2.2.

3 Design of Bridges
2.2.3.1 Introduction

2.2.3.2 What is a Bridge?

2.2.3.3 Parts/Components of a Bridge

2.2.3 Design of Bridges

2.2.3.1 Introduction
Bridges are remarkable feats of engineering, composed of several parts that work in harmony to provide vital
connections across obstacles such as rivers, valleys, or roadways. These structures, essential for transportation
and infrastructure, consist of various components, each playing a unique role in ensuring the bridge's stability,
load-bearing capacity, and functionality. From the superstructure that supports the roadway to the substructure
that anchors the bridge to the ground, as well as the foundation that transmits loads to the bearing strata, the
different parts of a bridge collectively form an intricate system that allows people and vehicles to traverse
otherwise impassable terrain.

2.2.3.2 What is a Bridge?

A bridge serves as a vital link, providing passage over rivers, valleys, or other impediments. It is a testament to
engineering prowess and connects communities, allowing the smooth flow of people and vehicles from one side
to the other. Bridges come in various designs and sizes, each tailored to its specific purpose and the challenges
presented by its location. These architectural marvels not only enhance connectivity but also stand as icons of
human ingenuity, seamlessly blending form and function.

Fig.1. Bridge

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2.2.3.3 Parts/Components of a Bridge
The various parts of a bridge are:

o Deck
o Superstructure
o Substructure
o Foundation
o Girder or beam
o Bridge tower
o Pier
o Pier cap
o Bearings
o Piles
o Pile cap
o Bridge anchor
o Suspension cable

Deck:

Fig 2: Deck

The deck is the part of a bridge that accommodates and carries all traffic, making it a critical component for the
safe passage of vehicles and pedestrians.

Superstructure Components of Bridge:

The superstructure comprises various elements, such as the deck slab and girders or beam, that provide support
to the deck, connecting one substructure to another. It encompasses all elements attached to the supporting
system, categorizing them as superstructure components.

Sub-structure:

Sub-structures form the foundation of a bridge, supporting the superstructure and effectively transmitting all
structural loads to the foundations. Key substructure elements include piers and abutments.

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Foundation:

Foundations serve as the structures that transfer loads to the underlying bearing strata. They are essential for
supporting piers, bridge towers, and portal frames. Various types of foundations, such as piles (H-pile, bore piles,
pipe piles, or precast concrete piles), are commonly employed for this purpose.

Girder Or Beam:

Fig 3: Girder

Girders or beams are integral parts of the superstructure and are responsible for bearing the deck. These structural
elements bend along the span and provide essential support for the deck.

Bridge Tower:

Fig 4: Bridge Tower

Bridge towers are vertical supports used in cable-stayed or suspension bridges. They are constructed using high-
strength concrete and the In-situ method, and they play a vital role in the stability and functionality of such
bridge designs.

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Pier:

Fig 5: Pier

Piers are crucial substructure components responsible for supporting the superstructure and transferring its loads
to the foundations. Piers are commonly used for spanned bridges with deck widths of up to 8 meters (equivalent
to two traffic lanes). The size and shape of piers are determined by aesthetic, site-specific, spatial, and economic
considerations, with in situ construction methods typically employed.

Pier Cap:

Fig 6: Pier cap

The pier cap, also known as the headstock, serves as the topmost part of a pier and is responsible for transferring
loads from the superstructure to the pier. It offers substantial seating for girders and facilitates the distribution
of loads from the bearings to the piers.

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Bearings:

Fig 7: Bearings

Bearings are devices that support superstructure components, facilitating the transfer of loads and movements
from the deck to the substructure and foundations. Their primary function is to allow controlled movement and
reduce stress on the bridge structure.

Pile & Pile Cap:

Fig 8: Pile & Pile Cap

Piles are slender structural members driven into the surrounding soil to resist various loads. Pile caps, thick
reinforced concrete slabs, are cast on top of groups of piles to distribute the loads and provide a stable foundation
effectively.

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Bridge Anchor:

Fig 9: Bridge Anchor

Bridge anchors are employed exclusively in suspension and cable-stayed bridges to counteract the pull from
suspension cables or the counter span of the bridge. They play a critical role in anchoring and stabilizing the
bridge structure.

Suspension Cable:

Fig 10: Suspension Cable

Suspension cables are integral to suspension and cable-stayed bridges, serving to hang, support, and
counterbalance the bridge deck. These cables are essential for the structural integrity and overall functionality
of such bridge designs.

Cable-Stayed Bridge Suspension Bridge