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Ec 307

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Ec 307

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STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

& TRAINING::AP, VIJAYAWADA

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIO ENGG.

III SEMESTER
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS-I LABORATORY (EC-307)

MANUAL (AS PER C-20 CURRICULUM)

SBTET, AP
INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Curriculum of Technical Education should invariably provide for knowledge,

attitudes and skills required by the technicians /technologists in the country. In this context
the laboratory courses form a vital portion in the entire curriculum of technician education.
The laboratory courses shall therefore be so designed and delivered that they help the
students acquire attitudes and motor skills that are essential to function effectively as
technicians/technologists.

The planning, organization and implementation of lab courses need a detailed

description of tasks to be performed by the students. Well thought out instructional
objectives to a large extent give these descriptions. The analysis of tasks (by identifying the
activities the students are expected to do) help prepare the objectives meticulously. In other
words the objectives would be clearer, when the task analysis is done to spell out the sub
tasks for each objective.

A survey of the practices currently followed in the technical/technician education

shows an urgent need to plug in gaps in instructional procedures. The reasons for these
gaps are ambiguity in the minds of the teachers regarding tasks to be performed, levels of
competency to be achieved by the students and the weightage to be allocated for each task.
This aids in scientific design of instructional plan (optimizing the resources, budgeting the
time & content).

The task analysis, teaching points and the structured scheme of evaluation are very
important in focusing the instruction on specific skill of desired outcome and in evaluating the
same. The Instruction and evaluation in Laboratory courses are different from that of
cognitive lessons in the sense that adequate importance and hence weightage needs to be
given for all three domains of learning viz. cognitive, psychomotor and affective. Since both
training and evaluation of traits of affective domain are practically difficult, a few traits (called
values) most relevant and essential to occupations/professions after the Course may be
identified for the purpose. It is imperative to integrate these values during instruction and
evaluation and also overtly notify the same to the students.

A technician, in addition to performing a skill needs to prepare a report of testing that

includes the description of procedure, details of measurements made, reasoning based
inferences and so on.,. The current practice of record writing has failed to achieve this
purpose as most of the time students end up with making copies of available material.

Therefore, for sensitizing the need for the changes in laboratory instruction, the present
hand book has been prepared to meet the above requirements. As such the hand book
comprises four parts that intend to :

 Present task analysis, teaching points which can be used for effective design of
instruction
 provide a scheme of evaluation with rationally allocated weightage to each significant
skill component
 offer a set of questions designed at different levels of competencies for assessment
enabling the teacher to set the question paper with balanced levels of competencies
 presentpre set worksheets that cultivate the habit of systematic recording of
observations and writing the technical report.

SBTET, AP
 Provide all important data related to particular laboratory activity at one point in the
form of annexure

1.1. STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK

The hand book is presented in four parts viz., Laboratory sheets, Worksheet,
Experimental Methodology and Annexure. The description of each part is given in the
following sections

Part I. Laboratory Sheet

The information provided in this part is useful for the teacher for designing the
instruction, planning & organization of the experiment and for scientific evaluation of the
students. The major features of the Laboratory sheet are further explained below.

1. Objective
It indicates the Task to be performed and completed by the student during the
specified duration of time.

2. Task Analysis
It is the process of identifying the component activities (sub tasks) to be carried
out by the student in order to achieve the stipulated objective. As the task
analysis aim at fitting the instructional objectives into various classes of
behaviour, it would help the teacher to determine any particular type of behaviour
the student has learnt / failed to perform.

The task analysis would help the teacher in identifying the specific activities to be
performed by the students. This could also be used as some kind of check list to
compare with activities planned for the laboratory. Further it would give clue to
the teacher to make students think originally & act independently. It includes both
psychomotor learning and the related cognitive information and hence the task
analysis is presented as Knowledge and skill parts.

A. Knowledge Part: That includes the cognitive aspects of the task.

B. Skill Part: That includes Psychomotor & Affective aspects of the task.

3. Teaching Points:

This includes the points based on the SKILL identified with suggested
duration for each point and total duration which helps the teacher for the time and
content budgeting during instruction.

4. Need and Scope:

The purpose, application and scope of the task to be performed are normally
included in this sub section.

5. Planning and Organisation:

It lists actions to be taken to perform various activities and hence useful in

planning the instruction and organizing the resources and equipment

SBTET, AP
6. Scheme of Valuation:
The information provided in this section helps the teacher to devise a tool for
rational measurement assessment of the competencies accomplished by the
student.

Part II. Work Sheet

It is designed for the student, where in the student enters his personal data of
identification, details of the experiment, stepwise procedure, observations made during
experiment, a sample calculation, free hand typical graph, graph from experimental data and
inference with discussion.

Part III. Experimental Methodology

This section furnishes information with regard to standard procedure to conduct the
experiment along with the description of equipment/apparatus and the basic theory/concept
involved in the conduct of the experiment. Thus this section is very useful for both teacher
and student as well to conduct the experiment systematically. Thus this section is presented
in four sub section as described below:

 Description

It gives the detailed description of apparatus / tools / equipment / materials to

be used for the task.

 Theory / Concept
It gives the concept of the task to be performed with formulae and units.

 Procedure
It provides the idea of step wise procedure to perform the task.

 Observation and Calculation

It includes sample observation, sample graph, sample calculation for reference

Part IV. Annexure

All important and useful information that may help in accomplishment of tasks like
conversion tables for units, technical & scientific data like material properities, standard trend
or characteristic curves (graphs) etc are compiled and presented at one place in this section.

1.2. WHO IS TO USE AND HOW TO USE.

The hand book is so designed that it can be beneficially used by different sections of
the technical education viz., the teacher, the student, the examiner and the
administrator convenient to individual’s requirements. A few uses of this hand book
each stakeholder could make is outlined in the following sections.

1. Teacher

A. The laboratory sheet is designed keeping the teacher in mind for the teacher
has key responsibility of imparting the skills to the student and hence the information
given in the lab sheets may be useful for planning & organizing the experimental set up
and designing an effective instruction.Thus the teacher may

SBTET, AP
Plan and organize as per section 4,

Instruct the students as persection 2,

Demonstrate each sub task as per section1.B.and

Evaluate the students as per section 5, according to the level of competency.

Values: The values in a personare an important personality trait that needs to be

nurtured in the learning environment. Further it is also a driving component in any
individual to deliver the best and hence this component is also included in the
evaluation. However only five key dimensions, that are important in the teaching-
learning environment, are taken into consideration for nurturing and evaluation. A
little information about these five dimensions is given below as a guideline for the
teacher while assessing students.

1. Co-operation: It is thevoluntary arrangement in which two or more

students engage in a mutually beneficial exchange, instead of competition.
Cooperation can happen where resources adequate for both students exist or
are created by their interaction.

2. Co-ordination: It is the unification, integration, synchronization of the

effect of group members so as provide unity of action in the pursuit of
common goals. It is an integral element and required in each & every function
and at each & every stage & therefore it cannot be separated.

3. Communication; Communication skill is the set of skills that enables a

student to convey information so that it is received and understood.

4. Sharing: A part or portion belonging to, distributed to, contributed by,

owed by a person or a group Or To participate in, use, enjoy or experience
jointly or in turns.

5. Leadership: Students with the following leadership qualities are almost

always the ones that rise above the crowd.

1. Trustworthiness: This refers to integrity.

2. Inspiration: Guides, leads and inspiring others to want to participate in

the process of moving towards the vision.

3. Self awareness: It is the individual awareness of him or her self – their

abilities and the impact that they have on others.

4. Acceptance of responsibility: True leaders are accepting responsibility

for all that comes their way and taking ownership and responsibilities for
getting things back on track. Blaming, justifying and excuse making just is
not in their responsibility.

B. TheExperimental methodology is designed for both teacher and student. The

teacher can refer the experimental methodology for the details of
equipment/apparatus/ materials/tools, procedure to be followed, observations to be
made, graphs to be drawn and calculations to be done for the task to be performed

SBTET, AP
2. Student

The Worksheet is designed keeping in view the needs, deficiencies and the
adolescent characteristics of the student for student.

The students submit the filled in work sheet given by the teacher on the day
of experiment after referring to experimental methodology and listening to instructions
of teacher. The design of the worksheet is made user friendly and the contents are so
logically sequenced that the student finds it easy to understand and develop the skill of
recording and report writing skill. It also helps the student to actively participate in skill
learning. More importantly the student gets immediate meaningful feedback of his
performance since the competency wise assessment is done and that too on the same
day.

3. Examiner

The examiner may find this hand book very useful as Laboratory sheets and
Scheme of evaluation provides information with regard to various competencies (skills)
the students is expected to acquire during the course of study and the relative
weightages of each competency. This information helps him to design a well balance
question paper/measurement tool for assessment.

SBTET, AP
2.1HALF WAVE RECTIFIER LAB SHEET

HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER

OBJECTIVE:

1.To measure the dc voltage, ripple voltage and determine ripple factor and
percentage of regulation of half wave rectifier with and without filter
2. To obtain the output waveforms of Half Wave Rectifier with and without Filter
Filter

APPARATUS:

S.No. Name of the component Specifications/ Range Quantity

1 Step-down transformer 230/0-9 V,500mA 1
2 Diode IN4007/IN4002/IN4001 1
3 Decade resistance box 10ohm -1 M ohms 1
4 DC ammeter 0-50 mA 1
5 DC Voltmeter 0-25V 1
6 AC voltmeter/ Multimeter 0-1 V 1
Dual Trace
7 C.R.O 1
0-20 M Hz
8 Breadboard 1
9 Connecting Wires Hook-up wire As per need
10 Capacitor 1000µF/25V 1

TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE

1. Main purpose of rectifier

2. Working principle of PN diode in forward bias and reverse bias

3. Ripple factor formula and its theoretical value

4. percentage of regulation formula

5. Need for filter

6. Applications of rectifier.

7. Output waveforms

8. Precautions

SBTET, AP
B. SKILL

 Identifying the various components

 Selecting the correct range of voltmeters and ammeters

Handling of
Apparatus  setting the CRO

 Testing of transformer working condition

 Setting the resistance value in DRB at maximum position

 Drawing the circuit diagram

 Making the connections as per circuit.

Manipulation of
apparatus  Connect the meters with correct polarities.

 Checking the connections

 Switch on the supply.

 Measuring the no-load voltage by removing DRB

 Adjusting the load resistance value in DRB.

 Recording the values of Idc,Vac,Vdc

 Calculating the ripple factor

 Calculating the percentage of regulation

 Observing the output waveforms on CRO

 Drawing the graph

Precise
 Connecting the Capacitor filter
operations/Activities
 Measuring the no-load voltage by removing DRB

 Adjusting the load resistance value in DRB.

 Recording the values of Idc,Vac,Vdc

 Calculating the ripple factor

 Calculating the percentage of regulation

 Observing the output waveforms on CRO

 Drawing the graph

SBTET, AP
2. TEACHING POINTS

SuggestedTime-
SlNo TeachingPoint 15min
1. Purposeofrectifier 2
2. Typesofrectifiers 1
3. WorkingprincipleofPNdiodeinForwardbiasandRe 2
versebias
4. Ripplefactorformulaanditstheoreticalvalue 1
5. Percentageofregulationformula 1
6. UsageofCRO 1
7. InputandOutputwaveforms 2
8. Needforfilter 1
9. Applicationsof Half waverectifier 2
10. Precautions 2

5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF
SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY
A. Identifying the various
1. Handling of Components & selecting the A B C T
apparatus correct range voltmeters and
ammeter 3 1 1 5
B. Setting the CRO
C.Testing of transformer working
condition
2. Manipulation of A. Drawing the circuit diagram
apparatus B. Making the connections as per A B C T
circuit.
C. Connect the meters with correct 5 8 2 15
polarities
A. Measuring the no load voltage.
3.Precise B. Taking the readings of Ammeter A B C D E T
operations/ and Voltmeters
Activities C. Calculating Ripple factor and
2 6 6 5 6 25
percentage of regulation
D. Observing the waveforms
E. Drawing the Graph

4.Values A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication 5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership

Total 50

SBTET, AP
6. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. What is rectifier?
2. List the types of rectifier.
3. What is the value of ripple facto.r
4. How to calculate percentage of regulation.
5. What is the need for Filter in the rectifier.
6. Is it possible to reduce the ripple.
7. List the applications of Half wave rectifier.

SBTET, AP
2.2 CENTER TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER LAB SHEET

CENTER TAPPED FULLWAVE RECTIFIER

OBJECTIVE:1. To measure the dc voltage, ripple voltage and determine ripple factor and
percentage of regulation of half wave rectifier with and without filter
2. To obtain the output waveforms of Half Wave Rectifier with and without
Filter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Specifications/
Name No
Range

Step-downtransformer 230/0-9V,500mA 1

IN4007/IN4002/
Diode 2
IN4001

Decaderesistancebox 10ohm-1Mohms 1

DCammeter 0-50 mA 1

DCVoltmeter 0-25V 1

AC
0-1 V 1
voltmeter/Multimeter

C.R.O DualTrace 0-20MHz 1

1.TASKANALYSIS:

A.KNOWLEDGE

1. Transformerworkingprinciple
2. Working principleof PN-Junctiondiode
3. Typesof diodes
4. Typesof capacitorsanditsuse
5. Applicationsof PNJunction DiodeandCapacitor
6. TheoreticalvalueofRipplefactorandMaximumefficiencyofFWR.
7. Needforfiltersinpowersupplies
8. Precautions.

SBTET, AP
B. SKILL

 Identifying various terminals

 Using correct range of Voltmeters and Ammeters.
 Setting the DRB to correct values.
Handling of Apparatus  Identification of Transformer terminals by markings.
 Identification of capacitor and inductor values for filter
circuits.
 Selecting the correct wires and meters.
 Drawing the Circuit Diagram.
 Making the connections as per the circuit diagram.
 Adjusting the load resistance in DRB
Manipulation of
 Switching on the supply.
apparatus
 Connect capacitor filter as per circuit
 Drawing the graph between Ripple Factor vsILor RL and %
regulation vs IL or RL .

Without Filter
 Measure Vdc (no Load)
 Increase the load resistance in steps of 1kΩ.
 Recording the values of Idc, Vdc, Vac on multimeter.
 observing the readings in the multimeter
Precise  Observing the waveforms with and without filter on CRO.
operations/Activities  Calculating the values of Ripple factor, efficiency and % of
regulation.
With Filter

 Measure Vdc (no Load)

 Connect 1kΩ load resistor.
 Measure Idc, Vdc and Vac
 Tabulate the readings and observe the waveforms on CRO.

2. TEACHING POINTS:

Sl No Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min

1. Working of Transformer. 2
2. Operation of CRO. 1
3. Working principle of a PN-Junction diode. 2
4. Working of capacitors and its types. 2
5. Types of Filters. 1
6. Need for filters. 1
7. Procedure for calculating Ripple Factor & Efficiency. 2
8. Procedure for calculating % regulation. 1
9. Interpreting Name plate Details. 2
10. Precautions. 1

SBTET, AP
PRECAUTIONS:

A. PROCEDURAL PRECAUTIONS:

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Ensure the correct range of meters
 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and check for polarity
 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member
 Calibrate the CRO for getting accurate result.
 Use the proper Transformer.
 Ensure that there are no loose connections
 Filter capacitor should be connecting with proper polarity.

B. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

 Never work on a circuit while power is applied.

 Do not connect power to a circuit until the circuit is finished and you have
carefully checked your work.
 If you smell anything burning, immediately disconnect the power and examine
your circuit to find out what went wrong.
 Keep your work area dry.
 Always wear safety goggles.

3. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT

This experiment is essential to understand the performance of Full wave Rectifier

Circuit under various load resistance values. Due to its higher rectification efficiency, low
power loss and Low ripples it is adopted in the industry for various applications This test also
gives an insight in to Standard testing procedures adopted in the industry and suitability of
DC shunt motor for various applications.

4. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION:

ACTION ACTIVITY
 The Meters, Diodes and CRO.
 Transformers.
Check for  The students entry behavior
 First aid kit
 Wires of Standard colours and Gauges
For Design of  Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction

SBTET, AP
5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF
SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY

A. Identification of Correct Components A B C T

1. Handling of B. Identification of meters
apparatus C. Identification of Transformer Terminals 2 2 1 5
by marking .

A. Making Circuit connections

2. Manipulation of B. Adjusting the load resistance in the A B C T
apparatus DRB
C. Increasing the value of load resistance 4 5
6 15
in steps of 1KΩ 6
6
A. Recording the readings in the 1
Ammeters, Voltmeter (or) Multimeter.
5
B. Measuring the values of Idc, Vdc and
Vac( with load and without Load). A B C D E T
3.Precise
C. Calculate the Ripple factor and % of
operations/Activities regulation. 5 5 5 5 5 25
D. Observe the waveforms across the
load resistance on CRO.
E. Drawing the graph and to showing
salient points

A. Co-operation.
B. Co-ordination
4.Values C. Communication T
D. Sharing 5
E. leadership

Total 50

6. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is a Diode?
2. What is filter?
3. What is the efficiency of FWR with center tapped?
4. What is the value of PIV of a center tapped FWR.
5. In filter capacitor is always connected in parallel, why?
6. What is the purpose of center tapped transformer.
7. What is regulation?
8. Define ripple factor and its values for all three types of the rectifiers.
9. What is the value of No load voltage for all three types of rectifiers?
10. What are the different types of filters used for the rectifiers?

SBTET, AP
2.3. BRIDGE RECTIFIER LAB SHEET

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

OBJECTIVE:
1. To measure the dc voltage, ripple voltage and determine ripple factor andpercentage
of regulation of Bridge rectifier with and without filter
2. To obtain the output waveforms of Bridge Rectifier with and without Filter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Specifications/
Name No
Range

Step-downtransformer
230/0-9V,500mA 1

IN4007/IN4002/IN4001
Diode 4

Decaderesistancebox 10ohm-1Mohms 1

DCammeter 0-50 mA 1

DCVoltmeter 0-25V 1

ACvoltmeter/Multimeter 0-1 V 1

DualTrace
C.R.O 1
0-20 MHz

1.TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE

1. Transformerworkingprinciple

2. Working principleof PN-Junctiondiode

3. Typesof diodes

4. Typesof capacitorsanditsuse

SBTET, AP
B. SKILL

 Identifyingvariousterminals
 UsingcorrectrangeVoltmeter,Ammeters.
HandlingofApparatus  SettingtheDRBtocorrectvalues.
 IdentificationofTransformerterminalsbymarkings.
 Identificationofcapacitorandothercomponents.

 Drawthe Circuit Diagram.

Manipulation
ofapparatus  Makingtheconnectionsasperthecircuitdiagram.
 AdjustingtheloadresistanceinDRB

Without
Filter
 MeasureVdc(noLoad)
 Increasetheloadresistanceinstepsof1kΩ.
 RecordingthevaluesofVdc,Vaconmultimeter.
 Observingthereadingsinthemultimeter
Preciseoperations/Activi  ObservingthewaveformsonCRO.
ties  Calculating the values of Ripple factor and % of regulation
aspertheformulas.
With Filter

 MeasureVdc(noLoad)
 Connect1000µf,25Vcapacitorasshownincircuit.
 MeasureVdcandVac
 TabulatethereadingsandobservethewaveformsonCRO.

2. TEACHING POINTS:

Sl No Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min

1. Working of Transformer. 2
2. Operation of CRO. 1
3. Working principle of a PN-Junction diode. 2
4. Working of capacitors and its types. 2
5. Types of Filters. 1
6. Need for filters. 1
7. Procedure for calculating Ripple Factor. 2
8. Procedure for calculating % regulation. 1
9. Interpreting Name plate Details. 2
10. Precautions. 1

SBTET, AP
PRECAUTIONS

A. PROCEDURAL PRECAUTIONS:

Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

B. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

 Never work on a circuit while power is applied.

3. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT

This experiment is essential to understand the performance of Bridge Rectifier Circuit

under various load resistance values. Due to its higher rectification efficiency, low power loss
and Low ripples it is adopted in the industry for various applications This test also gives an
insight in to Standard testing procedures adopted in the industry and suitability of DC shunt
motor for various applications.

4. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION:

SBTET, AP
5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF SKILL SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY

A). Identifying various terminals

B) Using correct range Voltmeter, A B C D E T
Ammeters.
1. Handling of C) Setting the DRB to correct values.
1 1 1 1 1 5
apparatus D) Identification of Transformer
terminals by markings.
E) Identification of capacitor and
inductor values for filter circuits.

A) Draw the Circuit Diagram.

B) Making the connections as per the A B C D T
circuit diagram.
2. Manipulation of C) Adjusting the load resistance in 5 5 3 2 15
apparatus DRB
D) Connect capacitor filter .
in the figure.

Without Filter
A) Measure Vdc (no Load)
B) Increase the load resistance in
steps of 1kΩ.
C) Recording the values of Vdc, Vac
A B C D E F G H T
onmultimeter.
D) Observing the waveforms on CRO. 2 2 4 3 3 2 4 5 25
3.Precise E) Calculating the values of Ripple
operations/Activities factor and % of regulation.

With Filter
F) Connect 1000µf capacitor as
shown in circuit.
G )Measure Vdc and Vac .
Tabulate the readings and observe
the waveforms on CRO
H) Drawing the graphs

A. Co-operation.
B. Co-ordination
4.Values C. Communication
D. Sharing 5
E. leadership

Total 50

SBTET, AP
6. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is a rectifier?
2. When the Diode become forward bias?
3. What is the efficiency of bridge rectifier?
4. What is the value of PIV of a bridge rectifier?.
5. What is need of filter?
6. What is regulation?
7. Define ripple factor and its values for all three types of the rectifiers.
8. What are the different types of filters used for the rectifiers?

SBTET, AP
2.4. ZENER DIODE AS REGULATOR LAB SHEET

ZENER DIODE AS A REGULATOR

1. OBJECTIVE: To obtain the Voltage Regulation characteristics of Zener regulator.

2.APPARATUS:

Specifications/
Name No Purpose
Range
Ammeter (MC) (0-250)mA 1 To observe Load current I L
To observe voltage across Zener
Voltmeter(MC) (0-30)V 1 Diode terminals

Resistance 1k, 2k, 3k 1 To get the load output voltages

6.2 V Breakdown To get the regulated output
ZENER DIODE 1 voltage
Voltage
Red , Green, Blue , As per To make connections and
Yellow and Black the interconnections to equipment
Connecting Wires
3/20 gauge , suitable need
lengths

3. TASK ANALYSIS

A. KNOWLEDGE

1. PN Junction Diode:

2. Zener Diode Biasing types

3. a ) Forward Bias b) Reverse Bias

4. Need of Regulators

5. Need of RPS in Electronic circuits

6. Breakdown concepts

7. a. Avalanche Breakdown b. Zener Breakdown

8. Factors affecting the REGULATION

9. Applications of Zener Diode

10. Precautions.

SBTET, AP
B. SKILL

 Drawing the circuit diagram

 Identifying various terminals of ZENER DIODE
Handling of  Using correct range Voltmeter, Ammeters.
Apparatus  Varying the RPS
 Bread board knowledge.
 Varying of the load resistance

 Reading the Circuit Diagram.

Manipulation of  Making the connections.
apparatus  Checking the connections
 Switch on the supply.
 Observing the readings in the Ammeter and Voltmeter.

 Adjusting the RPS to minimum position and maximum position as to

get the required voltage.
Precise  Recording and observing the readings on voltmeter, Ammeter.
operations/Activities  Finding Breakdown voltage or output voltage.
 Calculating the REGULATION of the Zener Diode.
 Drawing the graphs.

4. TEACHING POINTS:

Suggested Time-
Sl No Teaching Points
15 min
1 Types of Breakdown Mechanisms. 2

2 Purpose of Regulation 2
3 Need of Regulators 2
4 Need of RPS in Electronic circuits 2

5 Zener Breakdown mechanism 3

6 Factors affecting the REGULATION 1

7 Applications of Zener Diode 2

8 Precautions 1

5. A. Procedural precautions:
1. Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections
2. Ensure the correct range of meters
3. Ensure that the meters and RPS and Zener Diode are connected properly.
4. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and check for polarity of ZENER
DIODE.
5. Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.
6. Ensure that there are no loose connections.

SBTET, AP
B. Safety precautions:
1. The terminals of the zener diode should be properly identified.
2. .While determined the load regulation; load should not be immediately shorted.
3. Should be ensured that the applied voltages & currents do not exceed the ratings
of the diode.

4. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT:

a) Used as Voltage Regulator

b) Used in regulated power supplies to get the constant output voltages

Irrespective input voltage and load variations.

6. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION:

ACTION ACTIVITY
 Checking for all circuits
Check for  The students entry behavior
 First aid kit
 Getting of all components with good rating.
For Design of  Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction

7. SCHEME OF EVALUATION

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF TOTAL
SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL (50)
INDIVIDUALLY

A. Drawing circuit diagram and

Identifying various
terminals of ZENER Diode. A B C T
1. Handling of B. Using correct range
5
apparatus Voltmeter, Ammeter 2 1 2 5
C. Connecting the ZENER
DIODE in the circuit with
correct polarity.

A. Varying the value of RPS A B T

2. Manipulation of
B. Observing the readings in the 15
apparatus 7 8 15
Ammeter and Voltmeter

SBTET, AP
A. Recording and observing the
readings on voltmeter,
Ammeter. A B C D T
3.Precise
B. Finding Breakdown voltage
operations/Activities
or output voltage. 25
5 8 7 5 25
C. Calculating the
REGULATION of the Zener
Diode.
D. Drawing the graphs.

A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
4.Values C. Communication 5 5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership

Total 50

8. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS :

VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1. What type of temp Coefficient does the Zener diode have?

2. If the impurity concentration is increased, how the depletion width effected?
3. Does the dynamic impendence of a Zener diode vary?
4. Explain briefly about avalanche and Zener breakdowns?
5. Draw the Zener equivalent circuit?
6. Differentiate between line regulation & load regulation?
7. In which region Zener diode can be used as a regulator?
8. How the breakdown voltage of a particular diode can be controlled?
9. What type of temperature coefficient does the Avalanche breakdown has?
10. By what type of charge carriers the current flows in Zener and avalanche breakdown
diodes?

SBTET, AP
2.5.a. IC REGULATOR LAB SHEET

IC REGULATOR

Objective:

To obtain the regulation characteristics IC regulator (78XX).

Apparatus required:

IC 7805 1no

1. RPS(0-30v) 1 no
2. Digital Multimeter 1no
3. Capacitor 10 µ f& 1 µ f 1 no each
4. Bread board 1no
5. Connecting wires

1. Task analysis:

A. Knowledge
1. Voltage regulator principle
2. Pin configuration of IC 7805
3. Types of capacitors and its use
4. Working of RPS
5. Working of digital multimeter
6. Precautions

B. Skills

S.No Category of skill Subtask

a) Identification of Components and its terminals
b) Using correct range meters.
1 Handling apparatus c) Setting the RPS to minimum volts position
d) Identification of capacitor values
e) Selecting proper wires and meters
a) Draw the circuit diagram
b) Make the connections as per the Circuit.
c) Adjust the appropriate voltage level in Dual
2 Manipulations of apparatus regulated power supply
d) Adjust the RPS for different set of readings
e) Draw regulation characteristics

a) Measure the output voltage corresponding to

input voltage.
3 Precise operations/activities
b) Record the values of output and input voltages
c) Identify the point of saturation of output voltage
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
4 Values  Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership

SBTET, AP
2. TEACHING POINTS:

S.No Teaching point Time allocation

1. Voltage regulator principle 2min
2. Details Pin configuration of IC 7805 3min
3. Types of capacitors and its use 2min
4. Operation of RPS 3min
5. Operation of digital multimeter 2min
6 Regulation characteristics 2min
7 Precautions 1min

3.PROCEDURE:

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

B . Safety precautions

 Never make connections on a circuit when supply is in ON position

 If you smell anything burning , immediately disconnect the power and examine
your circuit to find out what went wrong.

 Keep your work area dry

 Always wear safety goggles

4. NEED & SCOPE:

7805 voltage regulators are very commonly used in electronic circuits. The main
purpose of this IC is to supply required regulated positive voltage to the circuits. IC
7805 can supply a constant positive voltage output, in spite of any voltage fluctuations
in its input voltage. It can be mainly found in the circuits in which integrated circuits
that require +Vcc and – Vcc are used.

SBTET, AP
5. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION:

6. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF
SUBTASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY
a. Identification of
Components and its
terminals.
b. Setting the RPS to A B C D T
Handling apparatus minimum volts position 2 1 1 1 5
c. Identification of capacitor
values
d. Selecting proper wires and
meters
a) Drawing the circuit
diagram
b) Selecting correct range
meters
c) Making the connections as
per the Circuit. A B C D E F T
Manipulations of
d) Adjusting the appropriate 6 2 2 2 2 1 15
apparatus
voltage level in Dual
regulated power supply
e) Adjusting the RPS for
different set of readings
f) Drawing regulation
characteristics

a) Measuring the output

voltage corresponding to
input voltage.
Precise b) Recording the values of A B C T
operations/activities output and input voltages 10 10 5 25
c) Identifying the point of
saturation of output
voltage
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
Values  Communication A B C D E T
 Sharing 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Leadership
TOTAL 50

SBTET, AP
7. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

 What does 78xx series tells us?

 How many pins does 7805 IC have ?
 what is a voltage regulator IC?
 What does xx in 78xx indicate ?
 Which is the input terminal of IC 7805?
 Which is the output terminal of IC 7805?
 What is the output voltage of IC7805?
 Why 7805is used in a circuit
 What are the other voltage regulator IC s ?
 What is the minimum input voltage to the IC 7805 ?

SBTET, AP
2.5.b.IC REGULATOR LAB SHEET

IC REGULATOR

OBJECTIVE :

To obtain the regulation characteristics of IC regulator ( 79XX).

Apparatus required :

1. IC 7912 1no
2. RPS(0-30v) 1 no
3. Digital Multimeter 1no
4. Capacitor 10 µ f& 1 µ f 1 no each
5. Bread board 1no
6. Connecting wires

1. TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Voltage regulator principle
2. Pin configuration of IC 7912
3. Types of capacitors and its use
4. Working of RPS
5. Working of digital multi meter
6. Precautions

B. SKILLS

S.NO CATEGORY OF SKILL SUBTASK

a) Identification of Components and its
terminals
b) Using correct range meters.
1 Handling apparatus c) Setting the RPS to minimum volts
position
d) Identification of capacitor values
e) Selecting proper wires and meters
a) Draw the circuit diagram
b) Make the connections as per the Circuit.
c) Adjust the appropriate voltage level in
Manipulations of
2 Dual regulated power supply
apparatus
d) Adjust the RPS for different set of readings
e) Draw regulation characteristics

a) Measure the output voltage corresponding

to input voltage.
Precise b) Record the values of output and input
3
operations/activities voltages
c) Identify the point of saturation of output
voltage
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
4 Values  Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership

SBTET, AP
2. TEACHING POINTS:

S.No Teaching point Time allocation

1. Voltage regulator principle 2min
2. Details Pin configuration of IC 7912 3min
3. Types of capacitors and its use 2min
4. Operation of RPS 3min
5. Operation of digital multimeter 2min
6 Regulation characteristics 2min
7 Precautions 1min

3. PROCEDURE

A. PROCEDURAL PRECAUTIONS

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

B .SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

 Never make connections on a circuit when supply is in ON position

 If you smell anything burning , immediately disconnect the power and

examine your circuit to find out what went wrong.

 Keep your work area dry

 Always wear safety goggles

4. NEED & SCOPE:

7912 voltage regulators are very commonly used in electronic circuits. The
main purpose of this IC is to supply required regulated negative voltage to the
circuits. IC 7912 can supply a constant negative voltage output, in spite of
any voltage fluctuations in its input voltage. It can be mainly found in the
circuits in which integrated circuits that require +Vcc and – Vcc are used.

SBTET, AP
5. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION:

6.SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF
SUBTASK COMPETENCY LEVEL TOTAL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY
a. Identification of
Components and its
terminals.
b. Setting the RPS to
Handling apparatus minimum volts position A B C D T 5
c. Identification of capacitor 2 1 1 1 5
values
d. Selecting proper wires
and meters
a) Drawing the circuit
diagram
b) Selecting correct range
meters
c) Making the connections A B C D E F T
as per the Circuit. 6 2 2 2 2 1 15
Manipulations of
d) Adjusting the appropriate 15
apparatus
voltage level in Dual
regulated power supply
e) Adjusting the RPS for
different set of readings
f) Drawing regulation
characteristics
a) Measuring the output
voltage corresponding to A B C T
input voltage.
10 10 5 25
b) Recording the values of
Precise
output and input 25
operations/activities
voltages
c) Identifying the point of
saturation of output
voltage
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
Values  Communication A B C D E T 5
 Sharing 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Leadership
TOTAL 50

SBTET, AP
7. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

• What does79xx series tells us?

• How many pins does 7912 IC have?
• What is a voltage regulator IC?
• What does xx in 79xx indicate?
• Which is the input terminal of IC 7912?
• Which is the output terminal of IC 7912?
• What is the output voltage of IC 7912?
• Why 7912 is used in a circuit
• What are the other voltage regulator IC s ?
• What is the minimum input voltage to the IC 7912 ?

SBTET, AP
2.5.c.IC REGULATOR LAB SHEET

IC REGULATOR

OBJECTIVE:

To obtain the regulation characteristics of IC regulator( LM 317 ).

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

1. LM317 1no
2. RPS(0-30v) 1 no
3. Digital Multimeter 1no
4. Capacitor 1 µ f&0.1 µ f 1 no each
5. Bread board 1no
6. Connecting wires

1. TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Voltage regulator principle
2. Pin configuration of IC 7805
3. Types of capacitors and its use
4. Working of RPS
5. Working of digital multimeter
6. Precautions

B. SKILLS

S.No Category of skill Subtask

f) Identification of Components and its terminals
g) Using correct range meters.
1 Handling apparatus h) Setting the RPS to minimum volts position
i) Identification of capacitor values
j) Selecting proper wires and meters
f) Draw the circuit diagram
g) Make the connections as per the Circuit.
h) Adjust the appropriate voltage level in Dual
2 Manipulations of apparatus regulated power supply
i) Adjust the RPS for different set of readings
j) Draw regulation characteristics

d) Measure the output voltage corresponding to

input voltage.
3 Precise operations/activities
e) Record the values of output and input voltages
f) Identify the point of saturation of output voltage
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
4 Values  Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership

SBTET, AP
2. TEACHING POINTS:

S.No Teaching point Time allocation

1. Voltage regulator principle 2min
2. Details Pin configuration of LM317 3min
3. Types of capacitors and its use 2min
4. Operation of RPS 3min
5. Operation of digital multimeter 2min
6 Regulation characteristics 2min
7 Precautions 1min

3.PROCEDURE:

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

B . Safety precautions
 Never make connections on a circuit when supply is in ON position
 If you smell anything burning , immediately disconnect the power and examine
your circuit to find out what went wrong.
 Keep your work area dry
 Always wear safety goggles

4.NEED& SCOPE:

The LM317 device is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator capable

of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 37 V. It requires only
two external resistors to set the output voltage. The device features a typical line
regulation of 0.0typical load regulation of 0.1%

5. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION:

SBTET, AP
6. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

Precise a) Measuring the output

operations/activities voltage corresponding to A B C T
input voltage.
10 10 5 25
b) Recording the values of
25
output and input voltages
c) Identifying the point of
saturation of output
voltage
Values  Co-operation
 Co-ordination
 Communication A B C D E T 5
 Sharing 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Leadership
TOTAL 50

7. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS :

 WhatdoesLM317 series tells us?

 How many pins does LM317 IC have ?
 What is a voltage regulator IC?
 What does xx in LM317 indicate?
 Which is the input terminal of IC LM317?
 Which is the output terminal of ICLM317?
 What is the output voltage of IC LM317?
 Why LM317is used in a circuit
 What are the other voltage regulator IC s ?
 What is the minimum input voltage to the ICLM317?

SBTET, AP
2.6. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY USING 78XX/79XX LAB SHEET

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY USING 78XX/79XX

OBJECTIVE :

a) To construct regulated power supply using 78XX/79XX

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

1. IC 7812 1No.
2. IC 7912 1No.
3. RPS(0-30v) 1 No.
4. Digital Millimeter 1No.
5. Capacitor 10 µf & 1 µf - 1 No. each
6. Bread board 1No.
7. Connecting wires

2. TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE

1. Voltage regulator principle

2. Pin configuration of IC 7812
3. Pin configuration of IC 7912
4. Types of capacitors and its use
5. Working of RPS
6. Working of digital millimeter
7. Precautions

B. SKILLS
S.No Category of skill Subtask
a) Identification of Components and its terminals
b) Using correct range meters.
1 Handling apparatus c) Setting the RPS to minimum volts position
d) Identification of capacitor values
e) Selecting proper wires and meters
a) Draw the circuit diagram
b) Make the connections as per the Circuit.
c) Adjust the appropriate voltage level in Dual
2 Manipulations of apparatus regulated power supply
d) Adjust the RPS for different set of readings
e) Draw regulation characteristics

a) Measure the output voltage corresponding to

SBTET, AP
2. TEACHING POINTS:

S.No Teaching point Time allocation

1. Voltage regulator principle 2min
2. Details Pin configuration of IC 7812 & 3min
IC7912
3. Types of capacitors and its use 2min
4. Operation of RPS 3min
5. Operation of digital millimeter 2min
6 Regulation characteristics 2min
7 Precautions 1min

3. PROCEDURE:

A. PROCEDURAL PRECAUTIONS

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Never make connections on a circuit when supply is in ON position

 If you smell anything burning , immediately disconnect the power and examine
your circuit to find out what went wrong.
 Keep your work area dry.
 Always wear safety goggles

4.NEED&SCOPE :

7912 voltage regulators are very commonly used in electronic circuits. The main
purpose of this IC is to supply required regulated negative voltage to the circuits. IC
7912 can supply a constant negative voltage output, in spite of any voltage
fluctuations in its input voltage. It can be mainly found in the circuits in which
integrated circuits that require +Vcc and – Vcc are used.

5. PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION :

ACTION ACTIVITY
 Circuit components
 Connecting Wires
1. Check for  Students entry behavior
 First aid kit
For Design of  Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction

SBTET, AP
6. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

Precise a) Measuring the output

operations/activities voltage corresponding to A B C T
input voltage.
10 10 5 25
b) Recording the values of
output and input voltages
c) Identifying the point of
saturation of output
voltage
Values  Co-operation
 Co-ordination
 Communication A B C D E T
 Sharing 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Leadership

7. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What does 78xx series tells us?

2. What does79xx series tells us?
3. How many pins does 7912 IC have ?
4. How many pins does 7912 IC have ?
5. What is a voltage regulator IC?
6. What does xx in 78XX/79XX indicate ?
7. Which is the input terminal of IC 7912?
8. Which is the output terminal of IC 7912?
9. What is the output voltage of IC 7912?
10. Why 7912 is used in a circuit?
11. What are the other voltage regulator ICs ?
12. What is the minimum input voltage to the IC 7912?

SBTET, AP
2.7. SINGLE STAGE TRANSFORMER COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER LAB SHEET

SINGLE STAGE TRANSFORMER COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE:
To plot the frequency response characteristics of a single stagetransformer coupled
CE amplifier.

APPARATUS: Regulated Power Supply: 0-30V

CRO : 0-20MHz
Digital Multimeter
Signal Generator : 1Hz – 1MHz
Resistors : 4.3KΩ, 2.2KΩ, 1KΩ, 5.7KΩ
Capacitors : 10µF (2No.s)
Transistor : BC107
Driver Transformer
Bread board
Connecting wires

1. TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE

1. Amplifier principle
2. Transformer principle
3. Coupling methods
4. Gain formula
5. Frequency response
6. Use of CRO, Signal Generator and RPS
7. Drawing Logarithmic graph
B. SKILL

 Identifying the equipment .

Handling of  Selecting correct components, meters and wires.
Apparatus  Identification of Transformer terminals by markings.
 Identifying the transistor terminals.

 Drawing the circuit diagram

 Making the connections.
 Checking the connections
 Following standard procedures ( Correct colour code, polarity, tight
Manipulation of
connections etc.,)
apparatus
 Selecting correct mode and range of signal generator , CRO, RPS
and Multimeter.
 Switching on the supply.
 Observing the readings in CRO and Signal Generator.

SBTET, AP
 Connecting Signal Generator , RPS and CRO probes to the
correct terminals.
 Reading the resistor and Capacitor values.
 By measuring the resistance values , identify the transistor
terminals.
 By measuring the resistance values , identify the transformer
Precise
windings.
operations/Activities
 Record the input and output voltages at different frequencies from
CRO.
 Determine the Gain.
 Plot the frequency response on Logarithmic graph sheet.
 Interpreting the response.

 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
Values  Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership

2. TEACHING POINTS

Sl No Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min

1. Amplifier Principle 1
2. .Types of coupling 2
3. Gain, gain formula 2
4. Frequency response 2
5. Transformer Principle 2
6. Advantages of Transformer Coupling 2
7. Applications of Transformer coupled amplifier 1
8. Interpreting Name plate Details 1
9. Precautions 2

PRECAUTIONS

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Ensure the correct range of meters
 Ensure that the meters are properly set
 Ensure that the Transistor and Transformer connected properly
 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and check for polarity
 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member
 Ensure that there are no loose connections
 Do not exceed the rated voltage
 Avoid parallax error

SBTET, AP
B. Safety precautions:

 Shoes must be worn at all times.

 No part of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
 Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging and unplugging
from the outlet

3. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT

 This circuit is used where impedance matching is the main criteria.

 It can be used as Power amplifier.

 It can be used as Driver amplifier.

 Used in applications where maximum power transfer is needed

4. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION

ACTION ACTIVITY
 CRO. RPS and Function Generator.
 Transistor and Transformer arrangement.
Check for  The students entry behavior
 First aid kit
 Wires of Standard colours and Gauges
For Design of  Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction

5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF TOTAL
SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL (50)
INDIVIDUALLY

A. Identifying the equipment .

B. Selecting correct components,
meters and wires. A B C D T
1. Handling of 2 2 2 2 8
C. Identification of Transformer 8
apparatus
terminals by markings.
D. Identifying the transistor
terminals.

SBTET, AP
A. Drawing the circuit diagram A B C D E T
B. Making the connections. 4 3 1 2 2 12
2. Manipulation of C. Following standard procedures (
apparatus Correct colour code, polarity,
tight connections etc.,)
12
D. Selecting correct mode and
range of signal generator , CRO,
RPS and Multimeter.
E. Observing the readings in CRO
and Signal Generator.

A. Connecting Signal Generator ,

RPS and CRO probes to the
correct terminals.
B. By measuring the resistance
values , identify the transistor
terminals
3.Precise
C. By measuring the resistance
operations /
values , identify the transformer A B C D E F G T
Activities 25
winding 5 3 2 5 4 4 2 25
D. Record the input and output
voltages at different frequencies
from CRO
E. Determine the Gain
F. Plot the frequency response on
Logarithmic Graph sheet
G. Interpreting the response

A. Co Operation 5
B. Co-Ordination
4.Values C. Communication 5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

6. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Why transformer coupling is preferred than other coupling methods in amplifiers?

2. State the need for coupling.
3. Why CE Configured amplifier is preferred ?
4. How the transformer provides impedance matching?
5. What is the need for impedance matching?
6. Why the frequency response is not stable in transformer coupled amplifiers?
7. Mention the disadvantages of transformer coupled amplifiers.

SBTET, AP
2.8 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER LAB SHEET

FREQUENCY RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

1. OBJECTIVE:

a) To study the frequency response of a RC coupled amplifier.

b) To calculate gain and bandwidth of a RC coupled amplifier.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

EQUIPMENT RANGE TYPE NUMBER

Regulated power supply 0-30V 1

Breadboard 1
Resistor 33KΩ, 2.2KΩ, 1KΩ, Carbon 2each
10KΩ,5.6KΩ
CRO 1
Transistor BC107 2
Capacitors 4.7µf/12V Electrolytic 5
Patch cords Single lead few

3. TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Transistor terminal identification.
2. Biasing
3. Identification of low, medium and high frequencies.
4. Gain and Bandwidth.

B. SKILLS

CATEGORY OF SKILL SUBTASK

a) Identifying different solid state devices
Handling apparatus b) Identification of test points in circuit.
c) Identifying different components
a) Designing Circuit
b) Choosing proper values of resistor,
Manipulations of apparatus regulated power supply.
c) Identifying proper terminals of transistor.
d) Proper connections as per the circuit
a) Identifying breakdown voltages from data
sheet.
b) Identifying cut off , saturation and active
Precise operations/activities regions of BC107 transistor.
c) Plot the frequency response on semi log
sheet.
d) Calculate the gain and bandwidth

SBTET, AP
4. TEACHING POINTS:

S.No Teaching point Time allocation

1. About Doping 1min
2. Different junctions in a transistor 1min
3. Forward bias and reverse bias 1min
4. Breakdown voltage and cut in 1min
voltage
5. Identifying different models of 2min
transistor.
6. Identifying the rating of the given 2min
transistor.
7. Identifying different types of resistors
and their ratings 2min
8. Define voltage gain. 1min
9. Applications of RC coupled amplifier 2min

5. PRECAUTIONS:

Precautions to be followed as mention in the annexure:

1. While performing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the transistor. This may
lead to damage the transistor.
2. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections
as per the circuit diagram.
3. Make sure while selecting the emitter, base and collector terminals of the transistor.

6. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

WEITAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF
SUBTASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY
a) Identification of components A B T
Handling apparatus
b) Identification of meters 2 3 5
a) Circuit connections
Manipulations of A B C T
b) Equipment handling
apparatus 4 8 8 20
c) Measurements and observations
a) Identifying proper components
b) Identifying the ratings of the
components
c) Identifying terminals of a
Precise
transistor. A B C D E T
operations/activities
d) Plot the frequency of a given 5 5 5 5 5 20
amplifier.
e) Calculate the gain and
bandwidth from the graph
a) Co-operation
b) Co-ordination T
values c) Communication 5
d) Attitude
e) leadership
TOTAL

SBTET, AP
2.6.7 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS:

1. Identify terminals of a BC 107 transistor.

2. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Adjust the waveform in the CRO.
4. Check the voltage levels in the circuit.

2.6.8 VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Which region is having highest doping density?

2. What is voltage gain?
3. How many junctions are there in a transistor?
4. What are the modes of operation in a transistor?
5. When the temperature increases what happens to the collector current?
6. Why the width of the base is narrow?
7. What is regions of a RC coupled amplifier
8. Why we are preferring NPN transistors compared to PNP?

SBTET, AP
2.9 COLPITTS OSCILLATOR LAB SHEET

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

1.OBJECTIVE

b) To implement the Colpitt’s oscillator

c) To verify the effect of varying the tank circuit component values and observe
output waveform on CRO.

2.APPARATUS

NAME OF THE
S.NO RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE
COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR BC107BP 1 For amplification
RESISTOR R1 =100K ohms 1 For biasing and
R2 , R4 =10K 2 stabilization
2
ohms 1
Re = 1K ohms
3 CAPACITORS C1,C2 =0.1uf 2 For tank circuit
CAPACITORS Cin, Cout =10uf 2 For in blocking
4 and coupling
capacitor
CAPACITORS Ce = 100pf 1 Emitter bypass
5
capacitor
6 INDUCTOR L1 = 2mH 1 For tank circuit
CRO 0-20 M HZ 1 For observing the
7
output waveforms
BREADBOARD 1 To Develope the
8
circuit
CONNECTING WIRES REQUIRED
9
NUMBER
REGULATED 0-30V 1 To provide
10
POWERSUPPLY biasing

3.TASK ANALYSIS

A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Common emitter amplifier
2. Working Principle of Tank circuit
3. Condition for sustained oscillations
4. Equation for the frequency of Oscillations of Colpitt’s Oscillator

SBTET, AP
B. SKILLS
S.NO CATEGORY OF SKILL SUBTASK
a) Drawing the circuit diagram
b) Identification of Components
c) Identification of terminals of the
1 Handling apparatus transistor
d) Identifying major sections (amplifier
& Feedback section)
e) Identification of test points in circuit.
a) Make the connections as per the
Circuit.
b) Check the proper function of the
CRO
Manipulations of
2 c) Adjust the appropriate voltage level
apparatus
in Dual regulated power supply
d) Observe the output waveform on
CRO at the test point in the circuit.

a) Adjust the capacitance and

inductance of the tank circuit to get
the sustained oscillations
b) Note down the time period and
amplitude of the output waveform
Precise c) Plotting output waveform on graph
3
operations/activities sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of
oscillations from the output
waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and practical
frequencies.
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
4 Values  Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership

4.TEACHING POINTS:

S.No Teaching point Time allocation

1. Different junctions in a transistor 1min
Region of operation of the
2. 2min
transistor
3. Transistor as amplifier 3min
4. Working principle of tank circuit 2min
5. Concept of positive feedback 2min
Constructional details of the
6. 2min
colpitt’s oscillator
Conditions for sustained
7. 2min
oscillations
Calculations of the frequency of
8. 1min
colpitt’s Oscillator

SBTET, AP
5. NEED& SCOPE:
 Colpitt’s oscillator is mainly used to generate the stable sinusoidal Waveform with
different frequencies.
 It is used for the development of mobile and radio communications.

6. PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION:

ACTION ACTIVITY
 Circuit components
 CRO with probes
Check for  Connecting Wires
 Students entry behavior
 First aid kit
For Design of  Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction

7. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

SBTET, AP
8. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What type of feedback is preferred in oscillators?

2. List out the applications of Colpitt’s oscillators

3. why Amplifier circuit is necessary in an oscillator?

4. What is the feedback factor for colpittsOscillator

5. whypositive feedback is employed in oscillators?

6. What is the formula for frequency of oscillations?

7. What are the elements in feedback circuit?

SBTET, AP
2.10. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR LAB SHEET

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

1. OBJECTIVE:

a) To implement the Hartley oscillator

b) To verify the effect of varying the tank circuit component values and observe
output waveform on CRO.

2. TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE

1. Common emitter amplifier

2. Working Principle of Tank circuit
3. Condition for sustained oscillations
4. Equation for the frequency of Oscillations of Hartley Oscillator

B. SKILLS
S.NO CATEGORY OF SKILL SUBTASK
a) Drawing the circuit diagram
b) Identification of Components
c) Identification of terminals of the transistor
1 Handling apparatus
d) Identifying major sections (amplifier &
Feedback section)
e) Identification of test points in circuit.
a) Make the connections as per the Circuit.
b) Check the proper function of the CRO
c) Adjust the appropriate voltage level in Dual
Manipulations of
2 regulated power supply
apparatus
d) Observe the output waveform on CRO at
the test point in the circuit.

a) Adjust the capacitance and inductance of

the tank circuit to get the sustained
oscillations
b) Note down the time period and amplitude
Precise of the output waveform
3
operations/activities c) Plotting output waveform on graph sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of oscillations from
the output waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and practical
frequencies.
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
4 Values  Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership

SBTET, AP
3. TEACHING POINTS :

S.No Teaching point Time allocation

1. Different junctions in a transistor 1min
2. Region of operation of the transistor 2min
3. Transistor as amplifier 3min
4. Working principle of tank circuit 2min
5. Concept of positive feedback 2min
Constructional details of the Hartley
6. 2min
oscillator
7. Conditions for sustained oscillations 2min
Calculations of the frequency of Hartley
8. 1min
Oscillator

4. PRECAUTIONS:

A. Procedural precautions
• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections
 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
 Ensure that the variable inductors and capacitors are properly adjusted
 Ensure the correct position of different knobs on the CRO
 Get the connections checked
 Ensure that there are no loose connections
 Equipment should be handled carefully

B. Safety precautions
 Keep workbench clear by placing extra items(books ,bags etc…) on shelves
 Wear sensible clothing including footwear
 Do not switch on the power supply while making connections

5. NEED & SCOPE :

 Hartley oscillator is mainly used to generate the stable sinusoidal Waveform
with different frequencies.
 It is used for the development of mobile and radio communications.

6. PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION:

ACTION ACTIVITY
 Circuit components
 CRO with probes
Check for  Connecting Wires
 Students entry behavior
 First aid kit
For Design of  Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction

SBTET, AP
7. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

a) Adjust the capacitance and

inductance of the tank circuit
to get the sustained
oscillations
b) Note down the time period
and amplitude of the output
Precise waveform A B C D E T
operations/activities c) Plotting output waveform on 5 5 5 5 5 25
graph sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of
oscillations from the output
waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and
practical frequencies.
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
A B C D E T
Values  Communication
1 1 1 1 1 5
 Sharing
 Leadership

8. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What type of feedback is preferred in oscillators?
2. List out the applications of Hartley oscillators
3. Why Amplifier circuit is necessary in an oscillator?
4. What is the feedback factor for Hartley Oscillator?
5. Why positive feedback is employed in oscillators?
6. What is the formula for frequency of oscillations?
7. What are the elements in feedback circuit?

SBTET, AP
2.11 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR LAB SHEET
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

1. OBJECTIVE :

a) To implement the Crystal oscillator

b) To verify the effect of varying the tank circuit component values and observe output
waveform on CRO.

2. TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE

1. Common emitter amplifier

2. Working Principle of Tank circuit
3. Condition for sustained oscillations
4. Equation for the frequency of Oscillations of Crystal Oscillator

B. SKILLS

S.NO CATEGORY OF SKILL SUBTASK

a) Drawing the circuit diagram
b) Identification of Components
c) Identification of terminals of the transistor
1 Handling apparatus
d) Identifying major sections (amplifier &
Feedback section)
e) Identification of test points in circuit.
a) Make the connections as per the Circuit.
b) Check the proper function of the CRO
c) Adjust the appropriate voltage level in Dual
2 Manipulations of apparatus regulated power supply
d) Observe the output waveform on CRO at the
test point in the circuit.

a) Adjust the capacitance and Crystal of the tank

circuit to get the sustained oscillations
b) Note down the time period and amplitude of the
output waveform
3 Precise operations/activities
c) Plotting output waveform on graph sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of oscillations from the
output waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and practical frequencies.
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
4 Values  Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership

SBTET, AP
3. TEACHING POINTS :

S.NO TEACHING POINT TIME ALLOCATION

1. Different junctions in a transistor 1min
2. Region of operation of the transistor 2min
3. Transistor as amplifier 3min
4. Working principle of tank circuit 2min
5. Concept of positive feedback 2min
Constructional details of the Crystal
6. 2min
oscillator
7. Conditions for sustained oscillations 2min
Calculations of the frequency of hartley
8. 1min
Oscillator

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
 Ensure that the variable inductors and capacitors are properly adjusted
 Ensure the correct position of different knobs on the CRO
 Get the connections checked
 Ensure that there are no loose connections
 Equipment should be handled carefully
B. Safety precautions
 Keep workbench clear by placing extra items(books ,bags etc…) on shelves
 Wear sensible clothing including footwear
 Do not switch on the power supply while making connections

4.NEED & SCOPE:

 Crystal oscillator is mainly used to generate the stable sinusoidal Waveform

with different frequencies.
 It is used for the development of mobile and radio communications.

5. PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION:

ACTION ACTIVITY
 Circuit components
 CRO with probes
Check for  Connecting Wires
 Students entry behavior
 First aid kit
For Design of
 Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction

SBTET, AP
6. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF
SUBTASK COMPETENCY LEVEL TOTAL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY
a. Drawing the circuit diagram
b. Identification of Components
c. Identification of terminals of
the transistor A B C D E T
Handling apparatus d. Identifying major sections 1 1 1 1 1 5
(amplifier & Feedback
section)
e. Identification of test points in
circuit.
a. Make the connections as per
the Circuit.
b. Check the proper function of
the CRO
c. Adjust the appropriate A B C D T
Manipulations of
voltage level in Dual 8 2 2 3 15
apparatus
regulated power supply
d. Observe the output waveform
on CRO at the test point in
the circuit.

a) Adjust the capacitance and

Crystal of the tank circuit to
get the sustained oscillations
b) Note down the time period
and amplitude of the output
waveform A B C D E T
Precise
c) Plotting output waveform on 5 5 5 5 5 25
operations/activities
graph sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of
oscillations from the output
waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and
practical frequencies.
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination A B C D E T
Values  Communication 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Sharing
 Leadership

7. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. What type of feedback is preferred in oscillators?

2. List out the applications of Crystal oscillators
3. why Amplifier circuit is necessary in an oscillator?
4. What is the feedback factor for Crystal Oscillator
5. why positive feedback is employed in oscillators?
6. What is the formula for frequency of oscillations?
7. What are the elements in feedback circuit?

SBTET, AP
2.12 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR LAB SHEET

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

OBJECTIVE:
i) To obtain the output waveforms of RC phase shift oscillator for different R,C
Values
ii) To determine the frequency of oscillations for different values of R,C Values.

APPARATUS:

S.NO NAME OF THE COMPONENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 TRANSISTOR BC107BP 1

2 RESISTOR 4.7K ohms 2

3 RESISTOR 2.2K OHMS 1

4 VARIABLE RESISTOR 470K OHMS 1

5 CAPACITORS 0.1uf 3

6 CAPACITORS 10uf 1

7 CRO 0-20 M HZ 1

8 BREADBOARD 1

9 CONNECTING WIRES REQUIRED NUMBER

1. TASK ANALYSIS

A. KNOWLEDGE

1. conditions for oscillations.

2. Need for oscillator.

3.Types of oscillators.

4. Expression for frequency of oscillations.

5. Applications.

6. Precautions.

SBTET, AP
B. SKILL

S.NO CATEGORY OF SKILL SUBTASK

 Drawing the circuit diagram

1 Handling of Apparatus  Identifying various components and terminals.
 Proper handling of CRO to get exact waveforms
 Reading the Circuit Diagram.
 Making the connections as per circuit diagram.
 Checking the connections
2 Manipulation of apparatus
 Connecting the CRO probes to correct terminals
 Adjusting the CRO and variable resistor to get exact
waveforms
 Measuring the amplitude and timeperiod of the output
waveform
 Calculating the frequency of the output waveform
3 Precise operations/Activities
 Tabulating amplitude and timeperiod for different R,C
values .
 Drawing the ouput waveform on the graph sheet
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
4 Values  Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership

2. TEACHING POINTS

S No Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min

1. Conditions for oscillations 3
2. Need for oscillator 1
3. Types of oscillators. 2
4. Usage of CRO for obtaining output waveforms 3
5. Expression for frequency of oscillations 1
6. Calculation of frequency of oscillations 2
7. Applications 2
8. Precautions 1

PRECAUTIONS

A. PROCEDURAL PRECAUTIONS:

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
 Ensure that the variable resistor is properly adjusted
 Ensure the correct position of different knobs on the CRO
 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member
 Ensure that there are no loose connections
 Equipment should be handled carefully

SBTET, AP
B. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 Keep workbench clear by placing extra items(books ,bags etc…) on shelves
 Wear sensible clothing including footwear
 Do not switch on the power supply while making connections

3. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT

 This experiment is used to generate low frequency sinusoidal waveform with
good stability.
 These are used in musical instruments and voice synthesis and in GPS units
since they work at all audio frequencies.
.4. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION

ACTION ACTIVITY
 Circuit components
 CRO with probes
Check for  Connecting Wires
 Students entry behavior
 First aid kit
For Design of
 Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction

5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION

WEIGHTAGE WITH
TOTAL
CATEGORY OF SKILL SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
(50)
INDIVIDUALLY
 Drawing the circuit diagram A B C T
 Identifying various
1. Handling of
components and terminals. 3 1 1 5
apparatus
 Proper handling of CRO to
get exact waveforms

A. Reading the Circuit Diagram.

B. Making the connections as
per circuit diagram.
C. Checking the connections A B C D E T
2. Manipulation of
D. Connecting the CRO probes
apparatus 1 8 1 1 4 15
to correct terminals
E. Adjusting the CRO and
variable resistor to get exact
waveforms

SBTET, AP
 Measuring the amplitude and
time period of the output
waveform
 Calculating the frequency of
3.Precise the output waveform A B C D T
operations/Activities  Tabulating amplitude and time
period for different R,C values . 7 6 6 6 25
 Drawing the ouput waveform
on the graph sheet.

A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination A B C D E T
4.Values C. Communication
1 1 1 1 1 5
D. Leadership
E. Sharing

Total 50

6. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. List the conditions for oscillations.

SBTET, AP
2.13.a. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION LAB SHEET

HALFWAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION

OBJECTIVE:

1. To design and simulate the half wave rectifier

2. To observe the output waveforms of Half Wave Rectifier

APPARATUS:
Step-down Transformer (230V/ 9-0-9V) ,
Diode IN4007 ,
Resistor 1kohm
Voltage marker.
AC voltage source.

1. TASK ANALYSIS:

A.KNOWLEDGE

1. Main purpose of rectifier

2. Working principle of PN diode in forward bias and reverse bias.
3. Familiarization of simulation software.
4. Applications of rectifier.
5. Output waveforms
6. Precautions

B. SKILL

Category of skill Subtask

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation software’s
Familiarization of
PC simulation softwares
PSPICE
B)Identifying major sections
software/Multisim
C) Identification of test points in circuit
A. Identification of various tool box and workspace
B.Select the required components from the respective
Preparation of
group of library
schematic using
C. Set the values of components as per the requirement
PSPICE
D. Make the connections as per the Circuit in
workspace.
A. Run the simulation and rectiify the errors if any by
modifying the connections
B. Measuring the no load voltage.
Simulation and result C.Recording the readings in the Ammeter,Voltmeters
analysis D.Calculating Ripple factor and percentage of regulation
E.Observing the waveforms
F. Drawing the Graph
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
Values C)Communication
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
TOTAL

SBTET, AP
A. Opening the PSPICE schematic.
Handling of
B. Creating a new File.
Apparatus
C. Getting the required components and Devices from PSPICE library.

A. Giving values/names to the components.

Manipulation of B. Making the circuit connection with wire.
apparatus C. Placing Ac voltage source at input.
D. Placing voltage marker at the output..

A. Setting The values of primary , secondary of Transformer

B .Applying AC voltage to the primary of the transformer.
Precise C. Run the simulation
operations/Activities D. Observing the output waveforms.
E. Measuring the amplitude and time period by using scales.
F. Drawing the graph.

2. TEACHING POINTS

Sl No Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min

1. Purpose of rectifier 2
2. Types of rectifiers 1
3. Familiarization of simulation software 5
4. Familiarization of scales in CRO 2
5. Simulation running process 2
6. Input and Output wave forms 1
7. Applications of Half wave rectifier 1
8. Precautions 1

A. Procedural precautions:

 The primary and secondary of the transformer should be correct values.

 The polarities of the diode should be carefully connected.

 Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

 Ensure whether selected the correct analysis in setup.

B. Safety precautions:

1. Care must be taken while operating the equipment / PC.

SBTET, AP
3. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT

This experiment helps to understand the performance characteristics of half wave

rectifier

Half wave rectifiers are used in power supplies.

4. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION

ACTION ACTIVITY

 Check for availability and suitability of the components

Check for and devices in the PSPICE schematic Library.
 Students entry behavior
For Design of
 Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction
.
5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF
SUBTASK COMPETENCY LEVEL TOTAL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY (50)

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation A B C T

Familiarization of
software’sPC simulation softwares
PSPICE
B)Identifying major sections 1 1 3 5
software/Multisim
C) Identification of test points in circuit

A. Identification of various tool box and

workspace
B.Select the required components A B C D T
Preparation of
from the respective group of library
schematic using
C. Set the values of components as per 5 6 2 2 15
PSPICE
the requirement
D. Make the connections as per the
Circuit in workspace.

A. Run the simulation and rectiify the

errors if any by modifying the
connections
A B C D E T
B. Measuring the no load voltage.
Simulation and C.Recording the readings in the
result analysis Ammeter ,Voltmeters 2 2 5 10 6 25
D.Calculating Ripple factor and 5
percentage of regulation
E.Observing the waveforms
F. Drawing the Graph

A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination 5
Values C)Communication
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
Total 50

SBTET, AP
6. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is rectifier?

2. List the types of rectifier

3. List the applications of Half wave rectifier

SBTET, AP
2.13.b. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION LAB SHEET

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION

OBJECTIVE:
1. To design and simulate the Full wave rectifier
2. To observe the output waveforms of Full Wave Rectifier
APPARATUS:
Step-down Transformer (230v/ 9-0-9V) ,
Diode 1N4007 ,
1 Kohm Resistor,
CRO
Function generator
1. TASK ANALYSIS:
A.KNOWLEDGE
1. Main purpose of rectifier
2. Working principle of PN diode in forward bias and reverse bias.
3. Familiarization of simulation software.
4. Applications of rectifier.
5. Output waveforms
6. Precautions
B. SKILL

CATEGORY OF SKILL SUBTASK

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation software’s

Familiarization of PSPICE PC simulation softwares
software/Multisim B)Identifying major sections
C) Identification of test points in circuit

A. Identification of various tool box and workspace

B.Select the required components from the respective
Preparation of schematic group of library
using PSPICE C. Set the values of components as per the requirement
D. Make the connections as per the Circuit in
workspace.
A. Run the simulation and rectiify the errors if any by
modifying the connections
B. Measuring the no load voltage.
Simulation and result C.Recording the readings in the Ammeter ,Voltmeters
analysis D.Calculating Ripple factor and percentage of regulation
E.Observing the waveforms
F. Drawing the Graph
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
Values C)Communication
D)Sharing
E)Leadership

SBTET, AP
2. TEACHING POINTS
Sl No Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min
1. Purpose of rectifier 2
2. Types of rectifiers 1
3. Familiarization of simulation software 5
4. Familiarization of scales in CRO 2
5. Simulation running process 2
6. Input and Output wave forms 1
7. Applications of Full wave rectifier 1
8. Precautions 1

A. Procedural precautions:

 The primary and secondary of the transformer should be correct values.

 The polarities of the diode should be carefully connected.

 Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

 Ensure whether selected the correct analysis in setup.

C. Safety precautions:

1. Care must be taken while operating the equipement / PC.

3. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT

 This experiment helps to understand the performance characteristics of Full

wave rectifier .
 Full wave rectifiers are used in Regulated power supply.

4. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION

For Design of
 Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction

SBTET, AP
5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION

6. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. What is rectifier?

2. List the types of rectifier

3. List the applications of Full wave rectifier

SBTET, AP
2.14. ZENER REGULATOR LAB SHEET

ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR

OBJECTIVE:
To Implement 12V Zener voltage regulator for various loads circuit using PSPICE
Schematic.

APPARATUS:

1.Zener diode (1N963B) / 12V 1no

2. Resistor (500Ω) 1no

3.DC power supply (0-30V) 1no

4.Current marker 1no

5.Voltage marker 2no

6.Variable resistor (1-20k) 1no

7.Wire. --

1.TASK ANALYSIS

A. KNOWLEDGE

1.Basic knowledge about computer.

2.voltage regulator.
3.Zener breakdown voltage.
4.Unregulated and Regulated voltage..
5.Basic knowledge about PSPICE schematic.
6.Applications.

SBTET, AP
B. SKILL

CATEGORY OF SKILL SUBTASK

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation software’s

Familiarization of PSPICE PC simulation softwares
software/Multisim B)Identifying major sections (amplifier & Feedback section)
C) Identification of test points in circuit

A. Identification of various tool box and workspace

B. Select the required components from the respective
Preparation of schematic group of library
using PSPICE C. Set the values of components as per the requirement
D. Make the connections as per the Circuit in
workspace.
A. Run the simulation and rectify the errors if any by
modifying the connections
B. Adjusting the RPS to minimum position and maximum
position as to get the required voltage.
Simulation and result C. Recording and observing the readings on voltmeter,
analysis Ammeter.
D. Finding Breakdown voltage or output voltage.
E. Calculating the regulation of the Zener Diode.
F. Drawing the graphs.

A. Co-operation
B. Co-ordination
C. Communication
Values
D. Sharing
E. Leadership

2. TEACHING POINTS

Sl No Teaching Point Time allocation

(Suggestive) 15min
1 Purpose of zener voltage regulator.
2 Changing the values of PSPICE components. 4
3 Importance of voltage marker.
1. m
4 Importance of current marker.
o
5 DC sweep Analysis in setup.
d 8
6 Line regulation and load regulation.
u
7 l Changing the axis parameters.
8 aAdding the traces.
9 3
t Changing the colors of waveforms.
10 i Precautions.
o
n
A. Procedural
. precautions.

1. Ensure correct values of resistors.

2.Ensure the correct input voltage while doing load regulation.

SBTET, AP
3. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit diagram.4

4.Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

5.Ensure whether selected the correct analysis in setup.

B.Safety precautions.

1.Care must be taken while operating the equipment/PC.

2.Wear shoes for the lab.

3. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT.

This experiment is essential to understand the regulation characteristics of

zenerdiode.Thiszener regulator is used in many of the electrical/electronic circuits where
constant voltage is required.

4. PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION:

Action Activity

 Check for availability and suitability of

the components and devices in the
PSPICE schematic Library.
Check for
 The student entry behavior.

 Availability of first aid kit.

For design of instruction  Read the teaching points carefully.

5.Scheme of Evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF
SUBTASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY
A) Working with Desktop PC simulation software’s
A B C T
Familiarization of PC simulation softwares
2 2 1 5
PSPICE B)Identifying major sections (amplifier &
software/Multisim Feedbacksection)
C) Identification of test points in circuit
A. Identification of various tool box and
workspace
B.Select the required components from the A B C D T
Preparation of
respective group of library 4 3 3 5 15
schematic using
C. Set the values of components as per the
PSPICE
requirement
D. Make the connections as per the
Circuit in workspace.
A. Run the simulation and rectify the errors if
any bymodifying the connections
Simulation and result
B. Adjusting the RPS to minimum position and
analysis
maximum position as to get the required
voltage. A B C D E F T

SBTET, AP
C. Recording and observing the readings on 5 5 4 6 3 2 25
voltmeter, Ammeter.
D. Finding Breakdown voltage or output
voltage.
E. Calculating the regulation of the Zener
Diode.
F. Drawing the graphs
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination A B C D E T
Values C)Communication 1 1 1 1 1 5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership

6. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.Why is the zener diode used as a voltage regulator.

2.How zener diode maintains constant voltage across the load.

3.What is meant by temperature coefficient.

4.What is DC sweep analysis.

5.How to model the variable resistor in PSPICE schematic.

SBTET, AP
2.15. COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER LAB SHEET

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE:
(i) To Design Transistor CE amplifier and simulating in PSPICE Schematic and
find its voltage gain
(ii) Observe the output waveforms on CRO and the effect of disconnecting bypass
capacitor.

APPARATUS:

a) PSPICE SOFTWARE
b) Personal computer
c) printer

TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE

1. Basic knowledge about computer.

2. Voltage gain.
3. Working of CE. Amplifier
4. Basic knowledge about PSPICE schematic.
5. Applications.
B. SKILL

Category of skill Subtask

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation software’s

Familiarization of
PC simulation softwares
PSPICE
B)Identifying major sections (amplifier)
software/Multisim
C) Identification of test points in circuit
A. Identification of various tool box and workspace
B. Select the required components from the respective
Preparation of
group of library
schematic using
C. Set the values of components as per the requirement
PSPICE
D. Make the connections as per the Circuit in
Workspace.
A. Run the simulation and rctify the errors if any by
modifying the connections
B Note down the time period and amplitude of the output
Waveform with capacitor
Simulation and result C. Plotting output waveform on graph sheet
analysis D. Note down the time period and amplitude of the output
Waveform without capacitor
E. Plotting output waveform on graph sheet
F. Note down the time period and amplitude of the output
Waveform with capacitor
A. Co-operation
B. Co-ordination
Values C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership

SBTET, AP
2. TEACHING POINTS:

Sl No. Teaching Points Suggested Time(15Min)

1. Classification of Amplifiers 1

2. Working of Common Emitter Amplifier 3

3 Need of Bypass capacitor 2

4. Working of Bypass capacitor 3

5. Output Voltage in Common Emitter Amplifier 1

6. Applications 2

7. Changing the voltage and time in function 1

generator

8. Precautions 2

A) Procedural precautions.

1. Ensure correct values of resistors.

2. Ensure the correct input voltage.

3. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit diagram

4. Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

5. Ensure whether selected the correct analysis in setup.

B) Safety precautions.

1. Care must be taken while operating the equipment/PC.

2. Wear shoes for the lab.

3. Need and scope of experiment.

This experiment is essential to understand the characteristics of Common Emitter

Amplifier. This Common Emitter Amplifier is used in many of the electronic circuits where
amplification is required.

SBTET, AP
4. PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION:

Action Activity

 Check for availability and suitability of

the components and devices in the
PSPICE schematic Library.
Check for
 The student entry behavior.

 Availability of first aid kit.

For design of instruction  Read the teaching points carefully.

5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF
SUBTASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY
A) Working with Desktop PC simulation software’s
Familiarization of A B C T
PC simulation softwares
PSPICE 2 2 1 5
B)Identifying major sections (amplifier )
software/Multisim
C) Identification of test points in circuit
A. Identification of various tool box and
workspace
B. Select the required components from A B C D T
Preparation of 4 3 3 5 15
the respective group of library
schematic using
C. Set the values of components as per the
PSPICE
requirement
D. Make the connections as per the
Circuit in workspace.
A. Run the simulation and rectify the errors if
any by modifying the connections
B. Note down the time period and amplitude
of the output Waveform with capacitor
C. Plotting output waveform on graph
Sheet A B C D E F T
Simulation and result D. Note down the time period and 5 5 4 6 3 2 25
analysis amplitude of the output Waveform with
out capacitor
E. Plotting output waveform on graph
sheet
F. Note down the time period and
amplitude of the output
Waveform with capacitor
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination A B C D E T
Values C)Communication 1 1 1 1 1 5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership

SBTET, AP
6. VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is phase difference between input and output waveforms of CE amplifier?

2. What type of biasing is used in the above given circuit?
3. If the given transistor is replaced by a p-n-p, can we amplify the signals and
explain?
4. What is effect of emitter-bypass capacitor on frequency response?
5. What is the effect of coupling capacitor?
6. What is the region of the transistor so that it can be operated as an amplifier?
7. How does transistor acts as an amplifier?
8. Draw the h-parameter model of CE amplifier?
9. What type of transistor configuration is used in intermediate stages of a multistage
amplifier?
10. What is early effect?
11. How to model the variable resistor in PSPICE schematic.

SBTET, AP
2.16. SIMULATION OF RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR LAB SHEET

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

OBJECTIVE:

(i) To Design RC phase shift oscillator and simulate in PSPICE Schematic and
find its frequency
(ii) Observe the output waveforms on CRO with different RC values.

APPARATUS:

a) PSPICE SOFTWARE

b) Personal computer

1. TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Basic knowledge about computer.
2. Frequency of an oscillator.
3. Working of RC phase shift oscillator
4. Effect of RC on frequency of a RC phase shift oscillator.
4. Basic knowledge about PSPICE schematic.
5. Applications.

B. SKILL

Category of skill Subtask

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation software’s
Familiarization of PSPICE PC simulation softwares
software/Multisim B) Identifying major sections (amplifier & Feedback section)
C) Identification of test points in circuit
A. Identification of various tool box and workspace
B.Select the required components from the respective
Preparation of schematic group of library
using PSPICE C. Set the values of components as per the requirement
D. Make the connections as per the Circuit in
workspace.
A. Run the simulation and rctify the errors if any by
modifying the connections
B. Adjust the capacitance and resistance values of the
tank circuit to get the sustained oscillations
Simulation and result C. Note down the time period and amplitude of the output
analysis waveform
D. Plotting output waveform on graph sheet
E. Calculate the frequency of oscillations from the output
waveform
F. Verify the theoretical and practical frequencies.

SBTET, AP
A. Co-operation
B. Co-ordination
Values C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership

2. TEACHING POINTS:

Sl No. Teaching Points Suggested Time(15Min)

1. Classification of Oscillators 2

2. Working of RC phase shift oscillator 5

3 Frequency of RC phase shift oscillator 1

4. Measurement of frequency in oscillator 2

5. Effect of RC on frequency 1

6. Applications 1

7. Changing the R & C values in PSPICE 1

8. Precautions 2

A) PROCEDURAL PRECAUTIONS

1. Ensure correct values of resistors.

2. Ensure correct values of capacitors.

3. Ensure correct input DC voltage.

4. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit diagram

4. Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

5. Ensure whether selected the correct analysis in setup.

B) SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

1. Care must be taken while operating the equipment/PC.

2. Wear shoes for the lab.

3. Need and scope of experiment.

This experiment is essential to understand the working of RC phase shift oscillator.

This phase shift oscillator is used to generate the signals over an extensive range of
frequency. They used in musical instruments, GPS units, & voice synthesis.

SBTET, AP
4. PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION:

Action Activity

 Check for availability and suitability of

the components and devices in the
PSPICE schematic Library.
Check for
 The student entry behavior.

 Availability of first aid kit.

For design of instruction  Read the teaching points carefully.

5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF
SUBTASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation

Familiarization of software’s PC simulation softwares A B C T
PSPICE B)Identifying major sections (amplifier & 2 2 1 5
software/Multisim Feedback section)
C) Identification of test points in circuit
A. Identification of various tool box and
workspace
B.Select the required components from the A B C D T
Preparation of
schematic using respective group of library
4 3 3 5 15
PSPICE C. Set the values of components as per the
requirement
D. Make the connections as per the
Circuit in workspace.
A. Run the simulation and rectify the errors
if any by modifying the connections
B.Adjust the capacitance and inductance
values of the tank circuit to get the
A B C D E F T
sustained oscillations
C. Note down the time period and 5 5 4 6 3 2 25
Simulation and result
amplitude of the output waveform
analysis
D. Plotting output waveform on graph
sheet
E. Calculate the frequency of oscillations
from the output waveform
F. Verify the theoretical and practical
frequencies.
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
Values A B C D E T
C)Communication 1 1 1 1 1 5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership

SBTET, AP
6. VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. 1. List the conditions for oscillations.

2. State the need for an oscillator
3. Classify oscillators.
4. Write the expression for frequency of oscillations
5. Mention the applications of RC Phase shift oscillators
6. Why 3 RC sections are used in RC Phase shift oscillator?
7. What is the effect of R C values on frequency?
8. How can you increase the frequency of the generated signal?
9. How to model the variable resistor in PSPICE schematic.
10. How do you measure the frequency of a signal in PSPICE?

SBTET, AP
2.17. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR LAB SHEET

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT SIMULATION

1. OBJECTIVE:

a) To simulate the Hartley’s oscillator Circuit using PSPICE or equivalent software

b) verify the effect of varying the tank circuit component values and observe the
output waveform on CRO.

2. APPARATUS:

1) PSPICE SOFTWARE

2) Personal computer

3) Printer

Category of skill Subtask

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation software’s

Familiarization of PSPICE PC simulation softwares
software/Multisim B)Identifying major sections (amplifier & Feedback section)
C) Identification of test points in circuit

A. Identification of various tool box and workspace

A. Run the simulation and rctify the errors if any by

modifying the connections
B.Adjust the capacitance and inductance values of the
tank circuit to get the sustained oscillations
Simulation and result C.Note down the time period and amplitude of the output
analysis waveform
D.Plotting output waveform on graph sheet
E.Calculate the frequency of oscillations from the output
waveform
F.Verify the theoretical and practical frequencies.

A. Co-operation
B. Co-ordination
Values C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership

SBTET, AP
3. TASK ANALYSIS:

A. KNOWLEDGE

1. Common emitter amplifier.

2. Working Principle of Tank circuit.
3. Condition for sustained oscillations.
4. Equation for the frequency of Oscillations of Hartley Oscillator.
5. Familiar with Simulation Softwares like PSpice, Multisim and simulation
procedures.

B. SKILLS

3. TEACHING POINTS:

S. No Teaching point Time allocation

1. Different junctions in a transistor 1min
2. Region of operation of the transistor 2min
3. Transistor as amplifier 1min
4. Working principle of tank circuit 1min
5. Concept of positive feedback 2min
6. Constructional details of the Hartley 2min
oscillator
7. Conditions for sustained oscillations 2min
8. Calculations of the frequency of Hartley 1min
Oscillator
9 Simulation softwares, Pspice, Multisim 3min

4. NEED & SCOPE:

 Hartley oscillator is mainly used to generate the stable sinusoidal

Waveform with different frequencies.
 It is used for the development of mobile and radio communications.

5.PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION:

ACTION ACTIVITY
 Circuit components
 CRO with probes
 Connecting Wires
Check for
 Desktop PC working condition and connections
 Students entry behavior
 First aid kit
For Design of
 Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction

SBTET, AP
6. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

CATEGORY OF WEIGHTAGE WITH

SUBTASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY
A) Working with Desktop PC simulation software’s
Familiarization of PC simulationsoftwares A B C T
PSPICE B)Identifying major sections (amplifier & 2 2 1 5
software/Multisim Feedback section)
C) Identification of test points in circuit
A. Identification of various tool box and
workspace
B.Select the required components from the
Preparation of A B C D T
respective group of library
schematic using 4 3 3 5 15
C. Set the values of components as per the
PSPICE
requirement
D. Make the connections as per the
Circuit in workspace.
A. Run the simulation and rectify the errors
if any by modifying the connections
B.Adjust the capacitance and inductance
values of the tank circuit to get the
sustained oscillations
C. Note down the time period and A B C D E F T
Simulation and result
amplitude of the output waveform 5 5 4 6 3 2 25
analysis
D. Plotting output waveform on graph
sheet
E. Calculate the frequency of oscillations
from the output waveform
F. Verify the theoretical and practical
frequencies.
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination A B C D E T
Values C)Communication 1 1 1 1 1 5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership

7. ASSESSMENT / VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What type of feedback is preferred in oscillators?

2. List out the applications of Hartley oscillators?
3. Why an Amplifier circuit is necessary in an oscillator?
4. What is the feedback factor for Hartley Oscillator?
5. Why positive feedback is employed in oscillators?
6. What is the formula for frequency of oscillations?
7. What are the elements in feedback circuit?

SBTET, AP
3.1 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment : _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment : _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required : _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
5. Procedure:

6. Readings :

Without filter:

DC current DC Voltage AC voltage Ripple factor =

S.No % of regulation
Idc (mA) Vdc ( V) Vac (V) Vac / Vdc

SBTET, AP
With Filter:

DC current DC Voltage AC voltage Ripple factor =

S.No % of regulation
Idc (mA) Vdc ( V) Vac (V) Vac / Vdc

7. Model Graph :

SBTET, AP
8. Graph

Observed Waveforms

9. Inference and Interpretation :

SBTET, AP
10. Scheme of Evaluation

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF COMPETENCY Marks
SUB TASK
SKILL LEVEL Awarded
INDIVIDUALLY
A.Identifying the various
Components & selecting
The correct range voltmeters
1. Handling of
And ammeter
apparatus 5
B. Setting the CRO
C. Testing of transformer working
condition
A. Drawing the circuit diagram
B. Making the connections as per
2. Manipulation of 15
circuit.
apparatus
C. Connect the meters with correct
polarities
A. Measuring the no load voltage.
B. Recording the readings in the
Ammeter ,Voltmeters
3.Precise operations 25
C. Calculating Ripple factor and
/Activities
percentage of regulation
D. Observing the waveforms
E. Drawing the Graph
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
4.Values C. Communication
D. Sharing
5
E. Leadership

Total 50

Signature of the Staff Signature of the Student

SBTET, AP
3.2. CENTER TAPPED FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment: _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment: _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required: _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure:

Sl No. Procedure

SBTET, AP
6. Readings: a) Without filter:

Sl Load Ripple % of
Idc (mA) Vdc(Volts) Vrms(Volts)
No. Resistance,RL(KΩ) Factor Regulation

b) With filter

Sl Load Ripple % of
Idc (mA) Vdc(Volts) Vrms(Volts)
No. Resistance,RL(KΩ) Factor Regulation

SBTET, AP
7. Model Graph: a) Without Filter

SBTET, AP
b) With Filter:

SBTET, AP
8. Graph:

Observed Waveforms

9. Inference and Interpretation:

SBTET, AP
10. Scheme of Evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
MARKS
COMPETENCY
CATEGORY OF SUB TASK AWARDE
LEVEL
SKILL D
INDIVIDUALLY

A. Identification of Correct
Components 5
1. Handling of
B. Identification of meters
apparatus
C. Identification of Transformer
Terminals by marking

2. Manipulation of A. Making Circuit connections

apparatus B. Adjusting the load resistance
in the DRB 15
C. Increasing the value of load
resistance in steps of 1KΩ

A. Recording the readings in the

Ammeters, Voltmeter (or)
Multimeter.
B. Measuring the values of Idc,
Vdc and Vac( with load and
3. Precise operations without Load). 25
/Activities C. Calculate the Ripple factor
and % of regulation.
D. Observe the waveforms
across the load resistance on
CRO.
E. Drawing the graph and to
showing salient points

A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination 5
4.Values C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership

Total
50

Signature of the Staff Signature of the Student

SBTET, AP
3.3.BRIDGE RECTIFIER WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment: _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment: _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required: _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure:

Sl No. Procedure

SBTET, AP
6. Readings:

a) Without Filter

Load Ripple % of
Sl No. Vdc(Volts) Vrms(Volts)
Resistance,RL(KΩ) Factor Regulation

b) With Filter

Load Ripple % of
Sl No. Vdc(Volts) Vrms(Volts)
Resistance,RL(KΩ) Factor Regulation

SBTET, AP
7. Model Graph:a) Without Filter

With filter

SBTET, AP
8. Graph:

Observed Waveforms

9.Inference and interpretation:

SBTET, AP
Scheme of Evaluation

WEIGHTAGE WITH MARKS

CATEGORY OF
SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL AWARD
SKILL
INDIVIDUALLY ED
A) Identifying various terminals
B) Using correct range Voltmeter,
Ammeters.
C) Setting the DRB to correct 5
1. Handling of
values.
apparatus
D) Identification of Transformer
terminals by markings.
E)Identification of capacitor and
inductor values for filter circuits
A) Draw the Circuit Diagram.
B) Making the connections as per
2. Manipulation of the circuit diagram.
apparatus C) Adjusting the load resistance 15
in DRB
D) Connect capacitor filter.
Without Filter

A) Measure Vdc (no Load)

B) Increase the load resistance in
steps of 1kΩ.
C) Recording the values of Vdc,
Vaconmultimeter. 25
D) Observing the waveforms on
CRO.
3.Precise operations E) Calculating the values of
/Activities Ripple factor and % of
regulation.

With Filter
F) Connect 1000µf capacitor as
shown in circuit.
G)Measure Vdc and Vac
Tabulate the readings and
observe the waveforms on
CRO
H)Drawing the graphs
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
4.Values C. Communication
D. Sharing 5
E. Leadership

Total
50

Signature of the Staff Signature of the Student

SBTET, AP
3.4. ZENER DIODE AS A VOLTAGE REGULATOR WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment:

2 .Objective of the Experiment

3 .Equipment Required:

4. Circuit Diagram

SBTET, AP
5. PROCEDURE:-

6. Readings OBSERVATIONS:-

Static characteristics:-

ZENER ZENER
S.NO CURRENT(IZ )

VOLTAGE(VZ )

SBTET, AP
Regulation characteristics:-

S.N0 VNL(VOLTS) VFL RL % REGULATION

(VOLTS)
(KΏ)

7. Model Graph :

Observed Waveforms

SBTET, AP
8. Calculations

The percentage regulation is given by the formula

((VNL-VFL)/VFL)X100

VNL=Voltage across the diode, when no load is connected.

VFL=Voltage across the diode, when load is connected

9. Inferences and Interpretations

SBTET, AP
10. Scheme of Evaluation:
WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF COMPETENCY Marks
SUB TASK
SKILL LEVEL Awarded
INDIVIDUALLY
A. Drawing circuit diagram
and Identifying various
terminals of ZENER
Diode. 5
1. Handling of B. Using correct range
apparatus Voltmeter, Ammeter
C. Connecting the ZENER
DIODE in the circuit with
correct polarity.

A. Varying the value of RPS

2. Manipulation of
B. Observing the readings in 15
apparatus
the Ammeter and
Voltmeter

A. Recording and observing

the readings on voltmeter,
Ammeter.
3.Precise perations B. Finding Breakdown voltage 25
/Activities or output voltage.
C. Calculating the
REGULATION of the
Zener Diode.
D. Drawing the graphs.

A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
4.Values C. Communication 5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership

Total
50

Signature of the Staff Signature of the Student

SBTET, AP
3.5.a.IC REGULATOR WORK SHEET-A

NAME OF THE STUDENT : DATE OF EXERCISE:

PIN: BRANCH : ECE

INSTITUTION: EXERCISE NO:

IC REGULATOR

1. Title of the Exercise:________________________________________________

2.Objective of the Exercise:________________________________________________

________________________________________________

3.Apparatus required:__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

4.Circuit diagram:

SBTET, AP
5.Procedure:
Sl No. Procedure

6.Readings:
Table: 1 Line Regulation for 7805:

Unregulated Regulated
S.No. Power Supply Output Voltage
Vin(V) VO(V)

Table: 2 Load Regulation for 7805:

Input Supply Voltage Vin = _________ Volts

No-load DC Voltage, VNL = _________ Volts

Load Unregulated Regulated

% Voltage
S.No. Resistance Power Supply Output Voltage
Regulation
RL(K) Vin(V VO (V)

SBTET, AP
7.Model waveform:

8.Graph :

9.Discussions on result:

SBTET, AP
10.Scheme of Evaluation:

a) Measure the output voltage

corresponding to input
Precise voltage.
b) Record the values of output
operations/activities
and input voltages 25
c) Identify the point of saturation
of output voltage

 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
Values  Communication
 Sharing 5
 Leadership

SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

SBTET, AP
3.5.a. IC REGULATOR WORK SHEET-B
NAME OF THE STUDENT : DATE OF EXERCISE:

PIN: BRANCH : EEE

INSTITUTION: EXERCISE NO:

IC REGULATOR

1. Title of the Exercise:________________________________________________

2.Objective of the Exercise:________________________________________________

________________________________________________

3.Apparatus required:__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

4.Circuit diagram:

SBTET, AP
5.Procedure:

Sl No. Procedure

6.Readings

Table: 1 Line Regulation for 7912:

Unregulated Regulated
S.No. Power Supply Output Voltage
Vin(V) VO(V)

Table: 2 Load Regulation for 7912:

Input Supply Voltage Vin = _________ Volts

No-load DC Voltage, VNL = _________ Volts

Load Unregulated Regulated

% Voltage
S.No. Resistance Power Supply Output Voltage
Regulation
RL(K) Vin(V VO (V)

SBTET, AP
7.Model waveform:

8.Graph :

9.Discussions on result:

SBTET, AP
10.Scheme of Evaluation:

a) Measure the output voltage

corresponding to input
Precise voltage.
b) Record the values of output 25
operations/activities
and input voltages
c) Identify the point of saturation
of output voltage

 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
Values  Communication
 Sharing 5
 Leadership

SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

SBTET, AP
3.5.a.IC REGULATOR WORK SHEET-C

NAME OF THE STUDENT : DATE OF EXERCISE:

PIN: BRANCH : EEE

INSTITUTION: EXERCISE NO:

IC REGULATOR

1. Title of the Exercise:________________________________________________

2.Objective of the Exercise:________________________________________________

________________________________________________

3.Apparatus required:__________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Circuit diagram:

SBTET, AP
5.Procedure:

Sl No. Procedure

6.Readings:

Table: 1 Line Regulation for LM317:

Unregulated Regulated
S.No. Power Supply Output Voltage
Vin(V) VO(V)

Table: 2 Load Regulation for LM317:

Input Supply Voltage Vin = _________ Volts

No-load DC Voltage, VNL = _________ Volts

Load Unregulated Regulated

% Voltage
S.No. Resistance Power Supply Output Voltage
Regulation
RL(K) Vin(V VO (V)

SBTET, AP
7.Model waveform:

8.Graph :

9.Discussions on result:

SBTET, AP
10.Scheme of Evaluation:

Weightage with
MARKS
Category of skill Subtask competency level
AWARDED
individually
a. Identification of Components
and its terminals
b. Setting the RPS to minimum
volts position
Handling apparatus 5
c. Identification of capacitor
values
d. Selecting proper wires and
meters
a) Draw the circuit diagram
b) Using correct range meters.
c) Make the connections as per
the Circuit.
d) Adjust the appropriate voltage 15
Manipulations of
level in Dual regulated power
apparatus
supply
e) Adjust the RPS for different
set of readings
f) Draw regulation characteristics

a) Measure the output voltage

corresponding to input voltage.
Precise b) Record the values of output
operations/activities and input voltages 25
c) Identify the point of saturation
of output voltage

 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
Values  Communication 5
 Sharing
 Leadership

SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

SBTET, AP
3.6 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY USING 78XX/79XX WORK SHEET

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY USING 78XX/79XX

NAME OF THE STUDENT : DATE OF EXERCISE:

PIN: BRANCH :
DECE
INSTITUTION: EXERCISE NO:

Student Details:

1. Title of the Exercise:________________________________________________

2.Objective of the Exercise:________________________________________________

________________________________________________

3.Apparatus required:__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

4.Circuit diagram:

SBTET, AP
5.Procedure:

Sl No. Procedure

6.Readings:

Sl.no Input voltage (Vin) Output voltage(Vout) % Regulation

SBTET, AP
7.Model waveform:

8.Graph :

9.Discussions on result:

SBTET, AP
10.Scheme of Evaluation:

Weightage with
MARKS
Category of skill Subtask competency level
AWARDED
individually
a) Identification of Components
and its terminals
b) Using correct range meters.
c) Setting the RPS to minimum
Handling of 5
volts position
apparatus
d) Identification of capacitor
values
e) Selecting proper wires and
meters

a) Draw the circuit diagram

b) Make the connections as per
the Circuit.
c) Adjust the appropriate voltage
Manipulations of 15
level in Dual regulated power
apparatus
supply
d) Adjust the RPS for different
set of readings
e) Draw regulation characteristics

a) Measure the output voltage

corresponding to input voltage.
Precise b) Record the values of output
operations/activities and input voltages 25
c) Identify the point of saturation
of output voltage

 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
Values  Communication
5
 Sharing
 Leadership

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

SBTET, AP
3.7 SINGLE STAGE TC AMPLIFIER WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment : _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment : _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required : _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
5. Procedure:

10.

6. Readings :

Input Gain Gain in Db

Input Output voltage
S.No Voltage V0 20 log V0
frequency (in Volts)
(in Volts) Vin Vin

SBTET, AP
7. Model Graph:

8. Graph:

Frequency (Hz)

9. Inference and Interpretation:

SBTET, AP
10. Scheme of Evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF MARKS
SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
SKILL AWARDED
INDIVIDUALLY

A. Identifying the equipment.

B. Selecting correct components,
meters and wires.
1. Handling of 8
C. Identification of Transformer
apparatus
terminals by markings.
D. Identifying the transistor
terminals.

A. Drawing the circuit diagram

B. Making the connections.
C. Following standard procedures
(Correct colour code, polarity,
2.Manipulation of tight connections etc.,)
apparatus D. Selecting correct mode and
range of signal generator, CRO, 12
RPS and Multimeter.
E. Observing the readings in CRO
and Signal Generator.

A. Connecting Signal Generator,

RPS and CRO probes to the
correct terminals.
B. By measuring the resistance
values , identify the transistor
terminals
3.Precise
C. By measuring the resistance
operations/
values , identify the transformer 25
Activities
winding
D. Record the input and output
voltages at different frequencies
from CRO
E. Determine the Gain
F. Plot the frequency response on
Logarithmic Graph sheet
G. Interpreting the response

A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
4.Values C. Communication
D. Sharing 5
E. Leadership

Total
5 50

Signature of the Staff member Signature of the Student

SBTET, AP
3.8 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER WORK SHEET

PLOT THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A RC COUPLED

AMPLIFIER

NAME OF THE STUDENT : DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

PIN: BRANCH : ECE

INSTITUTION: EXPERIMENT NO:1

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

3.6.1. OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

3.6.2 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

3.6.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

3.6.4 PROCEDURE:

SBTET, AP
3.6.5. READINGS:

Output 20 log
s.no Frequency(f) Hz Vo/vi
voltage(Vo) Vo/Vi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

3.6.6. MODEL GRAPH:

3.6.7. CALCUATIONS

1. Gain = 20log(V0/Vi)

2.Bandwidth = f h-fl

SBTET, AP
3.6.8 RESULT:The frequency response of the R-C coupled amplifier is obtained.

3.6.9 Discussions on result:

SBTET, AP
3.6.10 Scheme of evaluation:

Weightage with
competency Marks
Category of skill Subtask
level Awarded
individually
a) Identifying different solid
state devices
Handling apparatus b) Identification of test points 5
in circuit.
c) Identifying different
components
a) Designing Circuit
b) Choosing proper values of
resistor, regulated power 20
Manipulations of
supply.
apparatus
c) Identifying proper terminals
of transistor.
d) Proper connections as per
the circuit
a) Identifying breakdown
voltages from data sheet.
Precise b) Identifying cut off , 20
operations/Activities
saturation and active
regions of BC107 transistor.
c) Plot the frequency
response on semi log
sheet.
d) Calculate the gain and
bandwidth
a) Co-operation
b) Co-ordination
Values c) Communication 5
d) Attitude
e) leadership

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

SBTET, AP
3.9 COLPITTS OSCILLATOR WORK SHEET

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

NAME OF THE STUDENT : DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

PIN: BRANCH : ECE

INSTITUTION: EXPERIMENT NO:

1. Title of the Experiment: _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment: _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required: _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
5.Procedure:

Sl No. Procedure

6.Readings:

Output waveform:
C1 C2 Time
S.NO Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)
(farads) (farads) period(sec)

SBTET, AP
7.Model Waveform:

8. Graph:

8.Calculations:

Theoretical frequency (f0)= 1/(2(LCT)1/2)

Where CT = (C1C2)/(C1+C2) .

Practical frequency (f0)=(1/T)

Where Time Period (T) = No. of horizontal divisions x Times/division

Amplitude= No. of vertical divisions x volts/division=

SBTET, AP
9. Inference and Interpretation:

10.Scheme of evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
MARKS
Category of skill Subtask COMPETENCY LEVEL
AWARDED
INDIVIDUALLY
a. Drawing the circuit diagram
b. Identification of Components
c. Identification of terminals of
the transistor
Handling apparatus d. Identifying major sections
(amplifier & Feedback 5
section)
e. Identification of test points in
circuit.
a. Make the connections as per
the Circuit.
b. Check the proper function of
the CRO
Manipulations of c. Adjust the appropriate voltage 15
level in Dual regulated power
apparatus
supply
d. Observe the output waveform
on CRO at the test point in the
circuit.

a) Adjust the capacitance and

inductance of the tank circuit
to get the sustained
oscillations
b) Note down the time period
and amplitude of the output
Precise waveform
operations/activities c) Plotting output waveform on 25
graph sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of
oscillations from the output
waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and
practical frequencies.
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
Values  Communication
 Sharing 5
 Leadership
TOTAL
50

SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

SBTET, AP
3.10 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR WORK SHEET

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

1. Student Details:

NAME OF THE STUDENT : DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

PIN: BRANCH : ECE

INSTITUTION: EXPERIMENT NO:

Title of the Experiment: HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

2.OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

3. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SBTET, AP
5. PROCEDURE:

6. READINGS:

Output waveform:
S.NO L1 L2 Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)
(henrys) (henrys) period(sec)
1
2
3
4

7. MODEL WAVEFORM:

SBTET, AP
8. CALCULATIONS:

Theoretical frequency (f0)= 1/(2( LTC)1/2)

Where LT= L1+L2.

Practical frequency (f0)=(1/T)

Where Time Period (T) = No. of horizontal divisions x Times/division

Amplitude= No. of vertical divisions x volts/division=

9. Discussions on result:

SBTET, AP
10. Scheme of evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
Category of skill Subtask MARKS
COMPETENCY LEVEL
AWARDED
INDIVIDUALLY
a. Drawing the circuit diagram
b. Identification of Components
c. Identification of terminals of
the transistor
Handling apparatus d. Identifying major sections
(amplifier & Feedback 5
section)
e. Identification of test points in
circuit.
a. Make the connections as per
the Circuit.
b. Check the proper function
of the CRO
Manipulations of c. Adjust the appropriate 15
voltage level in Dual
apparatus
regulated power supply
d. Observe the output
waveform on CRO at the test
point in the circuit.

a) Adjust the inductance and

capacitance of the tank circuit
to get the sustained
oscillations
b) Note down the time period and
amplitude of the output
Precise waveform
operations/activities c) Plotting output waveform on 25
graph sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of
oscillations from the output
waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and
practical frequencies.
a. Co-operation
b. Co-ordination
Values c. Communication
d. Sharing 5
e. Leadership
TOTAL
50

SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

SBTET, AP
3.11 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR WORK SHEET

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

1. Student Details:

NAME OF THE STUDENT : DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

PIN: BRANCH : ECE

INSTITUTION: EXPERIMENT NO:

Title of the Experiment:

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT :

3. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

5. PROCEDURE:

SBTET, AP
6.READINGS:

Output waveform:
S.NO crystal Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)
period(sec)
1
2
3
4

7. MODEL WAVEFORM:

8.CALCULATIONS:

Theoretical frequency (f0)

Practical frequency (f0)=(1/T)

Where Time Period (T) = No. of horizontal divisions x Times/division

Amplitude= No. of vertical divisions x volts/division=

9.Discussions on result:

SBTET, AP
10.Scheme of evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
Category of skill Subtask MARKS
COMPETENCY LEVEL
AWARDED
INDIVIDUALLY
a. Drawing the circuit diagram
b. Identification of Components
c. Identification of terminals of
the transistor
Handling of
d. Identifying major sections
apparatus 5
(amplifier & Feedback
section)
e. Identification of test points in
circuit.
a. Make the connections as per
the Circuit.
b. Check the proper function of
the CRO
Manipulations of c. Adjust the appropriate voltage 15
level in Dual regulated power
apparatus
supply
d. Observe the output waveform
on CRO at the test point in the
circuit.

a) Adjust the Crystal and

capacitance of the tank circuit
to get the sustained
oscillations
b) Note down the time period
and amplitude of the output
Precise waveform
operations/activities c) Plotting output waveform on 25
graph sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of
oscillations from the output
waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and
practical frequencies.
a. Co-operation
b.Co-ordination
Values c. Communication
d.Sharing 5
e.Leadership
TOTAL
50

SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

SBTET, AP
3.12 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Date of experiment:
Name of the student :

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.10
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment: ____________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment: ____________________________________

3. Equipment Required: ____________________________________

____________________________________

4. CircuitDiagram:

5. Procedure:

SBTET, AP
6. Readings:

S.No Resistance Capacitance

Amplitude Time period Frequency
value value

7. Model Graph:

SBTET, AP
8. Graph:

Observed Waveform

9. Inference and Interpretation

SBTET, AP
10.Scheme ofEvaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
CATEGORY OF COMPETENCY LEVEL Marks
SUB TASK
SKILL Awarded
INDIVIDUALLY
A. Drawing the circuit diagram
B. Identifying various components
and terminals.
1. Handling of 5
apparatus C. Proper handling of
CRO to get exact
waveforms
A. Reading the Circuit Diagram.
B. Making the connections as per
circuit diagram.
C. Checking the connections 15
2. Manipulation of D. Connecting the CRO probes to
apparatus correct terminals
E. Adjusting the CRO and
variable resistor to get
exact waveforms

A. Measuring the amplitude and

timeperiod of the output
waveform
B. Calculating the frequency of the
3.Precise Operations output waveform
C. Tabulating amplitude and
/Activities 25
timeperiod for different R,C
values .
D. Drawing the ouput waveform on
the graph sheet

a) Co-operation
b) Co-ordination
5
Values c) Communication
d) Attitude
e) Leadership

SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

SBTET, AP
3.13.a. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment : _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment : _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required : _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
5. Procedure:

6. Model Graph:

SBTET, AP
Lab sheet 2.21.A Halfwave rectifier simulation

7.Graph:

Observed Waveforms

8. Inference and Interpretation:

SBTET, AP
9. Scheme of Evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
Category of skill Subtask COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation

Familiarization of PSPICE software’sPC simulationsoftwares
software/Multisim B)Identifying major sections
C) Identification of test points in circuit 5

A. Identification of various tool box and

workspace
B.Select the required components from
Preparation of schematic the respective group of library 15
using PSPICE C. Set the values of components as per the
requirement
D. Make the connections as per the
Circuit in workspace.

A. Run the simulation and rectify the errors

if any by modifying the connections
B. Measuring the no load voltage.
C.Recording the readings in the
Simulation and result
Ammeter,Voltmeters
analysis
D.Calculating Ripple factor and 25
percentage of regulation
E.Observing the waveforms
F. Drawing the Graph

A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
Values C)Communication 5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
TOTAL 50

SBTET, AP
3.13.b. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION WORK SHEET

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment : _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment : _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required : _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
5. Procedure:

6. Model Graph:

SBTET, AP
7.Graph:

Observed Waveforms

8. Inference and Interpretation:

SBTET, AP
9. Scheme of Evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
Category of skill Subtask COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation

Familiarization of PSPICE software’s PC simulation softwares
5
software/Multisim B)Identifying major sections
C) Identification of test points in circuit

A. Identification of various tool box and

workspace
B.Select the required components from
Preparation of schematic the respective group of library
using PSPICE C. Set the values of components as per 15
the requirement
D. Make the connections as per the
Circuit in workspace.

A. Run the simulation and rectiify the

errors if any by modifying the
connections
B. Measuring the no load voltage.
Simulation and result C.Recording the readings in the 25
analysis Ammeter ,Voltmeters
D.Calculating Ripple factor and
percentage of regulation
E.Observing the waveforms
F. Drawing the Graph

A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
Values C)Communication
D)Sharing 5
E)Leadership

TOTAL 50

SBTET, AP
3.14. ZENER REGULATOR WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Institution: Experiment No.

1. Title of the Experiment: _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment: _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required: _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
5. Procedure:

A. Line regulation:

SL NO PROCEDURE

B. Load regulation:

SL NO PROCEDURE

SBTET, AP
6. Readings:

Zener breakdown voltage Vz = in volts.

Line characteristics:-

ZENER
S.NO ZENER CURRENT(IZ)
VOLTAGE(VZ )

Load characteristics:-

VFL RL
S.N0 VNL(VOLTS) % REGULATION
(VOLTS) (KΏ)

SBTET, AP
7. Model Graph:

Line Regulation

Load Regulation

SBTET, AP
8. Graph:

SBTET, AP
10. Scheme of Evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
Category of skill Subtask COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY

A) Working with Desktop PC

simulation software’s PC simulation
Familiarization of PSPICE softwares
software/Multisim 5
B)Identifying major sections (amplifier
& Feedback section)
C) Identification of test points in circuit
A. Identification of various tool box
and workspace
B.Select the required components
from the
respective group of library 15
Preparation of schematic C. Set the values of components
using PSPICE as per the
requirement
D. Make the connections as per
the
Circuit in workspace.

A. Run the simulation and rectify

the errors if any by
modifying the connections

B. Adjusting the RPS to minimum

position and maximum position as
to get the required voltage. 25
Simulation and result C. Recording and observing the
analysis
readings on voltmeter, Ammeter.
D. Finding Breakdown voltage or
output voltage.
E. Calculating the regulation of the
Zener Diode.
F. Drawing the graphs
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
Values C)Communication
5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership

SBTET, AP
2.15. CE AMPLIFIER USING PSPICE WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment: _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment: _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required: _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
5. Procedure:

10.

6. Readings:

Input wave:

Amplitude:

Time period:

Frequency:

Output wave:

With bypass without bypass

Amplitude

Time period:

Frequency

SBTET, AP
7. Model Graph:

Inputwaveform:

Outputwaveform:

SBTET, AP
8. Graph:

Observed Waveforms

9. Inference and Interpretation:

SBTET, AP
10. Scheme of Evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
Category of skill Subtask COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY

A. A) Working with Desktop PC simulation

Familiarization of
software’s PC simulation softwares
PSPICE 5
software/Multisim
B. B)Identifying major sections (amplifier )
C. C) Identification of test points in circuit

A. Identification of various tool box and

workspace
B. Select the required components from
Preparation of the respective group of library
schematic using C. Set the values of components as per the
PSPICE requirement 15
D. Make the connections as per the
Circuit in workspace.

A. Run the simulation and rectify the errors

if any by modifying the connections
B. Note down the time period and
Amplitudeof the output Waveform with
capacitor
C. Plotting output waveform on graph
sheet 25
Simulation and
D. Note down the time period and
result analysis
amplitude of the output Waveform with
out capacitor
E. Plotting output waveform on graph
sheet
F. Note down the time period and
amplitude of the output
Waveform with capacitor
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
Values C)Communication
5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
TOTAL

SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

SBTET, AP
3.16. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment: _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment: _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required: _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
5. Procedure:

10.

6. Readings:

S.NO C R Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)

(µF) (ohms) period(sec)
1
2
3
4

SBTET, AP
7. Model Graph:

Outputwaveform:

SBTET, AP
8. Graph:

Observed Waveforms

SBTET, AP
9. Scheme of Evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
Category of skill Subtask COMPETENCY
TOTAL
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation

Familiarization of software’s PC simulationsoftwares
5
PSPICE B)Identifying major sections (amplifier &
software/Multisim Feedback section)
C) Identification of test points in circuit

A. Identification of various tool box and

workspace
B.Select the required components from
Preparation of
the respective group of library 15
schematic using
C. Set the values of components as per
PSPICE
the requirement
D. Make the connections as per the
Circuit inworkspace.
A. Run the simulation and rctify the
errors if any by modifying the
connections
B.Adjust the capacitance and
inductance values of the
tank circuit to get the sustained
oscillations
C.Note down the time period and 25
Simulation and
amplitude of the output
result analysis
waveform
D.Plotting output waveform on graph
sheet
E.Calculate the frequency of
oscillations from the output
waveform
F.Verify the theoretical and practical
frequencies.
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
Values C)Communication
5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership

SBTET, AP
3.17. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR WORK SHEET

WORK SHEET

Name of the student : Date of experiment:

PIN : Branch:

Experiment No.
Institution:

1. Title of the Experiment: _________________________________________

2. Objective of the Experiment: _________________________________________

3. Equipment Required: _________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
5. Procedure:

10.

6. Readings:

S.NO C L1 L2 Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)

(µF) (Henry) (Henry) period(sec)
1
2
3
4

SBTET, AP
7. Model Graph:

Outputwaveform:

SBTET, AP
8. Graph:

Observed Waveforms

SBTET, AP
9. Scheme of Evaluation:

WEIGHTAGE WITH
Category of skill Subtask COMPETENCY
TOTAL
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY

A) Working with Desktop PC simulation

Familiarization of software’sPC simulationsoftwares
PSPICE B)Identifying major sections (amplifier 5
software/Multisim & Feedback section)
C) Identification of test points in circuit
A. Identification of various tool box and
workspace
B.Select the required components
Preparation of 15
from the respectivegroup of library
schematic using
C. Set the values of components as
PSPICE
per the requirement
D. Make the connections as per the
Circuit in workspace.
A. Run the simulation and rectify the
errors if any bymodifying the
connections
B.Adjust the capacitance and
inductance values of the
tank circuit to get the sustained
oscillations
C.Note down the time period and
Simulation and amplitude of the output 25
result analysis waveform
D.Plotting output waveform on graph
sheet
E.Calculate the frequency of
oscillations from the output
waveform
F.Verify the theoretical and practical
frequencies.

A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
Values C)Communication 5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
TOTAL 50

SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHADOLOGY 4.1.HWR

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER

1. Description
The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

Name Specifications/ No Purpose

Range
Step-down To step down the A.C voltage
230/9-0-9 V 1
transformer
Diode IN4007 1 To rectify the ac

Decade resistance
10-1 M ohms 1 To adjust the load
box
DC ammeter 0-200 mA 1 To measure the current
DC Voltmeter To measure the DC voltage
0-20v 1
AC voltmeter 0-20 V 1 To measure the AC voltage
Dual channel 1
C.R.O 0-20 M Hz To display the wave forms
Breadboard 1 To make connections
As per To make connections
Connecting Wires need
Capacitor 100uF 1 To filter the ripples

2. Circuit Diagram

Half wave rectifier without filter:

SBTET, AP
Halfwave rectifier with filter:

3. Theory
A rectifier is a circuit, which converts AC into DC .When the AC voltage is appliedtotheHalf
wave rectifier. During positive half cycle the diode becomes forward biased and conducts the
current. Hence the current flows through the load resistor.
During negative half cycle the diode becomes reverse biased and does not conducts
the current .hence no current flows through the load resistor. So only positive half cycles will
appear in the output and negative half cycles are clipped.
Ripple factor can be calculated by using the formula
Ripple factor=Vac /Vdc
Percentage of regulation can be calculated by using the formula
Percentage of regulation = (V nl – Vfl) / V fl *100
4. Procedure.

Without Filter:

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Remove the load resistor and measure the no load voltage.
4. Connect the load resistor.
5. Measure the current (Idc),volages (Vdc&Vac)
6. Calculate ripple factor and percentage of regulation
7. Connect CRO across the load resistor.
8. Observe the output waveform in CRO

With Filter:

1. Connect the Filter across load resistor

2. Remove the load resistor and measure the no load voltage.
3. Connect the load resistor.
4. Measure the current (Idc),voltages(Vdc&Vac)
5. Calculate ripple factor and percentage of regulation

SBTET, AP
6. Connect CRO across the load resistor.
7. Observe the output waveform in CRO
5. Observations
Without filter:
DC current
S.No Idc (mA)
DC Voltage AC voltage Ripple factor =
% of regulation
. Vdc ( V) Vac (V) Vac / Vdc

With filter:

DC current
S.No Idc (mA)
DC Voltage AC voltage Ripple factor =
% of regulation
. Vdc ( V) Vac (V) Vac / Vdc

6. Model Graph

Without filter:

SBTET, AP
With filter:

7. Calculations Use the following formulae for calculations

Ripple factor=Vac/ Vdc

Percentage of regulation =( (V nl – Vfl) / V fl) *100

8. Precautions:

 Ensure the correct range of meters.

 The primary and secondary sides of the transformer should be carefully identified.

 The polarities of the diode should be carefully identified.

 Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Loose connections should be avoided.

 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

 Give required supply voltage to the circuit.

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.2. CENTER TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

CENTER TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

1. Description:

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

Sl Specifications/
Name No Purpose
No. Range

1 Ammeter (0-20) mA To observe Load current I L

2 Voltmeter (0-50)V To observe Load voltage VL

3 DRB 10Ω-10KΩ 1 To adjust Load resistance

4 CRO 0-20MHz To observe input and output

1
waveforms.

5 Diodes For rectification

IN4007 2

Resistor 1KΩ
6 To get output across it.
1
Capacitor 1000µF
7 To filter AC
1

8 Transformer with center For step-down the 230V AC into 12V

tapped Secondary (12-0-12)V 1 AC

To inter connect the components on

9 Bread Board 1 it.
Red, Blue,
Connecting wires single strand To make connections and inter
10
,suitable length connections to equipment.

SBTET, AP
2. Circuit Diagram: a) Without Filter:

b) With Filter:

3. Theory:
The conversion of AC into pulsating DC is called Rectification. Electronic Devices
can convert AC power into DC power with high efficiency.

The full-wave rectifier consists of a center-tapped transformer, which results in equal

voltages above and below the center-tap. During the positive half cycle, a positive voltage
appears at the anode of D1 while a negative voltage appears at the anode of D2. Due to this
diode D1 is forward biased. It results a current Id1 through the load R.

During the negative half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the anode of D2 and
hence it is forward biased, resulting a current Id2 through the load. At the same instant a
negative voltage appears at the anode of D1, reverse biasing it and hence it doesn’t
conduct.

SBTET, AP
4. Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains and the secondary side to
rectifier input.
3. Using a CRO, measure the maximum voltage Vm of the AC input voltage of the
rectifier and AC voltage at the output of the rectifier.
4. Using a DC voltmeter, measure the DC voltage at the load resistance.
5. Observe the Waveforms at the secondary windings of transformer and across load
resistance for a load of 1K.

5. Observations:

1. Peak Voltage, Vm = __________ (From CRO for FWR with and without filter)

2. DC Voltage, VDC(full load) = _________ (From Multimeter for FWR with and without
Filter)

3. No Load DC Voltage, VDC(No load) =_____(From Multimeter for FWR with and without
filter)

4. Ripple Voltage, Vr = ___________ (From CRO for FWR with filter)

% of
Type of the Ripple Factor Efficiency Regulation
Rectifier
Theoretical Practical

FWR
Without Filter

FWR with
Filter

SBTET, AP
6. Graph:

a) Without Filter:

SBTET, AP
b) With Filter:

7. Calculations:

a) Without Filter b)With Filter:

Vrms= Vm/√2 Ripple factor (Theoretical)

Ripple factor (Theoretical) 1

_____________
4 √3.fCR

Ripple factor (Practical)

Vac/Vdc
= 0.48

Ripple factor (Practical)

SBTET, AP
Efficiency:

% of Regulation

8. PRECAUTIONS

A. PROCEDURAL PRECAUTIONS:

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

B. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

 Never work on a circuit while power is applied.

 Do not connect power to a circuit until the circuit is finished and you have
carefully checked your work.
 If you smell anything burning, immediately disconnect the power and
examine your circuit to find out what went wrong.
 Keep your work area dry.
 Always wear safety goggles.

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHADOLOGY 4.3.BRIDGE RECTIFIER

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

Name Specification/range Quantity Purpose

Breadboard - 1 To connect the components

Diodes 1N4007 4 FOR REGULATION

DRB 1 FOR GETTING VARIABLE

RESISTANCES

C.R.O - 1 To observe the output waveforms

Capacitors 1000µf 1 FOR FILTERING RIPPLES

Connecting wires TO Connect components

Transformer 9-0-9 1 To step-down voltage

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

SBTET, AP
Theory
A device is capable of converting a sinusoidal input waveform into a
unidirectional waveform with non-zero average component is called a rectifier. The Bridge
rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the
input ac voltage.

The Bridge rectifier has four diodes connected to form a Bridge. The load
resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle
of the input ac voltage, diode D1 and D2 conducts whereas diodes D3 and D4 remain in the
OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the
load current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diode D3
and D4 conducts whereas diodes D1 and D2 remain in the OFF state. The conducting
diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through
RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bidirectional wave is converted
into a unidirectional wave.

Ripple factor is a measure of effectiveness of a rectifier circuit and defined

as a ratio of RMS value of ac component to the dc component in the rectifier output.

Procedure

SBTET, AP
Observations

a) Without Filter

Load Ripple % of
Sl No. Vdc(Volts) Vrms(Volts)
Resistance,RL(KΩ) Factor Regulation

SBTET, AP
a) With Filter

Load Resistance, Vrms Ripple % of

Sl No. Vdc (Volts)
RL(KΩ) (Volts) Factor Regulation

Graphs

Precautions:

1. Connections should be tight.

2. Handling the Equipment Carefully.

3. Avoid parallax error while observing the values of waveforms on CRO.

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.4.ZENER DIODE AS VOLTAGE REGULATOR

ZENER DIODE AS VOLTAGE REGULATOR

1. OBJECTIVE: To obtain the Voltage Regulation characteristics of Zener regulator.

2. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

Name Specifications/ No Purpose

Range
Ammeter (MC) (0-250)mA 1 To observe Load current I f
To observe voltage across
Voltmeter(MC) (0-30)V 1 Zener Diode terminals

Resistance 1k, 2k, 3k 1 To get the load output

voltages
6.2 V Breakdown To get the regulated output
ZENER DIODE 1 voltage
Voltage
Red , Green, Blue As per the To make connections and
, Yellow and Black requirement interconnections to
Connecting Wires
3/20 gauge , equipment
suitable lengths

3. Circuit Diagram

SBTET, AP
4. Theory

A Zener diode is heavily doped p-n junction diode, specially made to operate
in the break down region. A p-n junction diode normally does not conduct when
reverse biased. But if the reverse bias is increased, at a particular voltage it starts
conducting heavily. This voltage is called Break down Voltage.

High current through the diode can permanently damage the device

To avoid high current, we connect a resistor in series with zener diode. Once
the diode starts conducting it maintains almost constant voltage across the
terminals what ever may be the current through it, i.e., it has very low dynamic
resistance. It is used in voltage regulators.

SBTET, AP
5. PROCEDURE:-

Static characteristics:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The Regulated power supply voltage is increased in steps.

3. The zener current (lz), and the zener voltage (Vz.) are observed and then

Noted in the tabular form.

4. A graph is plotted between Zener current (Iz) and Zener voltage (Vz).

Regulation characteristics:-

1. The voltage regulation of any device is usually expressed as percentage

regulation
2. The percentage regulation is given by the formula
((VNL-VFL)/VNL

VNL=Voltage across the diode, when no load is connected.

VFL=Voltage across the diode, when load is connected.

3. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram

4. The load is placed in full load condition and the zener voltage (Vz), Zener
current (lz), load current (IL) are measured.
5. The above step is repeated by decreasing the value of the load in steps.
6. All the readings are tabulated.
7. The percentage regulation is calculated using the above formula

6. OBSERVATIONS:-

Static characteristics:-

ZENER ZENER
S.NO CURRENT(IZ )
VOLTAGE(VZ )

SBTET, AP
Regulation characteristics:-

VNL(VOLTS) VFL RL %
S.N0 (VOLTS) REGULATION
(KΏ)

7. GRAPH:

SBTET, AP
Model Graph:

8. CALCULATIONS:

The percentage regulation is given by the formula

((VNL-VFL)/VFL)X100

VNL=Voltage across the diode, when no load is connected.

VFL=Voltage across the diode, when load is connected.

9. PRECAUTIONS:

A. Procedural precautions

1. Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

2. Ensure the correct range of meters
3. Ensure that the meters and RPS and Zener Diode are connected properly.
4. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and check for polarity of ZENER
DIODE.
5. Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.
6. Ensure that there are no loose connections.
B. Safety precautions:

1. The terminals of the Zener diode should be properly identified.

2. While determined the load regulation, load should not be immediately shorted.

3. Should be ensured be ensured that the applied voltages & currents do not
exceed the ratings of the diode.

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.5.a. IC REGULATOR

IC REGULATOR

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE

COMPONENT
1 IC 7805 1 For positive voltage
regulation
2 Capacitor 10µF 1 For filtering
1 µF 1 For compensation
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC 1 To measure output
voltage
4 Breadboard 1 To Develop the circuit
5 Connecting wires required To Interconnect the
number components
6 Regulated powersupply 0-30V 1 To provide biasing

2.Circuit diagram:

1(a) Line Regulation using 3-terminal +Ve Regulator IC

1(b) Load Regulation using 3-terminal +Ve Regulator IC

SBTET, AP
3.Theory:

Voltage regulator IC can be defined as an integrated circuit that is capable of supplying a

constant controlled output voltage which is not at all affected by the variations in input
voltage provided that the variations are within the prescribed limits under specified
atmospheric conditions. Voltage fluctuations may damage or reduce the life of circuit
components. Usage of voltage regulator ICs helps in avoiding such events by maintaining
voltage at the required levels.

IC 78xx
IC 78xx is a three pin negative voltage controller IC. It is a small integrated circuit used in a
circuit to supply a constant negative input voltage. The number 78 indicates that it is a
positive voltage regulator and xx indicates the output voltage of the IC. ‘xx’ can be replaced
by the controlled output voltage provided by the regulator, for example, if it is 7805, then
the output voltage of the IC is 5 V. Similarly if it is 7812, then output voltage of the IC is 12
volts and so on. The name of the IC may vary based on the manufacturer as LM78xx, L78xx,
MC78xx etc.
IC 78xx requires heat sink for its safe operation. Heat sink boosts heat dissipation therefore
the life of the device can be extended.

79xx ICs and Output Voltages

IC Number Output Voltage

7805 05 Volts

7812 12 Volts

7815 15 Volts

7818 18 Volts

SBTET, AP
4. Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram

2. SWITCH-ON the supply

3. Vary the RPS voltages for different values Note down corresponding output voltage

4. Observe that output voltage constant.

5. Observations:
Table: 1 Line Regulation for 7805:

Unregulated
Regulated Output
S.No. Power Supply
Voltage VO(V)
Vin(V)

Table: 2 Load Regulation for 7805:

Input Supply Voltage Vin = _________ Volts

No-load DC Voltage, VNL = _________ Volts

Load Unregulated
Regulated Output % Voltage
S.No. Resistance Power Supply
Voltage VO (V) Regulation
RL(K) Vin(V

SBTET, AP
6.Graph:

7.Calculations:

%regulation=(Vi-V o/Vo)*100

8. Precautions:

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Never make connections on a circuit when supply is in ON position

 If you smell anything burning , immediately disconnect the power and examine
your circuit to find out what went wrong.

 Keep your work area dry

 Always wear safety goggles

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.5.b. IC REGULATOR

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE

COMPONENT
1 IC 7912 or 7905 1 For Negative voltage
regulation
2 Capacitor 10µF 1 For filtering
1 µF 1 For compensation
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC 1 To measure output
voltage
4 Breadboard 1 To Develop the circuit
5 Connecting wires required To Interconnect the
number components
6 Regulated powersupply 0-30V 1 To provide biasing

2.Circuit diagram:

1(a) Line Regulation using 3-terminal -Ve Regulator IC

1(b) Line Regulation using 3-terminal -Ve Regulator IC

SBTET, AP
3. Theory:

Voltage regulator IC can be defined as an integrated circuit that is capable of supplying a

IC 79xx
IC 79xx is a three pin negative voltage controller IC. It is a small integrated circuit used in a
circuit to supply a constant negative input voltage. The number 79 indicates that it is a
negative voltage regulator and xx indicates the output voltage of the IC. ‘xx’ can be replaced
by the controlled output voltage provided by the regulator, for example, if it is 7905, then
the output voltage of the IC is -5 V. Similarly if it is 7912, then output voltage of the IC is -12
volts and so on. The name of the IC may vary based on the manufacturer as LM79xx, L79xx,
MC79xx etc.
IC 79xx requires heat sink for its safe operation. Heat sink boosts heat dissipation therefore
the life of the device can be extended.

79xx ICs and Output Voltages

IC Number Output Voltage

7905 -05 Volts

7912 -12 Volts

7915 -15 Volts

7918 -18 Volts

SBTET, AP
4. Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram

2. SWITCH-ON the supply

3. Vary the RPS voltages for different values Note down corresponding output voltage

4. Observe that output voltage constant.

5. Observations:
When input voltage is equal to 12v or greater than 12v output voltage is 12v constant
s.l.no INPUT VOLTAGE (Vin) OUTPUT VOLTAGE(Vout) % Regulation

6.Graph:

SBTET, AP
7.Calculations:

%regulation=(Vi-V o/Vo)*100

8. Precautions:

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Never make connections on a circuit when supply is in ON position

 If you smell anything burning , immediately disconnect the power and examine
your circuit to find out what went wrong.

 Keep your work area dry

 Always wear safety goggles

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.5.c. IC REGULATOR

IC REGULATOR
Objective:

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE

COMPONENT
1 LM317 1 For adjustable voltage
regulation
2 Capacitor 1µF 1 For filtering
0.1 µF 1 For compensation
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC 1 To measure output
voltage
4 Breadboard 1 To Develop the circuit
5 Connecting wires required To Interconnect the
number components
6 Regulated powersupply 0-30V 1 To provide biasing

2.Circuit diagram:

1(a) Line Regulation using 3-terminal +Ve Regulator IC

SBTET, AP
1(b) Load Regulation using 3-terminal LM317 Regulator IC

3.Theory:

IC LM 317 is an adjustable linear voltage regulator. LM 317 has 3 pin. Input, Output and adjustment.
Its output voltage range is from 1.25 - 37 V and maximum output current is 1.5A. The device is
conceptually an op-amp with relatively high output current capacity. The noninverting input of the op-
amp is the adjustment pin while the inverting input is set by an internal voltage reference of 1.25V. A
resistive voltage divider between the output and ground configures the op-amp as a non-inverting
amplifier. So that the voltage of the output pin is continuously adjusted to a fixed amount of reference
voltage. In the circuit transformer steps down to AC 230V to 12V and is applied to bridge rectifier
diodes D1 to D4. C1 and C2 are filter capacitors. Capacitor C3 is for the better performance of filter
IC. The output voltage from IC depending on the voltage ADJ pin of the IC. The voltage across
variable resistor R2 controls the DC output. Vout = 1.25 (1 + R1 / R2 ) . By varying the resistor R2
DC output voltage can be varied

SBTET, AP
4. Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram

2. SWITCH-ON the supply

3. Vary the RPS voltages for different values Note down corresponding output voltage

4. Observe that output voltage constant.

5. Observations:
Table: 1 Line Regulation for LM317:

Unregulated
Regulated Output
S.No. Power Supply
Voltage VO(V)
Vin(V)

Table: 2 Load Regulation for LM317:

Input Supply Voltage Vin = _________ Volts

No-load DC Voltage, VNL = _________ Volts

Load Unregulated
Regulated Output % Voltage
S.No. Resistance Power Supply
Voltage VO (V) Regulation
RL(K) Vin(V

SBTET, AP
6. Model waveform:

7.Calculations:

%regulation=(Vi-V o/Vo)*100

8. Precautions:

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

B. Safety precautions

 Never make connections on a circuit when supply is in ON position

 If you smell anything burning , immediately disconnect the power and examine
your circuit to find out what went wrong.

 Keep your work area dry

 Always wear safety goggles

SBTET, AP
METHODOLOGY 4.6 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY USING 78XX/79XX

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY USING 78XX/79XX

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE

COMPONENT
1 IC 7805 or 7812 1 For Negative voltage
IC 7912 or 7905 regulation

2 Capacitor 10µF 1 For filtering

1 µF 1 For compensation
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC 1 To measure output
voltage
4 Breadboard 1 To Develop the circuit
5 Connecting wires required To Interconnect the
number components
6 Regulated power supply 0-30V 1 To provide biasing

2.Circuit diagram:

SBTET, AP
3. Theory: Voltage regulator IC can be defined as an integrated circuit that is capable of
supplying a constant controlled output voltage which is not at all affected by the variations
in input voltage provided that the variations are within the prescribed limits under specified
atmospheric conditions. Voltage fluctuations may damage or reduce the life of circuit
components. Usage of voltage regulator ICs helps in avoiding such events by maintaining
voltage at the required levels.

79xx ICs and Output Voltages

IC Number Output Voltage

7905 -05 Volts

7912 -12 Volts

7915 -15 Volts

7918 -18 Volts

SBTET, AP
4. Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2. switch-on the supply
3. Vary the RPS voltages for different values Note down corresponding output
voltage
4. Observe that output voltage constant.
5. Observations:
When input voltage is equal to 12v or greater than 12v output voltage is 12v constant

s.l.no INPUT VOLTAGE (Vin) OUTPUT VOLTAGE(Vout) % Regulation

SBTET, AP
6.Graph:

7. Calculations:

%regulation=(Vi-V o/Vo)*100

8. Precautions:

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
 Ensure the correct range meters
 Check for polarity
 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member
 Ensure that there are no loose connections
 Equipment should be handled carefully
B. Safety precautions
 Never make connections on a circuit when supply is in ON position
 If you smell anything burning , immediately disconnect the power and examine
your circuit to find out what went wrong.
 Keep your work area dry
 Always wear safety goggles

SBTET, AP
METHODOLOGY 4.7 SINGLE STAGE TRANSFORMER COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER

SINGLE STAGE TRANSFORMER COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER

1. Description:

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

Name Specifications/ No Purpose

Range
Regulated Power 0-30V To Bias the transistor
1
Supply
To observe input and output
CRO 0-20MHz 1 waveforms
To measure input and output
Digital Multimeter 1 voltages
Signal Generator 1Hz – 1MHz To apply input signal with
1 different frequencies
R1-- 4.3KΩ,
R2—5.7KΩ 1 R1,R2 for biasing
Resistors
RE -- 1KΩ Each RE for stabilization
Rin—2.2KΩ Rinfor current limiting
CE—10µF 1 CE Emitter bypass capacitor
Capacitors Cin--- 10µF Each Cin input coupling capacitor
Transistor BC107 1 To amplify the signal
Driver Transformer 1 To couple the output
Connecting wires

2.Circuit Diagram :

R1 = 4.3KΩ, R2 = 5.7KΩ, RE = 1KΩ, Cin = 10µF, CE = 10µF , VCC = 10V & n:1 = 5:1

SBTET, AP
The transformer which is used as a coupling device in this circuit has the property of
impedance changing, which means the low resistance of a stage (or load) can be reflected
as a high load resistance to the previous stage. Hence the voltage at the primary is
transferred according to the turns ratio of the secondary winding of the transformer.
This transformer coupling provides good impedance matching between the stages of
amplifier. The transformer coupled amplifier is generally used for power amplification.
The gain of the amplifier is constant only for a small range of frequencies. The output
voltage is equal to the collector current multiplied by the reactance of primary.
At low frequencies, the reactance of primary begins to fall, resulting in decreased
gain. At high frequencies, the capacitance between turns of windings acts as a bypass
condenser to reduce the output voltage and hence gain.
So, the amplification of audio signals will not be proportionate and some distortion will also
get introduced, which is called as Frequency distortion.

4. Procedure

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the CRO and Multi meter at the input and output terminals
3. Switch on the power supply
4. Set Vin (say 300 mV) at constant value using signal generator.
5. Keep input voltage constant,vary the frequency from 0 to 1MHz in regular steps
6. Notedown the corresponding output voltageacrossloudspeakerusingmultimeterand
observe itin CRO
7. Calculate the gain of the amplifier in dB
8. Plot the graph between Gain(dB) and frequency (Hz)on logarithmic graph
5. Observations:

Input Gain Gain in dB

Input Output voltage
S.No Voltage(in V0 20 log V0
frequency (in Volts)
Volts) Vin Vin
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

SBTET, AP
Plot the graph between Gain(dB) Vs Frequency in logarithmic graph sheet

6.Model graph:

Practical graph

7. Calculations:Use the following formulae for calculations

𝑉𝑂
Voltage Gain AV =
𝑉𝑖𝑛

𝑉
Voltage gain in dB = 20log 𝑉 𝑂
𝑖𝑛

SBTET, AP
8. Precautions:

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

B. Safety precautions:

 Shoes must be worn at all times.

 No part of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
 Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging and
unplugging from the outlet

SBTET, AP
METHODOLOGY 4.8 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

PLOT THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A RC COUPLED

AMPLIFIER

4.8.1 Description:

1. The setup for this experiment requires a standard DC regulated power supply,
transistor, carbon resistor, bread board.
2. Standard DC regulated power supply is used to regulate the voltage from 0V to
30V.
3. CRO is connect across output..

4.8.2Circuit Diagram:

4.8.3Theory:

Voltage Gain:
The ratio of output voltage to input voltage of a BJT amplifier is known as voltage gain. It is
denoted by a letter Av.
Av = Output voltage / Input voltage = Vo/ Vi

Bandwidth:
The range of frequency over which the voltage gain of an amplifier remains constant is
known as bandwidth of an amplifier.
It is denoted as bandwidth of an amplifier.

SBTET, AP
4.8.4 PROCEDURE:
1. First the signal generator is connected directly to the a.c. milli-voltmeter by keeping
signal frequency at about 500 Hz.
2. The amplitude (voltage) of the input signal is adjusted to 0.1V or 0.05V. This is the
amplifier in put (Vi).
3. Now the signal generator is disconnected from the a.c. milli-voltmeter and
connected to the input of the of the amplifier and the a.c. mill voltmeter is connected
to the output of the amplifier.
4. Set the input frequency at 10 Hz, note the output voltage ( Vo ) from the a.c. milli-
voltmetern keeping the input voltage, Vi constant. Vary the input frequency ‘f’ and
note the output voltage.
5. The frequency of the input signal is varied in convenient steps i.e. at least 5 values
with equal intervals, in each range of frequency in the signal generator, the output
voltage Vo is noted in the table for each frequency. Calculate the voltage gain of the
amplifier for each value of the frequency, f of the input signal, using the relation,
Voltage gain, Vo / Vi.

4.6.4 OBSERVATIONS:

s.no Frequency(f) Hz Output Vo/vi 20 log

voltage(vo) vo/vi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

4.6.7 Model Graph:

SBTET, AP
METHODOLOGY 4.9 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

1. OBJECTIVE :
d) To implement the Crystal oscillator
e) To verify the effect of varying the tank circuit component values and
observe output waveform on CRO.
2. Description:

S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE

COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR BC107BP 1 For amplification
2 RESISTOR R1 =100K 1 For biasing and
ohms 2 stabilization
R2 , R4 =10K 1
ohms
Re = 1K ohms
3 CRYSTAL 1 For tank circuit
4 CAPACITORS C1,C2 =0.01uf 2 For tank circuit
5 CAPACITORS Cin, Cout 2 For in blocking
=10uf and coupling
capacitor
6 CAPACITORS Ce = 100pf 1 Emitter bypass
capacitor
7 CRO 0-20 M HZ 1 For observing
the output
waveforms
8 BREADBOARD 1 To Develop the
circuit
9 CONNECTING WIRES REQUIRED
NUMBER
10 REGULATED 0-30V 1 To provide
POWERSUPPLY biasing

SBTET, AP
3. Circuit Diagram:

4. Theory :

The tank circuit is made up of Crystal,C1 and C2 . The resistanceR1 and R2 provides the
necessary biasing. The capacitance Cin blocks the D.C component. The frequency of
oscillations is determined by the values of L S,CS and CPand is given by

The tank circuit provides 1800. And the transistor in CE mode provides another 180 0 phase.
The total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base
will be exactly 3600 or 00 , this satisfies the Barkhausen condition for sustaining oscillations
and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1,this condition used to generate
the sinusoidal oscillations

5. PROCEDURE:

1.Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram

2. select the first set of crystal.

3.observe the output waveform on the CRO (sine wave).

4.Note down the amplitude and time period of the outputwaveform from CRO

5. Calculate thetheoreticalfrequency for the given set of crystal using the formula

SBTET, AP
6. Repeat the steps from (2) to (5) for the second set of crystal.

7. Plot the graph for the output waveform.

6. OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO crystal Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)
period(sec)
1
2
3
4

7. MODEL GRAPH

8. CALCULATIONS:

Theoretical frequency

Practical frequency (f0)=(1/T)

Where Time Period (T) = No. of horizontal divisions x Times/division

Amplitude= No. of vertical divisions x volts/division

SBTET, AP
9. PRECAUTIONS:

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
 Ensure that the variable capacitors and inductors are properly adjusted
 Ensure the correct position of different knobs on the CRO
 Get the connections checked
 Ensure that there are no loose connections
 Equipment should be handled carefully
B . Safety precautions

 Keep workbench clear by placing extra items(books ,bags etc…) on shelves

 Wear sensible clothing including footwear

 Do not switch on the power supply while making connections

SBTET, AP
METHODOLOGY 4.10 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

1. OBJECTIVE:
a) To implement the Hartley oscillator
b) To verify the effect of varying the tank circuit component values and observe
output waveform on CRO.
2. Description:

S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE

COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR BC107BP 1 For amplification
2 RESISTOR R1 =100K ohms 1 For biasing and
R2 , R4 =10K 2 stabilization
ohms 1
Re = 1K ohms
3 INDUCTORS L1,L2 =10mH 2 For tank circuit
4 CAPACITORS C1 =0.01uf 1 For tank circuit
5 CAPACITORS Cin, Cout =10uf 2 For in blocking
and coupling
capacitor
6 CAPACITORS Ce = 100pf 1 Emitter bypass
capacitor
7 CRO 0-20 M HZ 1 For observing the
output waveforms
8 BREADBOARD 1 To Develope the
circuit
9 CONNECTING WIRES REQUIRED
NUMBER
10 REGULATED 0-30V 1 To provide
POWERSUPPLY biasing

3.Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
4. Theory:

The tank circuit is made up of C, L 1 and L2 .The resistanceR1 and R2 provides the
necessary biasing. The capacitance Cin blocks the D.C component. The frequency of
oscillations is determined by the values of C, L 1,L2 and is given by
f0 = 1/(2(LTC)1/2)

Where LT =L1+L2

The tank circuit provides 1800. And the transistor in CE mode provides another 180 0 phase.
The total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base
will be exactly 3600 or 00 .this satisfies the Barkhausen condition for sustaining oscillations
and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1,this condition used to generate
the sinusoidal oscillations

5. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2. Select the first set of inductors L1 and L2.
3.Observe the output waveform on the CRO (sine wave).
4. Note down the amplitude and time period of the outputwaveform from CRO
5. Calculate thetheoreticalfrequency for the given set of inductors L 1 and L2 using the
formula
f0 = 1/(2(LTC)1/2) Where LT =L1+L2
6. Repeat the steps from (2) to (5) for the second set of inductors L 1 and L2.
7. Plot the graph for the output waveform.

6. OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO L1(Henrys) L2(Henrys) Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)

period(sec)
1
2
3
4

SBTET, AP
7. MODEL GRAPH

8. CALCULATIONS:

Theoretical frequency f0 = 1/(2(LTC)1/2) Where LT =L1+L2

Practical frequency (f0)=(1/T)

Where Time Period (T) = No. of horizontal divisions x Times/division

Amplitude= No. of vertical divisions x volts/division

9. PRECAUTIONS:

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

B. Safety precautions:

 Keep workbench clear by placing extra items(books ,bags etc…) on shelves

 Wear sensible clothing including footwear

 Do not switch on the power supply while making connections

SBTET, AP
METHODOLOGY 4.11 COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE

COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR BC107BP 1 For amplification
2 RESISTOR R1 =100K ohms 1 For biasing and
R2 , R4 =10K 2 stabilization
ohms 1
Re = 1K ohms
3 CAPACITORS C1,C2 =0.1uf 2 For tank circuit
4 CAPACITORS Cin, Cout =10uf 2 For in blocking
and coupling
capacitor
5 CAPACITORS Ce = 100pf 1 Emitter bypass
capacitor
6 INDUCTOR L1 = 2mH 1 For tank circuit
7 CRO 0-20 M HZ 1 For observing the
output waveforms
8 BREADBOARD 1 To Develope the
circuit
9 CONNECTING WIRES REQUIRED
NUMBER
10 REGULATED 0-30V 1 To provide
POWERSUPPLY biasing

2.Circuit Diagram

SBTET, AP
3. Theory

The tank circuit is made up of L 1, C1 and C2 .The resistanceR1 and R2 provides the
necessary biasing. The capacitance Cin blocks the D.C component. The frequency of
oscillations is determined by the values of L 1, C1 and C2 and is given by
f0=1/(2π(CT L1)1/2 )
where CT=C1C1/(C1+C2)
The tank circuit provides 180 . And the transistor in CE mode provides another 180 0 phase.
0

The total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base
will be exactly 3600 or 00 .this satisfies the Barkhausen condition for sustaining oscillations
and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1,this condition used to generate
the sinusoidal oscillations

4. Procedure

1.Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram

2. Select the first set of capacitors C1 and C2

3.observe the output waveform on the CRO (sine wave).

4.Note down the amplitude and time period of the outputwaveform from CRO

5. Calculate thetheoreticalfrequency for the given set of capacitors C1 and C2 using

the formula f0 = 1/(2(LCT)1/2)

Where CT = (C1C2)/(C1+C2) .

6. Repeat the steps from (2) to (5) for the second set of capacitors C1 and C2

7. Plot the graph for the output waveform.

5.Observations:

S.NO C1 C2 Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)

(farads) (farads) period(sec)
1
2
3
4

SBTET, AP
6.Graph

7. Calculations

Theoretical frequency (f0)= 1/(2(LCT)1/2)

Where CT = (C1C2)/(C1+C2) .

Practical frequency (f0)=(1/T)

Where Time Period (T) = No. of horizontal divisions x Times/division

Amplitude= No. of vertical divisions x volts/division

8.Precautions

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

SBTET, AP
B. Safety precautions

 Keep workbench clear by placing extra items(books ,bags etc…) on shelves

 Wear sensible clothing including footwear

 Do not switch on the power supply while making connections

SBTET, AP
METHODOLOGY 4.12 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

NAME OF THE
S.NO RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE
EQUIPMENT
Used as an amplifier
1 Transistor BC 147 1
in CE mode
3.9kΩ,12kΩ,68kΩ Biasing and
2 Resistors one from each
1kΩ stabilization

3 Resistor 10kΩ 3 Used for feed back

4 Capacitors 100μF 1 To bypass the current

5 Capacitor 0.01or 0.1 μF 3 For feed back
To display the
6 CRO 0-20MHz 1
waveforms
To supply the
7 RPS 0-30V 1
required voltage
To connect
8 Bread board 1
components
To make connections
9 Connecting wires and interconnections
to equipment

2. Circuit Diagram

SBTET, AP
3. Theory

An oscillator is an electronic circuit for generating an AC signal voltage with a DC

supply as the only input requirement. The frequency of the generated signal is decided by
the circuit elements used. An oscillator requires an amplifier, a frequency selective network
and a positive feedback from the output to the input. The oscillators are basically classified
as Sinusoidal and non sinusoidal oscillators.
The Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation is Aβ = 1 where A is the gain of the
amplifier and β is the feedback factor (gain).The unity gain means signal is in phase. ( If the
signal is 180 out of phase and gain will be -1). RC-Phase shift Oscillator has a CE amplifier
followed by three sections of RC phase shift feed-back Networks. The output of the last
stage is return to the input of the amplifier. The values of R and C are chosen such that the
phase shift of each RC section is 60º.Thus The RC ladder network produces a total phase
shift of 180º between its input and output voltage for the given frequency. Since CE Amplifier
produces 180 º phases shift. The total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the
circuit and back to the base will be exactly 360º or 0º. This satisfies the Barkhausen
condition for sustaining oscillations and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal
to 1, this condition used to generate the sinusoidal oscillations.

4. Procedure

1. Identify the pin details of BC107 Transistor.

2. Test it using a Multimeter
3. Set up the components on breadboard as per the circuit..
4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
5. Supply a DC voltage of 12 v by using Regulated power supply
6. Connect CRO probes at the collector of the Transistor.
7. Observe the output wave form on CRO
8. Measure the time period and voltage of the output wave .
9. Plot the output waveform on a graph sheet.

5. Observations

S. No Resistance Capacitance Amplitude Time period Frequency

value value

SBTET, AP
6.Graph

7. Calculations: Use the following formulae to calculate the frequency

8. Precautions

 Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Wear sensible clothing including footwear

 Do not switch on the power supply while making connections

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.13.A. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

Specifications/
Name No Purpose
Range
Step-down To step down the A.C voltage
230v/9-0-9 V 1
transformer
Diode IN4007 1 To rectify the ac

Resistor 1K ohms 1 Load resistor.

Dual channel 1
C.R.O To display the wave forms
Function generator 230V, 50 Hz 1 To give AC input
As To make connections
Connecting Wires per
need

2. Circuit Diagram

Halfwave rectifier:

SBTET, AP
3. Theory

A rectifier is a circuit, which converts AC into DC . When the AC voltage is applied to

the Half wave rectifier. During positive half cycle the diode becomes forward biased and
conducts the current .hence the current flows through the load resistor.
During negative half cycle the diode becomes reverse biased and does not conducts
the current .hence no current flows through the load resistor. So only positive half cycles will
appear in the output and negative half cycles are clipped.
Ripple factor can be calculated by using the formula
Ripple factor=Vac/ Vdc
Percentage of regulation can be calculated by using the formula
Percentage of regulation = (V nl – Vfl) / V fl *100

4. Procedure.

1.Open PSPICE schematic.

2.Create a new file.

3.Get the required components/devices from the library.

4.Place the components/devicein the work space.

5. Setthe component/devices values according to the circuit.

6.Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

7.Save the circuit.

8.Apply AC voltageto the transformer.

9.Setup the transient analysis and Run the simulation

10. Observe the output wave forms.

SBTET, AP
5. Model Graph

Precautions

 The primary and secondary of the transformer should be correct values.

 The polarities of the diode should be carefully connected.

 Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

 Ensure whether selected the correct analysis in setup.

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.13.B. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

Name Specifications/ No Purpose

Range
Step-down 230/9-0-9 V, center To step down the A.C voltage
1
transformer tapped
Diode IN4007 2 To rectify the ac

Resistor 1Kohms 1 Load resistor

Dual channel 1
C.R.O To display the wave forms
Function generator 230V, 50 Hz 1 To give AC input
As per To make connections
Connecting Wires need

2. Circuit Diagram

Halfwave rectifier:

SBTET, AP
3.Theory

The conversion of AC into pulsating DC is called Rectification. Electronic Devices

can convert AC power into DC power with high efficiency.

The full-wave rectifier consists of a center-tapped transformer, which results in equal

4. Procedure.

1.Open PSPICE schematic.

2.Create a new file.

3.Get the required components/devices from the library.

4.Place the components/devicein the work space.

5. Setthe component/devices values according to the circuit.

6.Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

7.Save the circuit.

8.Apply AC voltageto the transformer.

9.setupthe transient analysis and Run the simulation.

10. Observe the output wave forms .

SBTET, AP
5. Model Graph

6.Precautions

 The primary and secondary of the transformer should be correct values.

 The polarities of the diode should be carefully connected.

 Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

 Ensure whether selected the correct analysis in setup.

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.14.ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR

ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR

1. Description
The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

Name Specification/Range No Purpose

PSPICE schematic - - To Simulate the zener voltage
regulator
Zener diode 1N963B / 12V 1 To get constant voltage in reverse
bias after breakdown
Resistor 500Ω 1 To drop excessive voltage.
Resistor 1K 1 Load resistor
Variable Resistor 50Ω-20K 1 Variable load
Voltage marker - 2 To monitor the input/output voltages
Current marker - 1 To monitor load current
wire - - To make connections.
Vdc 0-30V 1 To provide biasing voltage.

2. Circuit Diagram

Line regulation:

Load regulation:

SBTET, AP
3.Theory:
The function of a regulator is to provide a constant output voltage to a load
connected in parallel with it in spite of the ripples in the supply voltage or the variation in the
load current and the zener diode will continue to regulate the voltage until the diodes current
falls below the minimum IZ(min) value in the reverse breakdown region. It permits current to
flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction
when the voltage is above a certain value - the breakdown voltage known as the Zener
voltage. The Zener diode specially made to have a reverse voltage breakdown at a specific
voltage. Its characteristics are otherwise very similar to common diodes. In breakdown the
voltage across the Zener diode is close to constant over a wide range of currents thus
making it useful as a shunt voltage regulator.

a) Line Regulation

In this type of regulation, series resistance and load resistance are fixed, only input
voltage is changing. Output voltage remains the same as long as the input voltage is
maintained above a minimum value.
Percentage of line regulation can be calculated by =

where V0 is the output voltage and VIN is the input voltage and ΔV0 is the change in output
voltage for a particular change in input voltage ΔVIN.

b) Load Regulation

In this type of regulation, input voltage is fixed and the load resistance is varying. Output volt
remains same, as long as the load resistance is maintained above a minimum value.
Percentage of load regulation =

=No load voltage/Load voltage when the load current is minimum.

=Full load voltage/load voltage when the load current is maximum.

SBTET, AP
4.Procedure:

A. Line regulation:

1.Open PSPICE schematic.

2.Create a new file.
3.Get the required components/devices from the library.
4.Place the components/devicein the work space.
5.Change the component/devices values according to the circuit.
6.Make the connectionsas per the circuit diagram.
7.Save the circuit.
8.Setup the DC sweep analysis (vary the input voltage from 0-25V)
9.Simulate/run the circuit and observe the plot.

B. Load regulation:

1.Open PSPICE schematic.

2.Create a new file.
3.Get the required components/devices from the library.
4.Place the components/devices in the work space.
5.Change the component/device values according to the circuit.
6.Make the connectionsas per the circuit diagram.
7.Model the load resistor with the help of PARAM part.
8.savethe circuit.
9.Setup the DC sweep analysis.
10.Take the load resistor as global parameter (vary the load resistor from 50Ω to
20KΩ).
11.Simulate/run the circuit and observe the plot.

5.Observations:
Zener breakdown voltage(Vz)= in volts.
Zener breakdown voltage Vz = in volts.

Line characteristics:-

ZENER
S.NO ZENER CURRENT(IZ)
VOLTAGE(VZ )

SBTET, AP
Load characteristics:-

RL
S. No VNL(VOLTS) VFL (VOLTS) % REGULATION
(KΏ)

6.Graph
A.Line regulation:

SBTET, AP
B. Load regulation:

7.Theoritical calculations: When selecting the zener diode, be sure that its maximum
power rating is not exceeded.
Imax = Maximum current for Zener diode

VZ =Zener diode standard voltage

VIN= Input voltage
VS=voltage across series resistor..
VL=voltage across load resistor.
IS= current passing through series resiastor
IZ= current passing through Zener diode
IL= current passing through Load resiastor

Calculating voltage and current

The total current drawn from the source is the same as that through the series resistor

The current through the load resistor is

and the zener diode current is

SBTET, AP
If the voltage source is greater than Vz

,
If the voltage source is less than Vz

8.Precautions

1. Ensure correct values of resistors.

2. Ensure the correct input voltage while doing load regulation.

3. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit diagram.4

4. Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

5. Ensure whether selected the correct analysis in setup.

SBTET, AP
METHODOLOGY 4.15.COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

CE AMPLIFIER

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following

a) PSPICE SOFTWARE

b) Personal computer

2. Circuit Diagram:

3. Theory

When a signal is applied across the emitter-base junction, the forward bias across
this junction increases during the upper half cycle. This leads to increase the flow of
electrons from the emitter to a collector through the base, hence increases the collector
current. The increasing collector current makes more voltage drops across the collector load
resistor R4.

The negative half cycle decreases the forward bias voltage across the emitter-base
junction. The decreasing collector-base voltage decreases the collector current in the whole
collector resistor Rc. Thus, the amplified load resistor appears across the collector resistor

An Emitter bypass capacitor C3 is used parallel with RE to provide a low reactance path to
the amplified AC signal. If it is not used, then the amplified AC signal following through RE
will cause a voltage drop across it, thereby dropping the output voltage.

SBTET, AP
4. Procedure

1. Open PSPICE schematic.

2. Create a new file.

3. Get the required components/devices from the library.

4. Place the components/devicein the work space.

5. Change the component/devices values according to the circuit.

6. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

7. Save the circuit.

8.Select the Transient analysis in the setup.

9.Enter start time and stop time in the analysis parameters.

10. To check the output adds Voltage and Current markers.

11. Simulate and observe the output.

5. Observations

Input wave:

Amplitude:

Time period:

Frequency:

Output wave:

With bypass without bypass

Amplitude

Time period:

Frequency

SBTET, AP
6. Graphs

Input waveform:

Output waveform:

7. Precautions:

1. Ensure correct values of resistors.

2. Ensure the correct input voltage.

3. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

4. Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

5. Ensure whether selected the correct analysis in setup

SBTET, AP
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.16 SIMULATION OF RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

SIMULATION OF RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

1. Description

The setup for this experiment requires the following

a) PSPICE SOFTWARE

b) Personal computer

2. Circuit Diagram:

3. Theory

An oscillator is an electronic circuit for generating an AC signal voltage with a DC supply as

the only input requirement. The frequency of the generated signal is decided by the circuit
elements used. An oscillator requires an amplifier, a frequency selective network and a
positive feedback from the output to the input. The oscillators are basically classified as
Sinusoidal and non sinusoidal oscillators.

The Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation is Aβ = 1 where A is the gain of the
amplifier and β is the feedback factor (gain).The unity gain means signal is in phase. ( If the
signal is 180 out of phase and gain will be -1). RC-Phase shift Oscillator has a CE amplifier
followed by three sections of RC phase shift feed-back Networks. The output of the last
stage is return to the input of the amplifier. The values of R and C are chosen such that the
phase shift of each RC section is 60º.Thus The RC ladder network produces a total phase
shift of 180º between its input and output voltage for the given frequency. Since CE Amplifier

SBTET, AP
produces 180 º phases shift. The total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the
circuit and back to the base will be exactly 360º or 0º. This satisfies the Barkhausen
condition for sustaining oscillations and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal
to 1, this condition used to generate the sinusoidal oscillations.

4. Procedure

1. Open PSPICE schematic.

2. Create a new file.

3. Get the required components/devices from the library.

4. Place the components/devicein the work space.

5. Change the component/devices values according to the circuit.

6. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

7. Save the circuit.

8.Select the Transient analysis in the setup.

9.Enter start time and stop time in the analysis parameters.

10. To check the output, add Voltage marker and CRO.

11. Simulate and observe the output.

12. Change the R & C values, repeat steps 7 to 11.

13. Tabulate the readings and observe the effect of R and C on frequency.

5. Observations

S.NO C R Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)

(µF) (ohms) period(sec)
1
2
3
4

SBTET, AP
6. Graphs

Generated waveform with R1C1:

7. Precautions:

1. Ensure correct values of resistors.

2. Ensure the correct input voltage.

3. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

4. Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.

5. Ensure whether selected the correct analysis in setup

SBTET, AP
METHODOLOGY 4.17.HARTLEY OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT SIMULATION

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT SIMULATION

Description:

S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE

COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR 2N2222 1 For amplification
2 RESISTOR R1 =30K ohms 1 For biasing and
R2 =10K ohms 1 stabilization
R3 = 511 ohms 1
3 CAPACITOR C4 = 10 nf 1 For tank circuit
4 CAPACITORS C1=100 nf, 1 For in blocking
C2=10nf 1 and coupling
capacitor
5 CAPACITOR C3 =20nf 1 Emitter bypass
capacitor
6 INDUCTOR L3= 2.5 mH 1 For Coupling
7 INDUCTORS L1,L2= 30 mH 1 For tank circuit
8 CRO 0-20 M HZ 1 For observing
the output
waveforms
9 BREADBOARD 1 To Develop the
circuit
9 CONNECTING WIRES REQUIRED
NUMBER
10 REGULATED 0-30V 1 To provide
POWERSUPPLY biasing
11 DESKTOP PC With PC With latest 1 For Simulation
MULTISIM Software configuration
and
specifications

2. Circuit Diagram:

SBTET, AP
3. Theory:

The tank circuit is made up of C1, L1 and L2 .The resistanceR1 and R2 provides the
necessary biasing. The capacitance Cin blocks the D.C component. The frequency of
oscillations is determined by the values of C1, L1 and L2 and is given by
f0= 1/(2π(LT C1)1/2 )
Where LT= (L1+L2)
The tank circuit provides 1800. And the transistor in CE mode provides another 180 0 phase.
The total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base
will be exactly 3600 or 00 .this satisfies the Barkhausen condition for sustaining oscillations
and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1,this condition used to generate
the sinusoidal oscillations

4. PROCEDURE:

1. Open Multisim Software to

2. Select and drag the required components from the library

3. Set appropriate values

4.Make the connections according to the circuit diagram

5. Run the simulation

6. Observe the output waveform and note down the output amplitude and time

period (Td).

7. Calculate the frequency of oscillations theoretically and verify it practically

(f=1/Td).

8. Plot the graph for the output waveform.

5.OBSERVATIONS

C L1 L2 Time
S.NO Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)
(µF) (Henry) (Henry) period(sec)
1
2
3
4

SBTET, AP
6. GRAPH

7. CALCULATIONS:

Theoretical frequency (f0)= 1/(2 (CLT)1/2)

Where LT =( L1+L2) .

Practical frequency (f0)=(1/T)

Where Time Period (T) = No. of horizontal divisions x Times/division

Amplitude= No. of vertical divisions x volts/division

8. PRECAUTIONS:

A. Procedural precautions

• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Keep workbench clear by placing extra items(books ,bags etc…) on shelves

 Wear sensible clothing including footwear

 Do not switch on the power supply while making connections

SBTET, AP
UNIT TEST –I
Model Question Paper (C-20)
EC-307 Electronic Circuits - I Lab
TIME: 3 hours Total Marks: 60

Instructions: (1) Any one full question of the following shall be allotted to the students on
lottery basis.
(2) All the questions are competency based and are for assessing the
candidate’s psychomotor skills
(3) Underpinning knowledge shall be assessed through viva voce -6 M

1. A. Draw the circuit diagram of Half wave rectifier. 6M (CO1)

B. Connect the IC regulator circuit to get a constant voltage of +5V. 18 M (CO1)

C. Observe and note down the frequency response characteristics of a RC coupled

amplifier. 30M (CO2)

2. A. Identify the terminals of IC 7912. 6M (CO1)

B. Connect a rectifier circuit to get a ripple factor of 1.21 18M (CO1)

C. Observe and note down Frequency response characteristics of a transformer

coupled CE amplifier. 30M (CO2)

3. A. Draw the circuit diagram of RC coupled amplifier. 6M (CO2)

. B. Connect the circuit diagram of Bridge rectifier. 18M (CO1)

C. Obtain the voltage regulation characteristics of Zener regulator with varying

loads. 30M (CO1)

4. A. Draw the circuit diagram of Zener regulator for load regulation. 6M (CO1)

B. Connect the circuit to get uniform frequency response in audio frequency range.

18M (CO2)

C. Observe and note down ripple voltage of a bridge rectifier at different loads.

30M (C01)

SBTET, AP
UNIT TEST –II
Model Question Paper (C-20)
EC-307 Electronic Circuits –I Lab
TIME: 3 hours Total Marks: 60
Instructions: (1) Any one full question of the following shall be allotted to the students on
Lottery
(2) All the questions are competency based and are for assessing the
Candidate psychomotor skills
(3) Underpinning knowledge shall be assessed through viva voce 6M

1. A. Draw the circuit diagram of Hartley oscillator 6M (CO3)

B. Connect the circuit diagram of HWR using PSPICE software. 18M (CO4)
C. Observe and note down the effect of varying the RC component value on frequency
response of RC phase shift oscillator using PSPICE software 30M (CO4)

2. A. Draw the circuit diagram of Zener regulator for load regulation. 6M (CO4)
B. Connect the RC phase shift oscillator to generate sustained oscillations using
PSPICE software. 18M (CO4)
C. Obtain the output waveform of Hartley oscillator using PSPICE software.
30M (CO4)
3. A. Identify the required components to implement RC phase shift oscillator.
6M (CO3)
B. Connect the circuit diagram of Zener regulator for line regulation using PSPICE
software 18M (CO4)
C. Observe and notedown the effect of disconnecting bypass capacitor in CE amplifier

using PSPICE software 30M (CO4)

4. A. Draw the circuit diagram of crystal oscillator 6M (CO3)

B. Generate a frequency of 1KHz sinusoidal waveform with Hartley oscillator using
PSPICE software. 18M (CO4)
C. Observe the output waveform of Collpits oscillator by varying tank circuit

component values. 30M (C03)

SBTET, AP
UNIT TEST –I
Model Question Paper (C-20)
EC-307 Electronic Circuits - I Lab
TIME: 3 hours __________Total Marks: 60

Instructions:
(1) Any one full question of the following shall be allotted to the students on
lottery basis.
(2)All the questions are competency based and are for assessing the candidate’s
psychomotor skills
(3) Underpinning knowledge shall be assessed through viva voce 6 M

1. A. Draw the circuit diagram of Half wave rectifier. 6M (CO1)

B. Connect the IC regulator circuit to get a constant voltage of +5V. 18M (CO1)

C. Observe and note down the frequency response characteristics of a

RC coupled amplifier. 30M (CO2)

2. A. Identify the terminals of IC 7912. 6M (CO1)

B. Connect a rectifier circuit to get a ripple factor of 1.21 18M (CO1)

C. Observe and note down Frequency response characteristics of a transformer

coupled CE amplifier. 30M (CO2)

3. A. Draw the circuit diagram of RC coupled amplifier. 6M (CO2)

B. Connect the circuit diagram of Bridge rectifier. 18M (CO1)

C. Obtain the voltage regulation characteristics of Zener regulator with varying loads.

30M (CO1)

4. A. Draw the circuit diagram of Zener regulator for load regulation. 6M (CO1)

B. Connect RC coupled amplifier circuit to get uniform frequency response in audio

frequency range. 18M (CO2)

C. Observe and note down ripple voltage of a bridge rectifier at different loads.

30M (C01)

5. A. Draw the circuit diagram of Hartley oscillator 6M (CO3)

B. Connect the circuit diagram of HWR using PSPICE software. 18M (CO4)
C. Observe and note down the effect of varying the RC component value on
frequency response of RC phase shift oscillator using PSPICE software
30M (CO4)

SBTET, AP
6. A. Draw the circuit diagram of Zener regulator for load regulation. 6M (CO4)

B. Connect the RC phase shift oscillator to generate sustained oscillations using

PSPICE software. 18M (CO4)
C. Obtain the output waveform of Hartley oscillator using PSPICE software.
30M (CO4)
7. A. Identify the required components to implement RC phase shift oscillator.
6M (CO3)
B. Connect the circuit diagram of Zener regulator for line regulation using PSPICE
software. 18M (CO4)
C. Observe and notedown the effect of disconnecting bypass capacitor in CE

amplifier using PSPICE software 30M (CO4)

8. A. Draw the circuit diagram of crystal oscillator 6M (CO3)

B. Generate a frequency of 1KHz sinusoidal waveform with Hartley oscillator using
PSPICE software. 18M (CO4)
C. Observe the output waveform of Collpits oscillator by varying tank circuit
component values. 30M (C03)

SBTET, AP

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