Calculation of Mode - Individual Series
Method 1: By Inspection
• When the number of observation is small
• Mode is obtained by looking which one of the observation occurs
most frequently
Example : The following data shows the age of 20 students in a class,
find the Mode:
15, 17, 18,20,22,24,21, 17, 16, 15,21,22,23,22, 17,22, 18,22, 19,20
Solution:
15, 17, 18,20,22,24,21, 17, 16, 15 ,21,22,23 ,22, 17,22, 18,22, 19,20
Calculation of Mode - Individual Series
Method 2: with the help of Mean and Median
Using the empirical formula : Mode == 3 Median - 2 Mean
Example : The following are the marks obtained by B.Com students,
find the mode:
2,0,9, 15, 11, 17, 19,21,25 ,26,23 ,22,27 ,28,3 5,45 ,32,33 ,31,34
Solution : Since each value occurs once, so all can be mode or there is
no mode
Calculation of Mode - Individual Series
Using the empirical formula: Mode== 3 Median - 2 Mean
0,2,9, 11, 15, 17, 19,21,22,23 ,25 ,26,27 ,28,31,32,33 ,34,3 5,45
- IX 455
X= = 22.75
N 20
N+l 20+1 10th Item+ 11th Item
M= = IO.5th item =
2 2 2
23+25
=24
2
Calculation of Mode - Individual Series
Business Statistics - ----Dwivedi
Hence : Mode == 3 Median - 2 Mean Guidance
- -- ---
Mode == 3 (24) - 2 (22.75)
Mode == 72 - 45.50
Statistics
. • • . • I • . • • .
Mode= 26.50
Mode - Discrete Series
In Discrete Series, finite or exact values and frequency are given
• Method 1 : Inspection Method
• Method 2 : Grouping and Analysis Table Method
Mode - Discrete Series
Example : Find the Mode of the following series
Heights 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
(in cm)
No. of 2 4 8 10 6 5 3
Person
• By Inspecting the series
• It is observed and noted that the maximum frequency is 10 which
correspond to the value 180.
• Hence mode for the series will be 180cm
Mode - Discrete Series
Example : Find the Mode of the following series
Value of 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
items
Frequency 5 6 8 7 2 8 2 6
•
Grouping Method
• Prepare Grouping table of 6 Columns, if necessary more column can be
constructed
• Column 1 : Given Frequencies
• Column 2 : Given frequencies are added in two's
• Column 3 : Given frequencies are added in two's leaving out the first frequency
• Column 4 : Given frequencies are added in three
• Column 5 : Given frequencies are added in three leaving out the first frequency
• Column 6 : Given frequencies are added in three leaving out the first two frequency
• Maximum frequency in each column is underlined or written in bold
• Analysis table is constructed : The values/class containing the maximum frequencies
are noted down for each column
• Value of variable which occurs maximum number times in the analysis table is
Mode in case discrete series and will be Modal Class in case of Continuous series
Grouping Table
Value of Frequencies or sum of frequencies
Items 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 5
11
9 6 19
14
10 8 21
15
11 7 li
16
12 2 li
13 8
-17 ~
11
14 2 23
15
15 6
Analysis Table
Column Size/value of item Containing Maximum Frequency
No. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 12 14
2 12 13
3 13 14
4 11 12 13
5 12 13 14
6 10 11 12
Total 0 0 1 2 5 4 3 0
• Since 12 Occurs maximum number of times,
• Hence the value 12 is the Mode of the discrete series
Mode - Continuous Series
In Continuous Series, Class Interval and frequency is given
• Find out the Modal class : class having high frequency is modal
class, done by Inspecting or by Grouping Method
• Use the formula to determine Mode:
t.-lo
ZorM= L 1 + - - - - -
lf.-fo-fi
ZorM : Mode f0 : frequency of pre - modal class
L 1 : lower li1nit of modal class f2 : frequency of class succeeding modal
L 2 : upper limit of modal class class
f 1: frequency of modal class L 2 - L 1: width of modal class, i or h
Mode - Continuous Series
Example : Calculate Mode of the following
Items 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
- -
.__
Frequency
-
1 2 1o
_ ___.,___4_ _____.___ 1o J_ 9 _...__2_ __,
Since the frequencies of class 10-15 and 20-25 are 10 each, so we
will decide the modal class by Grouping method
Grouping Method
• Prepare Grouping table of 6 Columns, if necessary more column can be
constructed
• Column 1 : Given Frequencies
• Column 2 : Given frequencies are added in two's
• Column 3 : Given frequencies are added in two's leaving out the first frequency
• Column 4 : Given frequencies are added in three
• Column 5 : Given frequencies are added in three leaving out the first frequency
• Column 6 : Given frequencies are added in three leaving out the first two frequency
• Maximum frequency in each column is underlined or written in bold
• Analysis table is constructed : The values/class containing the maximum frequencies
are noted down for each column
• Value of variable which occurs maximum number times in the analysis table is
Mode in case discrete series and will be Modal Class in case of Continuous series
Grouping Table
Frequencies or sum of frequencies
Items
1 2 3 4 5 6
0-5 1
3
5-10 2 13
12
16
10-15 -10 14
15-20 4 li
li
20-25 !!! ll
-19
25-30 9
11
-21
30-35 2
Analysis Table
Column
Class Containing Maximum Frequency
No.
1 10-15 20-25 • -
2 20-25 25-30
3 15-20 20-25
4 15-20 20-25 25-30
5 20-25 25-30 30-35
-
6 10-15 15-20 20-25
Total 2 3 6 3 1
Modal Class will be 20-25 as it occurs maximum times
Analysis Table
ti-lo
Mode= L 1 + * (L2 - L 1)
2/i-fo-fi
6
10-4 Mode = 20 + *5
Mode= 20+ *5
7
2*10 - 4 - 9
6 Mode = 24.28
Mode= 20+ - - - - - *5
20-13
- -
Items 0-5 S-10 10-15 IS-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
- ,_
- '- -
Frequency 1 2 10 4 10 9 2
- - -
