UNIVERSITY OF ADEN
FACULTY OFV ENGINEERING
B2IT -LAB
Analog Of Electronics
ASSIGNEMENT
Supervisor: Eng.Hisham
Name REG.N0 Experiment Name
Ashraf Zain Mehdhar 2405071033 1. Half Wave Rectifier
Salah Ahned Mohsen 2405071016 2. Zener diode as AC regulator
Ammar Yasser Mohammed 2405071010 3. Bridge Full Wave Rectifier
Amjad Mohammed Bin 2405071011 4. Bridge Full Wave Rectifier
Mohammeed with filter
Ahmed Aref Ahmed 2405071063 5. Transistor As Switch
Aimn Bader Ebrahim 2405071018 6. Transistor as AC Ampilifier
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Experiment 1
Half Wave Rectifier
Description:
In this experiment, we will analyze the behavior of a half-wave
rectifier by examining the waveform of the output voltage. A half-
wave rectifier is an electronic circuit used to convert alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC) by allowing only one half of the AC
waveform to pass through while blocking the other half.
Equipment:
1. Oscilloscope
2. AC Signal Generator
3. Half Wave Rectifier (Diode)
Steps:
1. Connect the AC signal generator to the half-wave rectifier.
2. Connect the output of the half-wave rectifier to the oscilloscope.
3. Set the oscilloscope to the appropriate settings (10 ms/div, 5
V/div).
4. Turn on the signal generator and observe the waveform on the
oscilloscope.
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Result:
The blue waveform represents the original input signal, which
.is a full sinusoidal wave
The red waveform represents the rectified output signal, which
is a half sinusoidal wave, showing only the positive half-cycle of
the input signal
Conclusion:
The results demonstrate that the half-wave rectifier allows only the positive
half of the input signal to pass through, effectively converting the AC signal to a
pulsating DC signal.
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Experiment 2
Zener diode as AC regulator
Description:
The aim of this experiment is to demonstrate how a zener
diode can be used to regulate or limit the voltage of an AC
signal.
Equipments:
1-A Circuit Contains a Zener Diode.
2- A Function Generator.
3- An Oscilloscope.
Steps:
1-Connect the electronic ship that consists of the zener
diode and the other electronic parts.
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2-Open the Function generator and set it to the following
values:
Settings for the Function generator
Amplitude at 1:1 100%
frequency 50Hz
Waveform sine
3-Open the oscilloscope and sit it to those values down
below:
Settings for the oscilloscope
Channel A 5V/div
Channel B 5V/div
Time base 5ms/div
Operating mode X/T,DC
Trigger A
Results:
The zener diode will limit both the positive and negative
peaks of the AC waveform to its breakdown voltage.
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And we can calculate the output valtage using this
formula
N=V*n
N is the total voltage
V is the voltage of channell
n is the number if boxes that contain the wave.
So for the wave form in figure above will be:
Input wave N=5*4=20V
Output wave N=(~2.2)*5=11V
Conclusion:
A zener diode can be used to regulate the positive
and negative half-cycle of an AC voltage, providing a
clipped waveform.
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Experiment 3
Bridge Full Wave Rectifier
Bridge rectifier definition:
A bridge rectifier is a type of full wave rectifier which uses 4 or more diodes in a bridge
circuit configuration to efficiently convert the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current
(DC).
How does it work?
1. In positive Half-Cycle of the AC Input:
o Polarity: The top terminal of the AC source is positive (+), and the bottom
terminal is negative (–).
o Conducting Diodes: D1 and D2 are forward-biased and conduct current. D3
and D4 are reverse-biased and do not conduct.
o Current Flow:
▪ Current flows from the positive terminal through diode D1.
▪ It passes through the load resistor.
▪ It returns to the negative terminal through diode D2.
o Result: The current passes through the load in a specific direction.
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2. In negative Half-Cycle of the AC Input:
• Polarity: The polarity of the AC source reverses—the top terminal becomes negative
(–), and the bottom terminal becomes positive (+).
• Conducting Diodes: D3 and D4 are forward-biased and conduct current. D1 and D2
are reverse-biased and do not conduct.
• Current Flow:
o Current flows from the new positive terminal (bottom) through diode D3.
o It passes through the load resistor in the same direction as during the positive
half-cycle.
o It returns to the new negative terminal (top) through diode D4.
• Result: Again, the current passes through the load in the same direction as before.
WaveForm
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WaveForm in Oscilloscope
Settings:
Function Generator settings
Amplitude width 1:1 90%
Frequency 50Hz
Signal Shape Sinusoidal
Inputs:
Oscilloscope sittings
Channel A 10V /div Coupling: AC
Channel B 10V /div Coupling: DC
Time base 5ms/div
Operating
X/T
mode
Trigger A, rising edge
We can calculate Vi and Vo according to the number of squares that contain the wave:
Vi = 3.6 × 10 = 36V
Vo = 1.5 × 10 = 15V
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Experiment 4
Full wave bridge rectifier with filter
Objective
To observe and analyze the conversion of AC to DC
using a bridge full-wave rectifier and study the effect of
a capacitor filter in reducing ripples.’
Equipments
• Function Generator
• Oscilloscope
• Bridge Rectifier Circuit (4 diodes)
• Load Resistor
• Capacitor Filter
Electronic circuit :
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Function generator settings
Amplitude with 1:1 90%
Frequency 50 Hz
Signal shape sunisoidal
Oscilloscope setting
Channel A 5V/div coupling AC
Channel B 5 V/div coupling DC
Time base 10 ms / div
Operating mode X/T
trigger A,rising edge
Procedure
1. Without Filter: Connect the function generator to
the bridge rectifier input and observe the pulsating
DC waveform on the oscilloscope.
2. With Filter: Add a capacitor in parallel with the
load resistor and observe the smoothed DC
waveform.
3. Record and compare the ripple voltage and
average DC voltage for both cases.
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Experiment 5
Transistor as a switch
Description:
It connects and disconnects the electric current between the
collector and the emitter by applying a specific value of
electric voltage to the base.
Equipments:
i. An NPN Transistor and Resistance.
ii. A Function Generator.
iii. An Oscilloscope.
Steps:
i. Plug in the cables in the board (Unitarian- I system)
according to the given picture.
ii. Enter the requirement values from schedule for the
function generator.
Settings for the Function Generator
Amplitude at 1:10 0%
Frequency 0 Hz
Waveform Dc POS
iii. Open the Oscilloscope virtual instrument by selecting
instruments, then select the settings required.
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Settings for the Oscilloscope
Channel A 500 mv/div
Channel B 5 V/div
Time base 1 s/div
Operating mode X/T DC
Trigger B , falling edge, 7.5 V
Pretrg 50 % single
Results:
1. Fig(1):
2. Fig (2):
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Experiment 6
Transistor as an AC Voltage Amplifier
Description:
In this experiment we are experimenting how
much amplification does the common emitter
transistor provide, by examine the wave form of
the output voltage.
Equipments:
I. Transistor connected by the common
Emitter method.
II. A Function Generator.
III. An Oscilloscope.
Steps:
I. Connect the electronic ship that
consists of the Transistor and the
other electronic parts.
II. Open the Function generator and
set it to the following values:
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Function Generator settings
Amplitude with
20
1:100
Frequency 1KHz
Signal Shape Sinusoidal
III. Open the oscilloscope and sit it to
those values down below:
Oscilloscope sittings
Channel
50mV /div Coupling: AC
A
Channel
1V /div Coupling: DC
B
Time
500 µs/div
base
Operating
X/T
mode
Trigger B, rising edge
Results:
As it appears from the figure(1), the
wave that was gotten by applying a
voltage with amplitude of 20 volets
on a common emitter transistor.it
shows both the input wave and the
output wave.
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Figure (1)
As Shownin figure(1) the blue wave
indecats the input wave since it is small,
and the red wave indecates the output
wave.
Also, we know that the transistor amplify
the voltage which means that It makes it
bigger.
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The process of amplifcation happens
when the collector current flow into load
resistor resulting in a large voltage drop
across the resistor
And we can calculate the output valtage
using this formula
Vo=Vi×n
Where:
Vo Is the output voltage.
Vi is the input voltage.
n is the number if boxes that contain the
wave.
So for the wave form in figure(1) will be:
For the input voltage:
Vo =0.8*50*10^-3=0.4Volts
For the output voltage:
Vo =1*3=3Volts
Conclusion:
The voltage that we input has become
more bigger, and that proves that the
transistor amplifies the AC current wave
form.
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