Questions 10-13 READlNG PASSAGE 2

Complete the summary below. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27 which are based on Reading Passage 2
Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in boxes 10-13 on your
answer sheet. on the following pages.

NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them all. Questions 14-18

Reading passage 2 has six paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below
Answer Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
When the new Chek Lap Kok airport has been completed, Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
the raised area and the ... (Example) ... will be removed.'. motorway
SB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.

The island will be partially protected from storms by ... (10)... and List of Headings
also by ... (11) ... . Further settlement caused by ... (12) ... will be i Ottawa International Conference on
prevented by the use of ... (13).... Health Promotion
ii Holistic approach to health
iii The primary importance of environmental
construction workers coastline dump-trucks factors
geotextile Lantau Island motorway iv Healthy lifestyles approach to health
rainfall rock and sand rock voids v Changes in concepts of health in Western
society
sea walls typhoons
vi Prevention of diseases and illness
vii Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
viii Definition of health in medical terms
ix Socio-ecological view of health

Example Answer
Paragraph A *

14 Paragraph B

15 Paragraph C

16 Paragraph D

17 Paragraph E

18 Paragraph F
 Changing our
E
Understanding of Health During 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from
seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors
still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social,
A economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad
The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad
groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International
is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people
health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways. from 38 countries agreed and declared that:
The fundamental conditions and resources for health are
B peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable
For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity.
sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in
mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a these basic requirements. (WHO, 1986)
breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more
absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this than encouraging healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing
view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include
prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanisation, natural resource
providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing. depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic
C and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not
operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting
In the late 1940s the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and
and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them
medically oriented view of health. They stated that 'health is a complete state
which determine the conditions that promote health. A broad socio-ecological
of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of
view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong
disease' (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically
social, economic and environmental focus.
(mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.
F
D At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined
The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of
emphasising the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion,
Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of
smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health promotion it states that:
health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion Good health is a major resource for social, economic and
programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours personal development and an important dimension of
and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural,
worked for some (the wealthy members of society), people experiencing environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all
poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the favour health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986)
conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion
largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in
approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which
affecting the health of people. guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of 'enabling
people to increase control over and to improve their health' (WHO, 1986).
Questions 19-22
Reading passage 3
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage, answer the following questions
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which arc based on Reading Passage 3

below
19 In which year did the World Health Organisation define health in terms of mental,

20
physical and social well-being?

Which members of society benefited most from the healthy lifestyles approach to
CHILDREN'S THINKING
health?

21 Name the three broad areas which relate to people's health, according to the socio- One of the most eminent of The mystery at first appears to
ecological view of health. psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that deepen when we learn, from another
the essence of reasoning lies in the psychologist, Michael Cole, and his
22 During which decade were lifestyle risks seen as the major contributors to poor health? putting together of two 'behaviour colleagues, that adults in an African
segments' in some novel way, never culture apparently cannot do the
actually performed before, so as to Kendlers' task either. But it lessens, on
Questions 23-27 reach a goal. the other hand, when we learn that a
Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard task was devised which was strictly
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 2? and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for analogous to the Kendlers' one but
In boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet write children that was explicitly based on much easier for the African males to
Clark Hull's principles. The children handle.
were given the task of learning to Instead of the button-pressing
YES if the statement agrees with the information operate a machine so as to get a toy. In machine, Cole used a locked box and
NO if the statement contradicts the information order to succeed they had to go through two differently coloured match-boxes,
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passsage a two-stage sequence. The children one of which contained a key that
were trained on each stage separately. would open the box. Notice that there
23 Doctors have been instrumental in improving living standards in Western society. The stages consisted merely of pressing are still two behaviour segments —
the correct one of two buttons to get a 'open the right match-box to get the key'
24 The approach to health during the 1970s included the introduction of health awareness marble; and of inserting the marble into and 'use the key to open the box' - so
programs. a small hole to release the toy. the task seems formally to be the same.
The Kendlers found that the children But psychologically it is quite different,
25 The socio-ecological view of health recognises that lifestyle habits and the provision of could learn the separate bits readily Now the subject is dealing not with a
adequate health care are critical factors governing health.
enough. Given the task of getting a strange machine but with familiar
marble by pressing the button they meaningful objects; and it is clear to
could get the marble; given the task of him what he is meant to do. It then
26 The principles of the Ottawa Charter are considered to be out of date in the 1990s. getting a toy when a marble was handed turns out that the difficulty of
to them, they could use the marble. (All 'integration' is greatly reduced,
27 In recent years a number of additional countries have subscribed to the Ottawa they had to do was put it in a hole.) But Recent work by Simon Hewson is of
Charter. they did not for the most part great interest here for it shows that, for
'integrate', to use the Kendlers' young children, too, the difficulty lies
terminology. They did not press the not in the inferential processes which
button to get the marble and then the task demands, but in certain
proceed without further help to use the perplexing features of the apparatus
marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers and the procedure. When these are
concluded that they were incapable of changed in ways which do not at all
deductive reasoning. affect the inferential nature of the