Goals of this Chapter 1.The top view will always be drawn above the front view.

1.The top view will always be drawn above the front view. Thus, the first view
1. Understand the principles of orthographic drawing. that needs to be drawn is the front view of the object. The bottom view will be
2. Learn the classifications and kinds of orthographic drawing. projected below the front view.
3. Apply the different steps of orthographic drawing.
4. Appreciate the importance of orthographic drawing as the graphic language of 2. Horizontally project the side views or rear view of an object aligned from
industry. the front view. See to it that the right side view will be aligned directly from the
5. Practice some orthographic drawing skills as applied to technical drawing. right side of the front view so as the left side view to the opposite side of the
front. The rear view may be added beside the right side view.
Outline of the Chapter TOP VIEW
1. Introduction to Orthographic Drawing
2. Orthographic Drawing Construction
3. Blueprint Reading in Orthographic Drawing Ø16
53

4. Questions for Review 13

5. Orthographic Drawing Exercises PICTORIAL DRAWING

38
75 26

Class Discussion 20
10

LEFT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW REAR VIEW
Introduction to Orthographic Drawing

Orthographic drawing is the representation of the object in two or more views as

they will be viewed perpendicularly from different axes of projection. It is a kind of
drawing which may not be easily visualized but it is easier to project than other
classifications of drawing. The term "Orthographic" is derived from two Greek words, BOTTOM VIEW
orthos (to write) and graphos (to draw). This kind of drawing is a composite of
different geometrical entities, the alphabet of lines, scaling, and most importantly TOP VIEW
dimensioning with purely instrumental and technical in operation and process. An 3.The length of the front view will always
orthographic drawing is considered a graphic language of the industry where the be the same as the length of the top and 53

operations are so simple to make that it seems that the reader is only writing them. bottom views. By projecting vertical lines
Ø16

Drafters must be geared with the basic drawing requirements such as dimensioning. upward from all intersections/points of
13

scaling alphabet of lines, geometrical constructions, lettering, and instrumental the front view, one can align and equal its
38
75

operations to achieve quality technical drawing outputs. length. 20

10

FRONT VIEW

PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

Prior to sketching an orthographic drawing, students are advised to
understand its many principles to fully understand the relationships of the different
views of an object.
BOTTOM VIEW

PAGE 01 (Prepared by: Jephthah Jude Tadeo Galeos) PAGE 02 (Prepared by: Jephthah Jude Tadeo Galeos)
 4.The width of the top view will always be the same as the width of the side
views. TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW 7.When a surface/line is viewed
from a parallel plane of projection 53

whether in its front or back, it will

Width

Width
Ø16

53
13
Ø16
appear the same as a surface/line
13
to infinity. Observe red surface on 38
75 26

Width 38
75
Width
26
the front view. It is projected the
45° 20
same even if it does not touch to 10

20
10 the vertical plane of projection. FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW
LEFT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW B
8.When a surface is viewed from a
A
TOP VIEW perpendicular plane of projection, it will
5.When a line/edge is viewed appear as a line (where the length will
from a perpendicular plane of B
Ø16
53
53
be dependent on the plane of
projection, the line will appear 13
Ø16
perpendicularity of the surface). Observe
as a point. Observe line (AB) in 38
PICTORIAL DRAWING 13
surface in the front view, if it will be
the top view, it will be seen as
75 26 38
75 26
viewed from the side view, it will appear
B
point (B) on the front view. 20
as line and if it will be viewed in the top
10 20
10 view, it will be line as well.
FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

9. When a surface is viewed

oblique to the plane of projection, TOP VIEW
it will appear as a surface but
TOP VIEW shorter from the actual surface 53

6.When a line/edge is viewed where the inclination is facing. Ø16

oblique to the plane of projection. It Observe red surface on the front 13

c 53
Ø16 c
will appear as a line/edge but and top views. The surfaces were 38
75 26

d
13
d shorter from the actual length foreshortened because the actual
38 where the inclination occurs. dimension of the surface is 20 x 28 20
10
75 26

Observe line (CD) from the side View mm but when viewed from the FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW
c
c 20
10 which is actual in length, when front view, it only 10 x 20 mm on
d d
FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW viewed from the front view it is the top view, surface measure only
shorter. If it is viewed from the top 20 x 27mm.
view it is short from actual length.
10. As a good practice, do not project lines and surfaces beyond its actual length,
even if the drawing is scaled.

PAGE 03 (Prepared by: Jephthah Jude Tadeo Galeos) PAGE 04 (Prepared by: Jephthah Jude Tadeo Galeos)
 VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING ACTIVITY NO. 09
1. General views of an object in an orthographic drawing.
a. Front view INSTRUCTION:
b. Top view 1. DRAW THE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION (TWO-VIEW DRAWING) FROM THE
c. Right-side view GIVEN PICTORIAL DRAWING.
TOP VIEW
d. Left-side view 2. APPLY YOUR SKILLS IN GOOD DIMENSIONING, ALPHABET OF LINES, SCALING
e. Rear/Back view AND PROPER LETTERING.
f. Bottom/Base view Ø16
53

13

PICTORIAL DRAWING
38
75 26

20
10

LEFT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW REAR VIEW

BOTTOM VIEW

2. Principal Views of an object in orthographic drawing.

a. Top view
b. Front view
c. Right-side view

3. Dimension of an object in orthographic drawing.

a. Length
b. Width
3. Height
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
SCALE: 1:1MM
He
Len igh
gth dth t
Wi

PAGE 05 (Prepared by: Jephthah Jude Tadeo Galeos) PAGE 06 (Prepared by: Jephthah Jude Tadeo Galeos)
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING Third-angle Projection- where a method of representation the object is being
projected from the third quadrant. This kind of presentation of orthographic drawing
1. Multi-view Projection (2D Drawing). A classification of orthographic drawing is commonly used in the Philippines and the United States of America.
which represents the views parallel to the plane of projection.
Top
First-angle Projection- a method of representation where the object is being
projected from the first quadrant. This kind of presentation of, orthographic drawing Front
is commonly used in the European Countries. TOP VIEW
Side
FRONT VIEW R-SIDE VIEW L-SIDE VIEW REAR VIEW Auxiliary

PICTORIAL DRAWING

Top
Front FRONT VIEW R-SIDE VIEW L-SIDE VIEW REAR VIEW
Side
TOP VIEW
Auxiliary
Fourth-angle Projection- a method of representation where the object is being
PICTORIAL DRAWING projected from the fourth quadrant.

Top
Second-angle Projection– a method of representation where the object is being
projected from the second quadrant. Front
REAR VIEW L-SIDE VIEW R-SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW
Side TOP VIEW
Auxiliary

PICTORIAL DRAWING

Top
Front
Side
TOP VIEW
REAR VIEW L-SIDE VIEW R-SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW
Auxiliary

PICTORIAL DRAWING

PAGE 07 (Prepare by Jephthah Jude Tadeo Galeos) PAGE 08 (Prepare by Jephthah Jude Tadeo Galeos)
 2. Axonometric Projection (3D Drawing). Trimetric projection- a kind of
axonometric drawing where none of the
A classification of orthographic three axes of projections are equal with 105°
drawing which represents the views each other and show the object in a 165°
inclined to the plane of projection. It pictorial form.
is a 3-dimensional drawing where the z 90°
views were fused together to form a
3D spatial object laid out on a 2D
y x Three angles are NOT equal.
plane. 3D means three dimension drawing (X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis) Base
60° Mostly in 30° x 60° x 90° axes of projection
Isometric Projection- a kind of 90° 30° and applied for exteriors and landscaping
120° 120° axonometric drawing where all of the layouts and presentations.
three axes of projections are equal to
Base 120°and show the object in a pictorial
30° 120° form. A 30° x 30° x 90° axes of ACTIVITY NO. 10
projection and applied for most
pictorial- drawings of mechanical. Direction:
furniture, and other product design Construct a pictorial drawing from the given Orthographic projection. Use an
drawings that can be easily Isometric projection. Apply your skills in proper use of alphabet of lines, good
ISO means "equal" and METRIC means measure.
visualized. dimensioning, scaling and lettering and finish with ink.

Dimetric Projection- a kind of TOP VIEW

axonometric drawing where two of the 10

axes of projections are equal and shows 50

the object in a pictorial form. 105° 105°

40.00

20
45°
10

Mostly in 45° x 45° x 90° axes of projection

and applied for circular designs for 30

150°
exterior and interior presentations Such as
60

30

Cubicles, partitions, and other space 10 10

planning for offices.

10
135° 135°
30
40

10

Base 90° 10

FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

45° 90° 45°
Two angles are equal. SCALE: 1:2mm

PAGE 09 (Prepare by Jephthah Jude Tadeo Galeos) PAGE 10 (Prepare by Jephthah Jude Tadeo Galeos)