RALEIGH RITZ'S METHOD ON

BEAMS

Name : Appas Ali S

Subject: Finite Element Methods
Subject code : U20AE601
 RA VLEIGH-RITZ METHOD
1. Assume a deflection shape
v(x) = c1f1 (x) + c 2 f2 (x) ... .. + cnfn(x)
- Unknown coefficients ci and known function f1(x)
- Deflection curve v(x) must satisfy displacement boundary conditions
2. Obtain potential energy as fun ction of coefficients

II(c 1,c 2 , . ..cn) =U+ V

3. Apply the principle of minimum potential energy to determine
the coefficients

an = arr = ... = an = 0
ac1 ac2 acn
 Application to beam problems
• The differential equation for the beam displacement is
d4v
El dx4 = p(x)
• For a constant p(x)=Po, the general solution of this differential
4
x +
equation is v( x ) = p 0EI a3 x 3 + a2x 2 + a,x + a0
24
• When p(x)=O, the exact solution is a cubic polynomial.
• Concentrated forces and couples cause discontinuities, in
third and second derivatives, respectively.
 EXAMPLE - SIMPL V SUPPORTED BEAM
• Assumed deflection curve Po

v(x) = C sin TCX

L
E,LL
• Strain energy
u = _!_ fLE1 ( d2v J2 dx = c 2El1t4
2 Jo dx 2 4L3
• Potential energy of applied loads (no reaction forces)
x 2 L
V= -Jp(x)v(x)dx = -fp Csin !:_L dx = -
L

o
L

o
0
Po C
1t:
4 2PoLc
• Potential energy n = u + v = Eln3 c 2
_
4L 1t:

• PMPE: dll = Eln4 C - 2pal = 0 ⇒ C= 4poL4

dC 2L3 1t: Eln 5
 EXAMPLE - SIMPL V SUPPORTED BEAM cont.

• Approximate bending moment and shear force

4pol 4 . 7tX 0 o ➔ 307 Pol 4 . 7tX
V ( X) =---=--Sin-= . I ----"--Sln-
El1t6 L El L
2 2 2
4
M(x) = El d v = - EiC 1t sin nx = - Pol sin nx = - 0.1290p OL2 sin nx
dx 2 L2 L n3 L L
d3 v n3 nx 4p L nx . nx
Vy(x) = - El dx3 = - EiC L3 cosT = - ng cosT = - 0 .4052p 0L s1nT
• Exact solutions
3
v(x) = _!_Pol 3 x - Pol x3 + Po x4 v(L I 2) = 0.01302 Pol
El 24 12 24 El

M(x) =_ Pol x + Po x 2 M(L / 2) = - 0.125p 0 L2

2 2
Vy( x) = p; L - p 0 x Vy(0) = 0 .5p 0 L
 EXAMPLE - SIMPL V SUPPORTED BEAM cont.
1.0 .--------::::_,...-=:==------ --,
• Deflection 0.8

d
:il
0.6
~0.4
> - -v-exact
0.2
- - v-approx.
0.0 ~-----------======----~
0.2
0 0.8 0.4 X 0,6 1
X
0.00 . . - - - - - - - r - - - . . - - - - - . - - - - - , - - -
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
- -0.02
• Bending .?!.
:f -0.04

moment j-o.os ::J

0
-t
~ -0.08 CD
~ ·0.10
ll>
§! - - M_exact en
-0.12 CD
- - M_approx en
-0.14 - ' - - - - - - - - ------=====:: : : : : : :!
0.6 -r--------------------
-V_exact

• Shear force
->..
><
0.4

0.2
- - V_approx

,f
e o.o

I -0.2

-0.4

-0.6 --------------------1
0 0.2 0.4 X 0.6 0.8
 Quiz-like questions
• Calculate the Rayleigh-Ritz approximation to the maximum
displacement, bending moment and shear force for a simply
supported beam under uniform load, when the displacement
is assumed of the form v=Cx(L-x)
• Why is the solution with the sine so much better?
• The coefficient of x4 is shown in Slide 2 to be 1/(24EI). What
boundary conditions does one use to calculate the
coefficients of the other terms (the cubic polynomial in Slide
2)?
• Answers in notes page
 EXAMPLE - CANTILEVERED BEAM
-Po

• Assumed deflection C
2 3 E,l,L
v(x) = a + bx + C1X + C2X
F
• Need to satisfy BC
v(O) = 0, dv(O) I dx =0 c:::::) v(x ) = C1X
2
+ C2X3
' energy
• Strain u = -EIJL(2c1 + 6c 2 x)2 dx
2 0

• Potential of loads
d
= -f(- p0 )v(x)dx -
L
V (c1,c 2 ) Fv(L)- C~ (L)
o dx
L3 L4
= c 1 Po - FL 2
- 2CL + c 2 Po - FL3 - 3CL2
3 4
 EXAMPLE - CANTILEVERED BEAM cont.
• Derivatives of U:

• PMPE: an = 0
ac1
2
El{ 4Lc 1 + 6L c 2 ) = p; L3
+ FL2 + 2CL

arr =0
ac 2
3
El{ 6L2c 1 + 12L c 2 ) =- P; 4
+ FL3 + 3CL
2

• Data: E =I00GPa, I =I 0- 1 1n 4 ,L = I,n, Po = 300N I ni, F = S00N , C = I00N ,n

• Solve for c 1 and c2 : c 1 = 23.75 x 1o-3, c 2 = - 5.833 x 10-3
• Deflection curve: v(x) = 10-3 (23.75x 2 - 5.833x 3 ) v(L}= 17.92 x 10- 3
2 3 4
• Exact solution: v(x) = 2;E,(5400x - 800x - 300x )

v(L) = 17.91 x 1o-3 Check exact solution

 EXAMPLE - CANTILEVERED BEAM cont.
• Deflection ~
0.020

..
.!:S.
> 0.015

~ 0.010
ii - V◄)(l)OI
J8 0.005
- - \/-approx.

0.000 0.8 1 (a)

0.2 0.4 l( 0.6
0

m
IE soo.oo600.00 - M_exacl
I ...,
...,
...,
0
• Bending :::;
5 40000 -- -- -- - -- - - M_approx.
'
::J
moment j 300.00 •
I 200.00
- -- -- . ...,
(")
(1)
Sl)
ci1 100.00 en
(1)
0.00 •
~

0 0.2 0.4 X 0.8 0,8 1 lb) en

?
~~ - --- -------- -- -
300.00
• Shear force > 200.00

J 100.00
! o.o - v_ax~ct
- 100.00 - - \/_approx.
-200.00 L c::::::::::::::=----.--- --__!::::::;::=======-l
L--~o_ _ ~o.2~-~0!:::.4!__..!:.ltc .-~o.~6--....:0::::.8:...__----'-'1 (cl
 Quiz like questions
• Consider the cantilever
beam in the figure F
• Will a cubic polynomial Ritz
solution be exact?
• We use the Rayleigh-Ritz
method with v=Cx2 .
• Compare the exact and
approximate shear force.
• Compare the exact and
approximate tip deflection.
• Answers in the notes page