 What is the research meaning?

 Answer: Word ‘Research’ is comprises of two words = Re+Search. It means to

search again. So research means a systematic investigation or activity to gain new
knowledge of the already existing facts.

 Define the important definitions of research.

 Answer: they are some important definitions of research?
 “Research is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge.” Redman &
Mori
 “Research may be defined as a method of studying problems whose
solutions are to be derived partly or wholly from facts.” W.S.
Monroes
 Explain the purpose of research.

 Answer: The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the

application of scientific procedure. The main aim of research is to find out the truth
which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet.

 What are the characteristics of research?

 Answer: they are:
 Research is directed toward the solution of a problem.
 Research requires expertise.
 Research sometimes requires courage
 Research is carefully recorded and collected
 Explain types of research.
 Answer: we can classify types of research from four bases as following:
 On the basis of nature of information
1. Qualitative Research: When information is in the form of qualitative
data.
2. Quantitative Research: When information is in the form of quantitative
data.

 On the basis of utility of content or nature of subject matter of research

1. Basic or Theoretical Research: Its utility is universal
2. Experimental or Applied Research: Its utility is limited.

 On the basis of approach of research

1. Longitudinal Research: Examples of this category are historical, Case
study and Genetic research
2. Cross-Sectional Research: Examples of this category are
Experimental and Survey Research.
 On the basis of method of research
 What are the necessary steps of research?
 Answer: they are:
 Collecting the Research Data
 Execution of the Project
 Hypothesis Testing
 Analysis of Data
 Formulating the Research Problem
 Extensive Literature Survey
 Developing the Research Hypothesis
 Preparing the Research Design
 Determining the Research Design
 Generalization and Interpretation
 Preparing of the Report or Presentation of the Result
 What is the design research?
 Answer: A research design is simply the framework or plan for a study that is
used as a guide in collecting and analyzing the data. It is a blueprint that is
followed in completing a study. Research design is the blueprint for collection
measurement and analysis of data. Actually it is a map that is usually developed
to guide the research.
 Definition: Research design is a master plan specifying the methods and
procedures for collection and analyzing the needed information.” William
Zikmund

 Define the research problem?

 Answer: as following:
 “Problem is the obstacle in the path of satisfying our needs.” John
Geoffery
 “Problem is a question which is to be solved.” John. G. Tornsand
 “A problem is an interrogative sentence or statement that asks: What
relation exists between two or more variables?” F.N. Kerlinger
 Specify the source of research problem.
 Answer: they are:
 The classroom, school, home, community and other agencies of education
are obvious sources.
 Social developments and technological changes are constantly bringing
forth new problems and opportunities for research.
 Record of previous research such specialized sources as the
encyclopedias of educational, research abstracts, research bulletins,
research reports, journals of researches, dissertations and many similar
publications are rich sources of
research problems
 Explain the formulation of hypothesis.
 Answer: The word hypothesis consists of two words –Hypo+Thesis. ‘Hypo’ means
tentative or subject to the verification. ‘Thesis’ means statement about solution of
the problem. Thus the literal meaning of the term hypothesis is a tentative statement
about the solution of the problem. Hypothesis offers a solution of the problem that
is to be verified empirically and based on some rationale.

 What are the different tools of data collection for research?

 Answer: Different tools used for data collection may be:
1. Questionnaires
2. Interviews
3. Schedules
4. Observation Techniques
5. Rating Scales
 What are the basic components of a research reports?
 Answer: The basic components of a research report are as follows;
 Introduction of the research problem
 Description of the procedure of the research
 Description and presentation of the results
 Discussion of the study findings
 Explain the research reports parts.
 Answer: A detailed account of the research experience from selection and
definition of the problem, formulation of hypotheses, gathering, analyzing and
interpreting data, testing of hypotheses, making conclusion and suggesting further
research in the related problem area is called a research report.
 The following are the essential features of a good research report;
 Clarity
 Conciseness
 Veracity
 No lengthy digressions
 Only necessary details
 Absolute uncompromising honesty
 Need of Sampling:
1. Economy of time.
2. Economy of money.
3. True detailed knowledge.
4. Utility in experimental study.
5. It has reliability because it is based on probability theory.
 Advantages of Sampling:
1. It has a greater adaptability. 4. This technique has great accuracy.
2. It is an economical technique 5. It has a greater speed in conducting a research work.
3. It has high speed for generalization. 6. It has a greater scope in the field of research.

 Disadvantages or Limitation of Sampling:

1. Scope of biasness. (Less accuracy) 2. Problem of representative Sample-Difficulty in

selecting a truly representative sample.
3. Need of eligible researchers 4. Instability of sample subjects or changeability
of units i.e. in heterogeneous population.
5. There are certain situations where sampling is possible.
 Essentials of an Ideal Sample:
 Homogeneity: The units included in sample must be as likeness with other units.
 Adequacy: A sample having 10% of the whole data is adequate.
 Independence: Every unit should be free to be included in the sample.
 Representativeness; An ideal sample must be such that it represents the whole data
adequately.
 Objects of Social Survey:
 Direct and close contact of researcher to the phenomenon under study.
 To collect general information.
 A basis for hypothesis.
 To explain cause and effect relationship.
 To know opinion and attitudes of the people.
 Merits of Survey Methods:
 Direct and close contact between researcher and respondents.
 Greater objectivity.
 Testing the validity of theories.
 Formulation and testing of hypothesis.
 Social surveys are based on actual observation.
 It has universal application.
 The following are the main purposes of interpretation of data or results;
 To throw light on the real significance of the material in the context.
 To understand implications of the data.
 To provide hints of conclusions and recommendations of the researcher.
 To show the values of greatest worth that has resulted from the research.
 To refer important generalization.
 Target Population: It is also called universe. The salient characteristics of the population
should be thoroughly described so that it should be definite that what is the target
population for which sample is to be drawn and to which the results of the study could be
generalized.
 Experimental Study: “The Effect of Lecture Method and Text Book Method on the
Academic Achievement in Economics of Class IX Students”