bdkbZ 12 O;olkf;d fjiksVZ fy[kusa dh izfØ;k

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk

12-0 mís';
12-1 çLrkouk
12-2 fjiksVZ cukus ds lkekU; funsZ'ku
12-3 fjiksVZ fy[kus dh fof/k
12-4 fjiksVZ ys[ku esa fofHkUu pj.k
12-5 yEch fjiksVZ
12-5-1 çkjafHkd Hkkx
12-5-2 fo"k; oLrq
12-5-3 vuqijw d Hkkx
12-6 NksVh fjiksVZ
12-6-1 Kkiu&i= ds :i esa
12-6-2 dk;Zo`Ùk ¼fooj.k½ ds :i esa
12-6-3 i= ds :i esa
12-7 lkjka'k
12-8 'kCnkoyh
12-9 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj
12-10 Loij[k ç'u

12-1 mís';

bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ds i'pkr~ vki bl ;ksX; gks ldsaxs fd

• fjiksVZ ys[ku ds fu;e crk ldsa(
• fjiksVZ ys[ku dh fof/k crk ldsa(
• fjiksVZ fy[kus ds fofHkUu pj.k le>k ldsa(
• yEch fjiksVZ ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dh O;k[;k ns ldsa ( vksj
• fofHkUu :iksa esa NksVh fjiksVZ cuk ldsaA

1
12-1 çLrkouk

bdkbZ 11 esa vkius fjiksVZ ds vFkZ] egRo] fo'ks"krkvksa] fo"k;oLrq vkSj blds fofHkUu çdkj
ds ckjs esa i<+k FkkA - vkius fjiksVksaZ ds dqN uewus Hkh i<+s FksA fjiksVZ fy[kusa okys dks ;g
Lej.k j[kuk vko”;d gS fd fjiksVZ fy[kus dk D;k mís”; fjiksVZ izLrqr djus dh le;
lhek D;k gS vkSj laxBu esa ftl O;fDr dks fjiksVZ izLrqr djuh gS] mldk vksgnk D;k
gSA ;g lc ckrksa dk ikyu rHkh fd;k tk ldrk gS tcfd fjiksVZ fy[krs le; vki
dqN fl)kUrksa dk ikyu djsaA ;g fl)kUr gaS% ;FkkFkZrk] lEizs’.k vkSj laf{kIr ijUrq Li’V
“hk’kZd vkfnA lkef;d] lkekU; vkSj fo”ks’k fjiksVZ fy[kus dh rS;kjh ls igys fjiksVZ
ys[kd dks lHkh rF; vkSj vkadM+s miyC/k gksus pkfg,A blls Hkh vf/kd vko”;d ;g gS
fd fjiksVZ fy[kus dh izR;sd voLFkk esa izLrqrhdj.k izHkkoh gksA Vkbyj th0 fgDl us
fjiksVZ dk fu;kstu vkSj jpuk djusa ds fy, pkj & inh; i)fr izLRkkfor dh gSA

bl bdkbZ esa Hkh vkidks fjiksVZ ys[ku ds ckjs esa crk;k tk,xkA blesa vki ys[ku ds
lkekU; fu;e] fof/k vkSj fofHkUu pj.kksa ds ckjs esa i<+saxAs fof'k"V mí';ksa ds fy;s yEch
o NksVh fjiksVZ cukus ds ckjs esa Hkh vki bl bdkbZ esa i<+saxsA

12-2 fjiksVZ cukus ds lkekU; funsZ'ku

fjiksVZ laxBu esa lEçs"k.k ds ek/;e ds :i esa ç;ksx dh tkrh gSaA fdlh Hkh laxBu esa
lfpo ds :i esa vkidh lQyrk ds fy;s vki esa çHkkoh fjiksVZ fy[kus dh ;ksX;rk dk
cgqr egRo gSA fjiksVZ uSfR;d ;k fo'ks"k çdkj dh gksrh gSaA uSfR;d fjiksVsaZ lk/kkj.kr;k
v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa }kjk fy[kh tkrh gSa] tcfd fo'ks"k fjiksVsaZ mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk
cuk;h tkrh gSaA ftu vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fjiksVksaZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS os gh lkekU;r;k
fu.kZ; ysrs gSa fd fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; ij fjiksVZ dkSu rS;kj djsxkA fjiksVZ fy[kus okys
dks fjiksVZ dk mís'; lnk /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;sA mls ml le;kof/k ij Hkh /;ku nsuk
pkfg;s ftlesa fjiksVZ rS;kj djuh gS vkSj ftl vf/kdkjh dks fjiksVZ çLrqr dh tkrh gS]
laxBu esa mlds in dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;sA bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa rHkh j[kk
tk ldrk gS tc fjiksVZ fy[krs le; dqN fu;eksa dk ikyu fd;k tk,A ;s fu;e
fuEufyf[kr gSa%

1 ifj'kq)rk ¼Accuracy½ % tSlk fd fiNyh bdkbZ esa crk;k x;k Fkk] fjikVZ esa nh
x;h lwpuk lgh rFkk fo'oluh; gksuh pkfg;sA tgk¡ Hkh vko';d gks fjiksVZ ds
leFkZu esa rF;iw.kZ vk¡dM+s i;kZIr ek=k esa fn;s tkus pkfg;sA ;g Hkh /;ku j[kuk
pkfg;s fd vk¡dM+ksa dks ,d= djus dh fof/k dk mudh ifj'kq)rk ij cgqr çHkko
iM+rk gSA vr% fjiksVZ ds fy;s lgh lwpuk çkIr djus dh mi;qDr fof/k o mfpr
2
 lzksrksa dk irk yxkuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;fn lwpuk lgh ugha gksxh rks laHko gS
fd xyr fu.kZ; fy;k tk,A bl çdkj lgh lwpuk lgh fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;d
gksrh gSA

2 lEçs"k.k ¼Communication½% vki tkurs gh gSa fd çR;sd fjiksVZ fdlh O;fDr

;k O;fDr;ksa ds lewg dks lwpuk çnku ds fy;s cuk;h tkrh gSA ftl O;fDr ds
fy;s fjiksVZ cuk;h x;h gS ;fn mls ;g çkIr ugha gksrh rks fjiksVZ mís';ghu
gksxhA fjiksVksaZ dks lwpuk okgd ekuk tkrk gSA laxBu esa fofHkUu Lrjksa ij dke
djus okys O;fDr;ksa dks budh vko';drk iM+ ldrh gS rkfd os viuk dk;Z
Bhd çdkj dj ldsa vkSj lgh fu.kZ; ys ldsaA

3 laf{kIr o Li"V 'kh"kZd % fjiksVZ dk 'kh"kZd mlds fo"k; dk lwpd gksuk pkfg;sA
'kh"kZd vkd"kZd Hkh gksuk pkfg;s A blfy;s ,slk 'kh"kZd pquuk pkfg;s tks NksVk o
Li"V gks rFkk ftlls fjiksVZ dh fo"k; lkexzh dh >yd Hkh feysA 'kq: ds
iSjkxzkQksa esa fopkjkFkZ fo"k; ;k fjiksVZ fy[krs le; /;ku esa j[kh tkus okyh
fgnk;rksa dks frfFk lfgr fy[kuk pkfg;s rkfd fjiksVZ dk mís'; 'kh?kz gh irk
yx ldsA

4 Hkk"kk % fjiksVZ esa ,slh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg;s tks bldk mi;ksx djus
okys dh le> esa vk ldsA tgk¡ rd laHko gks ljy Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx djuk
pkfg;sA blesa ,slh vuko';d rduhdh 'kCnkoyh dk ç;ksx ugha djuk pkfg;s
tks budk mi;ksx djus okyksa dh le> esa u vk;sA

5 lkekU; ç—fr ¼Routine nature½% lkekU; fjiksVsZ lkekU; fof/k ls gh cuk;h

tkuh pkfg;sA blls bls i<+us okys dks le>us esa vklkuh gksxhA bl lanHkZ esa
vkSipkfjd fjiksVZ vf/kd mi;ksxh gksrh gSaA

6 iSjkxzkQ % fjiksVZ dks dbZ iSjkxzkQ esa foHkDr djuk mfpr gSA fo"k; ds çR;sd
igyw ds fy;s vyx iSjkxzkQ gksuk pkfg;sA mnkgj.k ds fy;s lfpo }kjk rS;kj
dh tkus okyh lk/kkj.k lHkk dh fjiksVZ esa çR;sd çLrko o fu.kZ; vyx&vyx
iSjkxzkQ esa fy[kk tkuk pkfg;sA

7 laf{kIr % fjiksVZ esa çR;sd fo"k; dks la{ksi esa fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA ;fn fdlh
ekeys dk foLrkj ls fooj.k nsuk vko';d gks rks mls fjiksVZ ds lkFk layXu dj
nsuk pkfg;s vkSj bl layXu lkexzh dk gokyk fjiksVZ esa mi;qDr LFkku ij ns
nsuk pkfg;sA

3
8 flQkfj'ksa % ;fn fjiksVZ esa flQkfj'ksa Hkh nsuh gksa rks mUgsa fjiksVZ ds vUr esa
flQkfj'ksa ;k lq>ko 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr nsuk pkfg;sA fjiksVZ esa ftu ekeyksa dk
v/;;u] fo'ys"k.k ;k tk¡p dh x;h gksa] flQkfj'ksa mUgha ds lEcU/k esa gksuh
pkfg;sA çcU/ku lk/kkj.kr;k ,slh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij gh fu.kZ; ysrk gSA

9 gLrk{kj vkSj frfFk % fjiksVZ rS;kj djus okys dks viuk gLrk{kj djuk pkfg;s
vkSj frfFk fy[kuh pkfg;sA gLrk{kj ls fjiksVZ ds fu"d"kksaZ dh fo'oluh;rk
LFkkfir gksrh gSA gLrk{kj djus okyk fjiksVZ esa nh x;h lwpuk ds fy;s ftEesokj
gksrk gSA vr% gLrk{kj ds fcuk fjiksVksaZ dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrkA

cks/k ç'u d

1 fjiksVZ cukus esa ifj'kq)rk dk D;k egRo gS \

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2 fjiksVZ dk 'kh"kZd pqurs le; vki fdu ckrksa ij /;ku nsaxs \
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3- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu ls lgh gSa vkSj dkSu ls xyr gSa\
i½ fjiksVksaZ dk ç;ksx lEçs"k.k ds ek/;e ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ii½ lkekU; fjiksVZ dsoy mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gSaA
iii½ fjiksVZ esa rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr vk¡dM+s nsuk vko';d ugha gksrkA
iv½ izR;sd fjiksVZ nwljksa dks laizsf’kr djus ds fy;s cuk;h tkrh gSA
v½ fjiksVZ esa fo"k; ds ckjs esa tkudkjh la{ksi esa nsuh pkfg;sA
vi½ fjiksVZ esa flQkfj'ksa nsuk vko';d ugha gksrkA
vii½ fjiksVZ ys[kd dks fjiksVZ ij viuk gLrk{kj djuk pkfg;sA

4
12-3 fjiksVZ fy[kus dh fof/k

fjiksVZ fy[kus ds fy;s lEçs"k.k dh ;ksX;rk vkSj fjiksVZ dks vFkZiw.kZ vkSj O;ofLFkr rjhds
ls çLrqr djus dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg;sA fjiksVZ fy[kus okys dks mlds mís'; dk vPNh
rjg irk gksuk pkfg;sA mls ;g irk gksuk pkfg;s fd mls fdlh leL;k ds çklafxd
orZeku rF;ksa dks çLrqr djuk gS ;k okLrfod lwpuk dk fo'ys"k.k djds fu"d"kksaZ ds
vk/kkj ij flQkfj'ksa çLrqr djuh gSaA lkekU; ;k fo'ks"k] fdlh Hkh çdkj dh fjiksVZ
cukus ls igys mlds ikl çklafxd vk¡dM+s vkSj rF; gksus pkfg;sA fjiksVZ dks çHkkoh
cukus ds fy;s I;kZIr lko/kkuh cjruh pkfg;sA fjiksVZ fy[kus esa fuEufyf[kr dne mBkus
vko';d gksrs gSa%
1 fjiksVZ dk mís'; fu/kkZfjr djuk
2 fjiksVZ ds çkIrdrkZ dks tkuuk
3 vko';d vk¡dM+s ,d= djuk
4 vk¡dM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k o fo'ys"k.k djuk
5 fjiksVZ dh :ijs[kk cukuk
6 vfUre fjiksVZ cukuk
7 fjiksVZ çLrqr djuk

1 fjiksVZ dk mÌs'; fu/kkZfjr djuk % çR;sd fjiksVZ dk dksbZ mís'; gksrk gS vkSj ;g
/;ku j[kuk pkfg;s dh fjiksVZ ftl mís'; ds fy;s cuk;h x;h gks og mlls iwjk
gks A fjiksVZ fy[kus okys dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;s fd fjiksVZ lwpuk çnku djus
ds fy;s gS ;k fu.kZ; ysus ds fy;s vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy;s gS ;k
fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku djus ds fy;s gSA ,slh fjiksVZ csdkj gksxh tks vius
mís'; dks iwjk u djsA vr% fjiksVZ fy[kus esa lcls igyk dk;Z mís'; dk irk
yxkuk gksrk gSA

2 fjiksVZ ds çkIrdrkZ ;k mldk mi;ksx djus okys dks tkuuk % fjiksVZ fy[kus ls
igys mldk mi;ksx djus okyksa dh laxBu esa infLFkfr rFkk mudh #fp]
la[;k] fuiq.krk vkfn ds ckjs esa tkuuk pkfg;sA

fuiq.krk % fjiksVZ ys[kd dks irk gksuk pkfg;s fd mldk ç;ksx djus okyksa dks
fo"k; oLrq dk fdruk Kku gS vkSj fo"k; dk ;fn dksbZ rduhdh igyw gSa rks D;k
mUgsa mldk Hkh Kku gSA

#fp % fjiksVZ esa fn;s tkus okys rF;ksa ds ckjs esa mlds mi;ksxdrkZ dh #fp irk
gksuh pkfg;s ftlls vuqeku yx lds fd fjiksVZ ij fdruh xaHkhjrk ls fopkj gks

5
 ldsxkA mnkgj.k ds fy;s fdlh leL;k ij fy[kh x;h fjiksVZ mu çca/kdksa ds
fy;s vf/kd #fpiw.kZ gksxh tks ml leL;k ls lEcfU/kr gSaA

laxBu esa infLFkfr % fjiksVksaZ ds mi;ksxdrkZ vf/kdkjh ;k foHkkxh; v/;{k ;k

i;Zos{kd gks ldrs gSaA fjiksVZ ds mi;ksxdrkZ dk laxBu esa tks in gS] fjiksVZ dk
fooj.k] çLrqrhdj.k dh 'kSyh vkfn mlh ds vuqlkj gksuh pkfg;s A mnkgj.k ds
fy;s ?kVrh gqbZ fcØh ds ckjs esa fjiksVZ fcØh çca/kd vkSj çca/k funs'kd dks
vyx&vyx rjhds ls çLrqr dh tk,xh ;k mRiknu çca/kd o fcØh çca/kd dks
Hkh vyx&vyx rjhds ls çLrqr dh tk,xhA

3 vko';d vk¡dM+s ,d= djuk % fjiksVZ ds mís'; vkSj mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vPNh
rjg tkuus ds ckn fofHkUu lzksrksa ls vk¡dM+s ,d= djus ij /;ku nsuk pkfg;sA
vk¡dM+s rF; vkSj vad gksrs gSaA çkFkfed vk¡dM+s] lk{kkRdkj] voyksdu] ç'ukoyh
vkfn }kjk çkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA Qkbyksa] nLrkostksa] çdkf'kr o vçdkf'kr fjiksVZ
ls vk¡dM+s çkIr djus ds f}rh; lzksr gSaA vk¡dM+s fdl lzksr ls çkIr djus pkfg;s
;g fjiksVZ ds mís'; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vk¡dM+ksa dh ifj'kq)rk vkSj fo'oluh;rk
dk fjiksVZ ys[ku esa cgqr egRo gksrk gSA

4- vk¡dM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k o fo'ys"k.k % tc rd ,d= fd;s x;s vk¡dM+ksa ds mís';

/;ku esa j[kdj oxhZdj.k o fo'ys"k.k u fd;k tk, rc rd ;s mi;ksxh ugha gks
ldrsA vk¡dM+ksa ds oxhZdj.k o fo'ys"k.k ds dksbZ fuf'pr fu;e ugha gSaA fjiksVZ
dh çHkkodkfjrk vk¡dM+ksa ds mfpr :i ls fo'ys"k.k djus] lgh rjg ls mudh
O;k[;k djus vkSj mfpr fu"d"kZ fudkyus dh ;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA

5 fjiksVZ dh :ijs[kk cukuk % vk¡dM+ksa ds oxhZdj.k ds Ik”pkr~ fjiksVZ dh :ijs[kk

rS;kj djuh pkfg;sA fjiksVZ dk xBu gh mldh Lohdk;Zrk dks fu/kkZfjr djrk
gSA yEch fjiksVZ ds dbZ Hkkx gks ldrs gSA fjiksVZ cukrs le; rhu eq[; Hkkxksa ij
/;ku nsuk pkfg;s% ¼i½ izLrkouk ¼ii½ fjiksVZ dk eq[; Hkkx vkSj ¼iii½ fu"d"kZ rFkk
flQkfj'ksAa ;s rhu gh fdlh fjiksVZ dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx gksrs gSaA bl voLFkk esa
fjiksVZ ds nks eq[; igyqvksa ij fu.kZ; ysuk vko';d gksrk gSA
1½ çLrkouk% fjiksVZ ds eq[; Hkkx rFkk fu"d"kZ o flQkfj'kksa dks fdl Øe esa
çLrqr fd;k tk,A

2½ fjiksVZ ds eq[; Hkkx] tks bldk lcls cM+k Hkkx gksrk gS] dks dSls laxfBr
fd;k tk;sA

6
tgk¡ rd fjiksVZ ds rhuksa Hkkxksa ds Øe dk ç'u gS] fuEufyf[kr rhu fodYiksa esa ls
fdlh Hkh ,d dks viuk;k tk ldrk gS%

fodYi 1 fodYi 2 fodYi 3

çLrkouk çLrkouk fu"d"kZ

eq[; Hkkx fu"d"kZ çLrkouk
fu"d"kZ eq[; Hkkx eq[; Hkkx

igyk fodYi rc viuk;k tk ldrk gS tc laHkkouk gks fd mi;ksDrk fjiksVZ dks

i<+s fcuk fu"d"kksaZ dks ugha le> ldsxkA ;g fof/k ml fLFkfr esa Hkh viuk;h
tkrh gS tc fjiksVZ ds fu"d"kZ mi;ksDrkvksa ds er ds foijhr gksaA igys fodYi
ds çLrqrhdj.k dk Øe çkIr djus okys dks fu"d"kksaZ dks ekuus ls igys iwjh
fjiksVZ i<+us dks çsfjr djrk gSA

fodYi 2 vkSj 3 fuEufyf[kr pkj fLFkfr;ksa esa ls fdlh esa Hkh viuk;s tk ldrs
gSa % 1½ tc fjiksVZ i<+us okyk lcls igys fu"d"kZ tkuuk pkgrk gks] 2½ çkIrdrkZ
esa fjiksVZ ds vU; Hkkxksa dks i<+s fcuk fu"d"kksaZ dks le>us dh {kerk gks] 3½ tc
fu"d"kZ fjiksVZ esa nh x;h lwpuk dh O;k[;k djus esa lgk;d gks vkSj bls i<+us
ls fjiksVZ dks le>uk ljy gks] vkSj ¼4½ çkIrdrkZ ds erkuqlkj fu"d"kZ Lohdk;Z
gksA

fjiksVZ ds eq[; Hkkx ds laxBu ls lacaf/kr nwljk igyw Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA tSlk fd
igys crk;k tk pqdk g]S fjiksVZ] dk eq[; Hkkx bldk lcls cM+k Hkkx gksrk gSA
vr% bls laxfBr djuk vko';d gS rkfd bldk okafNr çHkko iM+ ldsA

6 vfUre fjiksVZ cukuk % fjiksVZ dh :ijs[kk rS;kj gks tkus ds ckn mls fy[kuk
'kq: djuk pkfg;sA mfpr çLrqrhdj.k ls fjiksVZ dh çHkkodkfjrk c<+ tkrh gSA
fjiksVZ esa lkekU; ç;ksx ds çrhdksa dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg;sA eq[; Hkkx esa nh x;h
lwpuk ds fy;s rkfydkvksa] js[kkfp=ksa ¼graphs½ o vkjs[kksa ¼diagrams½ dk ç;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gSA js[kkfp=ksa ¼tSls fd fgLVksxzke] vko`fÙk oØ] vko`fÙk cgqHkqt
vkfn½ vkSj fp=ksa ¼tSls ikbZ fp=] ckj fp= vkfn½ dh lgk;rk ls fjiksVZ dk
lkjka'k vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA fjiksVZ fy[kus okys dh fjiksVZ fy[kus dh
'kSyh mldh ç—fr o mís'; ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg;sA fjiksVZ fy[krs le;
fuEufyf[kr lq>koksa ij /;ku nsuk mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA

7
 i½ Hkk"kk dh mi;qDrrk ij /;ku nsaA tgk¡ rd laHko gks vifjfpr 'kCnksa dk
ç;ksx u djsaA
ii½ v#fpiw.kZ Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx u djsaA

iii½ vkSipkfjd O;olkf;d fjiksVksaZ esa voS;fDrd 'kSyh dk ç;ksx djsaA

iv½ tgk¡ rd laHko gks ldkjkRed –f"Vdks.k viuk;saA

v½ çR;sd iSjkxzkQ esa dsoy ,d gh fo"k;oLrq dk fooj.k fn;k tk,A

vi½ vuko';d iqujko`fÙk u djsaA

vii½ Vkbfiax o O;kdj.k dh v'kqf);k¡ u jgaas blds fy;s /;ku ls tk¡p

djsaA

;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd vk¡dM+ksa ds oxhZdj.k vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus dk mís';

mi;ksxh flQkfj'ksa djus esa budh lgk;rk ysuk gksrk gSA vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij
fu"d"kZ fudkyus esa ys[kd iw.kZr;k Lora= gksrk gSA ysfdu flQkfj'ksa ;qfDr;qDr
gksuh pkfg;sA ;fn fjiksVZ fy[kus okyk lq>koksa dks çekf.kr dj ldrk gS rks
fjiksVZ ds çkIrdrkZ dks mUgsa ekuus esa dksbZ fgpfdpkgV ugha gksxhA fjiksVZ ds
vfUre çk:i esa lHkh eq[; flQkfj'ksa vkuh pkfg;sA

7 fjiksVZ çLrqr djuk % çR;sd fjiksVZ rS;kj djus ds ckn mls mi;qDr vf/kdkjh
dks fopkjkFkZ o fu.kZ; ysus ds fy;s çLrqr dh tkuh pkfg;sA

cks/k ç'u [k

1 fjiksVZ ys[ku ds egRoiw.kZ pj.k crkb;sA

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8
2 fjiksVZ dk mís'; tkuuk D;ksa vko';d gksrk gS\
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3 fjiksVZ dks çLrqr djus ds fy;s dkSu Lkh fof/k;k¡ viuk;h tk ldrh gSa\
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4 fjiksVZ ds eq[; Hkkx D;k gSa\ ;g fjiksVZ esa fdl Øe esa vkrs gSa\
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5 fuEufyf[kr dFkuks esa ls dkSu ls lgha gSa vkSj dkSu ls xyr gSa \
i½ fjiksVZ fy[kus okys dks fdlh vkSj ds fopkjksa dks Lohdkj ugha djuk
pkfg;sA
ii½ vk¡dM+ksa dk ç;ksx djus vkSj fu"d"kZ fudkyus esa fjiksVZ ds ys[kd dks iw.kZ
Lora=rk gksrh gSA
iii½ fu"d"kZ ges'kk fjiksVZ ds vUr esa çLrqr fd;s tkrs gSaA
iv½ fjiksVZ rS;kj djrs le; mlds çkIr djus okyksa dh #fp ij /;ku nsuk
vko';d ugha gksrkA
v½ ,d vPNh fjiksVZ esa de js[kkfp= vkSj vkjs[k gksrs gSaA

12-4 fjiksVZ ys[ku esa fofHkUu pj.k

O;kikfjd fjiksVZ cukus dh foLr`r fof/k rks vki tku gh x;s gSaA vc ge fjiksVZ cukus esa
fofHkUu pj.kksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA Vsyj th- fgDl ds vuqlkj fjiksVZ dh ;kstuk cukus o
mls laxfBr djus esa pkj pj.k gksus pkfg;sA

pj.k 1 % lkexzh rS;kj djuk

• lwpuk] rF; o mnkgj.k ,d= djsAa

• ;g tk¡p djsa fd lHkh vko';d lwpuk gSaA
• fjiksVZ dk mís'; fuf'pr djsa% bls dkSu i<+sxk\ mls bldh vko';drk D;ksa gS\
mls D;k pkfg;s\ og bldk fdl çdkj mi;ksx djsxk\

9
pj.k 2 % fjiksVZ dh ;kstuk cukuk

• lkexzh dk oxhZdj.k djsaA

• :ijs[kk cuk,aA
• eq[; o xkS.k fo’k; “kh’kZdksa dh lwph cuk;saA

pj.k 3 % fjiksVZ fy[kuk

• fo"k; vkSj mís'; fy[ksa vkSj çLrkouk dh :ijs[kk cuk;saA

• fjiksVZ ds eq[; Hkkx esa lk/kuksa] fof/k;ksa vkSj ifj.kkeksa dk o.kZu djsaA
• fu"d"kksaZ vkSj flQkfj'kksa dk lkj çLrqr djsaA vko';d ckrksa dks mfpr egRo nsaA
• fjiksVZ dks lkjka'k ds :i esa ,d ;k nks iSjkxzkQksa esa nsaA
• fo"k;&lwph cuk,a vkSj mnkgj.kksa] rkfydkvksa] ifjf'k"Vksa vkSj xzaFkksa dh lwph cuk,aA

pj.k 4 % fjiksVZ dh vkykspuk

• iwjh fjiksVZ] bldh ;kstuk o blds Hkkxksa dh tk¡p djsaA

• 'kh"kZd] fo"k;&lwph] çLrkouk vkSj lkjka'k dh vuq:irk dh tk¡p djsaA
• ;g tk¡p djsa fd okD; o iSjkxzkQ lekuqikrh gksaA
• 'kCnksa dh] okD;ksa dh lajpuk dh vkSj ,d fo"k; ls nwljs fo"k; ij laØe.k dh
tk¡p djsA

12-5 yEch fjiksVZ

vkidks vc rd fjiksVZ ys[ku ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k] tSls lkekU;
fu;e] fof/k] fofHkUu pj.k vkfnA vc ge fjiksVZ ys[ku ds O;kogkfjd igyqvksa ij fopkj
djsaxsA vyx&vyx çdkj dh fjiksVksaZ dh 'kSyh o çLrqrhdj.k Hkh vyx&vyx gksrk gSA
O;olkf;d fjiksVksaZ dks mudh yEckbZ ds vk/kkj ij nks oxksaZ esa ckaVk tkrk gS% 1½ yEch
fjiksVZ vkSj 2½ NksVh fjiksVZA yEch fjiksVZ dk çk:i NksVh fjiksVZ ls fHkUu gksrk gSA igys
ge yEch fjiksVZ dh lajpuk ij fopkj djsaxs vkSj vxys Hkkx esa NksVh fjiksVZ dh lajpuk
ij fopkj fd;k tk,xkA

10
yEch fjiksVZ ds lk/kkj.kr;k rhu Hkkx gksrs gSa% ¼1½ çkjafHkd Hkkx] ¼2½ fo"k; vkSj ¼3½
vuqiwjd HkkxA buesa ls çR;sd Hkkx ds mi&Hkkx gks ldrs gSaA uhps fn;s x;s fp= ¼12-1½
esa ;s rhuksa eq[; Hkkx o muds mi&Hkkx fn[kk;s x;s gSaA

yEch fjiksVZ ds Hkkx

çkjafHkd Hkkx fo"k; vuqiwjd Hkkx

'kh"kZd çLrkouk vUr esa fVIif.k;k¡
eq[ki`"B eq[; Hkkx ifjf'k"V
çkf/kdj.k nLrkost fu"d"kZ xzaFk lwph

fo"k;&lwph vuqØef.kdk

rkfydk&lwph
fp=&lwph
lkjka'k

fp= 12-1 yEch fjiksVZ ds Hkkx

12-5-1 çkjafHkd Hkkx ¼Preliminary Part½

yEch fjiksVZ ds çkjafHkd Hkkx esa cgqr ls fo"k;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA fo"k;ksa dh
ç—fr lkekU;r% fjiksVZ dh fLFkfr] ç—fr vkSj fo"k;&oLrq ij fuHkZj djrh gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy;s] vkSipkfjd fjiksVZ esa vukSipkfjd fjiksVZ ls vf/kd fo"k; gksrs gSaA vf/kdka'k
vkSipkfjd fjiksVkZsa ds çkjafHkd Hkkx esa fuEufyf[kr dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS %

1 'kh"kZd ¼Title Fly½% çR;sd fjiksVZ dk ,d 'kh"kZd gksrk gSA 'kh"kZd laf{kIr vkSj
fjiksVZ dh fo"k;&oLrq dk lwpd gksuk pkfg;sA

2 eq[ki`"B ¼Title Page½% lHkh O;olkf;d fjiksVksaZ dk eq[ki`"B gksuk vko';d gSA
blesa fjiksVZ dk 'kh"kZd] fy[kus okys dk uke o in] fjiksVZ çLrqr djus dh
rkjh[k vkSj ml O;fDr dk uke o in ftlds fy;s fjiksVZ cuk;h x;h gS] vkrs
gSaA

11
3 çkf/kdj.k nLrkost ¼Authorisation Document½% ml i= dh ,d çfrfyfi çkjafHkd
Hkkx esa 'kkfey djuh pkfg;s ftlds }kjk laxBu ds fdlh l{ke O;fDr us fjiksVZ
cukus ds fy;s çkf/k—r fd;k gSA

4 fo’k;&lwph (Table of Content): blesa fjiksVZ ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ¼v/;k;ksa½

rkfydkvksa] fp=ksa] ifjf”k’Vksa] xzaFklwph] vkfn dh lwph nh tkrh gSA blesa v/;k;ksa
ds “kh’kZdksa dh i`’B la[;k,a Hkh nh tkrh gSA

5 rkfydkvksa dh lwph ¼List of Tables½ % rkfydkvksa dh lwph fo"k; lwph ds ckn

vyx ls nh tkrh gSA blesa rkfydk dh la[;k] rkfydk 'kh"kZd vkSj çR;sd
rkfydk dh i`"B la[;k nh tkrh gSA bl lwph dks mlh Øe esa cuk;k tkrk gS
ftl Øe esa rkfydk,a fjiksVZ esa nh x;h gSaA

6 fp=ksa dh lwph % rkfydkvksa dh lwph ds ckn fp=ksa dh lwph nh tkrh gSA bldk
çk:i oSlk gh gksrk gS tSlk fd rkfydkvksa dh lwph dk gksrk gSA blesa fp=ksa dh
Øela[;k] 'kh"kZd o i`"B la[;k nh tkrh gSA bl lwph esa Hkh fp=ksa dks mlh Øe
esa fy[kk tkrk gS ftl Øe esa os fjiksVZ esa gSaA

7 lkjka'k % ;g iwjh fjiksVZ dk laf{kIr fooj.k gksrk gSA blls fjiksVZ çkIr djus okys
dks iwjh fjiksVZ i<+s fcuk mlds ckjs esa viuk er cukus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
lkekU;rk lkjka'k esa dqN gh iSjkxzkQ gksrs gSa vkSj bls ,d i`"B rd gh lhfer
j[kk tkrk gSA

12-5-2 fo"k; oLrq ¼Text½

fjiksVZ ds çkjafHkd vkSj vuqiwjd Hkkx ds chp ds Hkkx dks fo"k; OkLrq dgrs gSaA ;g
fjiksVZ dk eq[; Hkkx gksrk- gSA blds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSa% 1½ çLrkouk] 2½ eq[; Hkkx] vkSj
3½ fu"d"kZ] bu rhuksa Hkkxksa ds Øe ds ckjs esa vkidks igys gh crk;k tk pqdk gSA
vkb;s vc bu ij la{ksi esa fopkj djsaA

1½ çLrkouk % lkekU;r;k çLrkouk esa fjiksVZ dh Hkwfedk] mís';] vk¡dM+s ,d= djus
dh fof/k] fo'ys"k.k rFkk fjiksVZ dk xBu çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA blls i<+us okys
dks ;g Kkr gks tkrk gS fd og fjiksVZ ds eq[; Hkkx esa D;k i<+sxkA

2½ eq[; Hkkx % ;g fjiksVZ dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA blesa fo"k; dk foLr`r
fooj.k] rkfydk,a] fp=] js[kkfp= vkfn gksrs gSaA
12
3½ fu"d"kZ % fjiksVZ i<+us okys us vHkh tks dqN i<+k gS mldk ;g lkjka'k gksrk gSA
blesa fjiksVZ dh egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj eq[; Hkkx ds
fofHkUu [k.Mksa dh ,slh ckrksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k tkrk gS] tks ,d nwljs ls
fHkUu gksaA bl [k.M ds vUr esa fu"d"kksaZ ds vk/kkj ij flQkfj'ksa Hkh nh tkrh gSaA

12-5-3 vuqiwjd Hkkx ¼Supplementary Part½

vuqiwjd Hkkx fjiksVZ dk vfUre Hkkx gksrk gSA blesa D;k&D;k 'kkfey fd;k tk,xk ;g
fjiksVZ dh ç—fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ijarq dqN lkekU; enksa dks blesa vo'; gh 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gSa] tSls fd vUr esa nh tkus okyh fVIif.k;k¡] ifjf'k"V] xzUFklwph vkSj
vuqØef.kdkA vc buesa ls çR;sd ds ckjs esa la{ksi esa v/;;u djsaxsA

1 vUr esa nh tkus okyh fVIif.k;k¡] ¼var fVIi.k½ % QqVuksV nsuk ,d lkekU; çFkk
gSA ;s i`"B ds vUr esa fn;s tkrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh QqVuksV i`"B u nsdj bUgsa fo"k;
ds rqjar ckn ,d vyx i`"B ij fn;k tkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa bUgsa var fVIi.k
¼end note½ dgk tkrk gSA bUgsa mlh Øe esa nsuk pkfg;s ftl Øe esa fjiksVZ esa
budk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

2 ifjf'k"V ¼Appendix or Annexure½% dHkh&dHkh fdlh ekeys dk C;kSjk nsuk fjiksVZ

ds fy;s mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA ysfdu bls fo"k; ds lkFk nsus ls ikBd dk /;ku
Hkax gks ldrk gSA blfy;s ,sls C;kSjs fjiksVZ ds vUr esa ifjf'k"Vksa ds :i esa nsuk
vf/kd mi;qDr gksrk gSA okLro esa dksbZ Hkh çklafxd fo"k; lkexzh vuqiwjd Hkkx
esa ifjf'k"V ds :i esa çLrqr dh tk ldrh gSA ç'ukoyh] i=] Kkiu&i= o
vU; lacaf/kr lkexzh lkekU;r;k mfpr 'kh"kZd o Øe la[;k ds lkFk ifjf'k"V ds
:i esa fjiksVZ esa 'kkfey dh tkrh gSA

3 xzaFklwph ¼Bibliography½% ;g ,sls nLrkostksa] çdk'kuksa] fjiksVksaZ vkfn ls lacaf/kr

lanHkksZ dh ,d lwph gksrh gS] ftUgsa fjiksVZ rS;kj djrs le; /;ku esa j[kk x;k
gSA ;g mu ikBdksa ds fy;s mi;ksxh gksrh gS ftUgsa vfrfjDr lwpuk pkfg;sA
lk/kkj.kr;k ;g o.kkZuqØfed gksrh gSA

4 vuqØef.kdk ¼Index½ % ;g egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa o 'kCnksa dh ,d o.kkZuqØfed lwph gS

ftlesa çR;sd fo"k; o 'kCn ds lkeus og i`"B la[;k fy[kh tkrh gS ftl i`"B esa

13
 mldk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vko';drkuqlkj vuqØef.kdk vuqiwjd Hkkxksa esa
o.kZØe esa Hkh cuk;h tk ldrh gSA

tSlk fd igys crk;k tk pqdk gS ;g vko';d ugha gS fd lHkh yEch fjikVksZa esa Åij
crk;s x;s Hkkx gh gksaA dHkh&dHkh blls vf/kd Hkkx Hkh gks ldrs gSa] tSls fd Hkwfedk]
çkDdFku] vkHkkj&Loh—fr] vkfnA

12-6 NksVh fjiksVZ

fiNys Hkkx esa vkius yEch fjiksVkZas dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa i<+kA dk;kZy; lfpo dks
cgqr lh NksVh fjiksVZ Hkh fy[kuh gksrh gSA NksVh fjiksVZ dk çk:i yEch fjiksVZ ds çk:i
ls fHkUu gksrk gSA NksVh fjiksVksaZ dh rqyuk esa yEch fjiksVkZas ds vf/kd Hkkx gksrs gSa vkSj
mUgsa foLrkj ls fy[kk tkrk gSA NksVh fjiksVZ dbZ :iksa esa cuk;h tk ldrh gSaA

fdl :i esa ;g cuk;h tk, ;g mís';] lanHkZ vkSj çkIrdrkZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ,slh
fjiksVZ lk/kkj.kr;k rhu :iksa esa cuk;h tkrh gSA

1½ Kkiu&i= ds :i esa ¼Memorandum Form½

2½ dk;Zo`Ùk ¼fooj.k½ ds :i esa ¼Minutes Form½
3½ i= ds :i esa

vkb;s vc bu rhuksa ij mnkgj.k lfgr foLrkj ls fopkj djsaA

12-6-1 Kkiu&i= ds :i esa

Kkiu&i= fyf[kr lEçs"k.k dk lokZf/kd ç;ksx fd;k tkus okyk :i gSA bldk ç;ksx
lk/kkj.kr;k ,d gh laxBu ds lnL;ksa esa leks"k.k ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA vUrfoZHkkxh;
vkSj vUr”kkZ[kk lEçs"k.k esa bldk vklkuh ls ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k bls fjdkMZ
;k lanHkZ gsrq Qkby esa j[kus ds fy;s Hkh cukrs gSaA

bldk çk:i ljy gksrk gSA Kkiu&i= fy[kus esa i= dh ckjhfd;ksa ls cpk tkrk gSA
bldk mís'; ljy vkSj 'kh?kz lEçs"k.k gksrk gSA blds fy;s laxBu cgq/kk Nis gq, QkeksZa
dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA bldk ,d çk:i uhps fn;k x;k gSA

14
 XYZ Manufacturing Company Ltd.
New Delhi

To : _______________________________________________
From : _______________________________________________
Dated : _______________________________________________
Subject : _______________________________________________
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

dHkh&dHkh Nis gq, Kkiu QkeksaZ esa ewy ds lkFk&lkFk jaxhu dksM okyh nks dkcZu çfr;ka
Hkh gksrh gSaA çkIrdrkZ }kjk mÙkj fy[kus ds fy, blesa LFkku Hkh gks ldrk gSA Kkiu ds
QkesZV dks vPNh rjg ls le>us ds fy, mnkgj.k 1] 2 vkSj 3 dk /;ku nsdj v/;;u
djsaA

mnkgj.k 1

foi.ku foHkkx ds ç'kklu vf/kdkjh Jh fou; dqekj us Jh jfo VaMu] foi.ku eSustj
dks Kkiu ds :i esa ,d laf{kIr fjiksVZ nh gS ftlesa mUgksaus dk;kZy; ds dk;ksaZ esa dqN
dfe;ksa dks crk;k gSA
EXCEL LABORATORIES LIMITED
New Delhi

To : Ravi Tandon, Manager, Marketing Division

From : Vinay Kumar, Administrative Officer, Marketing Division
Date : January 1, 2020
Subject : Report on certain defects in the office practices.

As desired, I have thoroughly examined our office practices and identified

certain defects, which need to be removed immediately. The main defects are
outlined below among with suggestions for consideration, as follows:

15
1 Our filing system is centralised. The Marketing Division has expanded its
operations in recent years considerably. The number of products has
increased from 4 to 18. With centralised filing system, it takes a long time
to locate and get relevant files. The processing of records has also
become very complicated because of centralised filing. I, therefore,
recommend the introduction of decentralised filing system as soon as
possible.

2 Regarding office machines, old and obsolete machines introduced at the

time of setting up of the office are still being used. They are mostly
outdated and obsolete. Electronic typewriters, dictating machines,
electronic stencil duplicators, adding machines and computers must be
introduced in order to improve the efficiency of office operations.

3 The Communication system also has some defects. Currently every file is
being scrutinised by four officials. They are taking their own time to
process and send the file to other sections. Decision making is thus
lacking in promptness because of delayed communication. Despatch of
letters to outsiders is also taking too much time. We have therefore, to
introduce addressing and mailing machines, franking machines, letter-
folding machines, inserting machines, envelop sealing machines, to avoid
delay in despatch of mail.

As a result of the aforesaid defects, office procedures have become complicated,

resulting in inordinate delay in work flow. I would therefore request that
appropriate steps be initiated for modernising the office systems and providing
necessary machines and equipment to improve efficiency.

VINAY KUMAR

mnkgj.k 2 uhps Kkiu ds :i esa ,d nwljh laf{kIr fjiksVZ nh tk jgh gS ftls Ø;

vf/kdkjh us çca/k funs'kd dks çLrqr fd;k gSA ;g fjiksVZ dk;kZy; ds QuhZpjksa vkSj
ys[ku&lkexzh ds ekudhdj.k ds laca/k esa gSA

16
 Hyderabad Electrical Company Ltd.
HYDERABAD

To : Rathi Ram Bhardwaj, Managing Director

From : Madhu Chaterjee, Purchase Officer
Date : January 1, 2020
Subject : Standardisation of office furniture and stationery.

Furniture is required in every office. It involves one-time investment in assets

for a long period. The use of stationery also involes a fairly amount of
expenditure of a recurring nature, Standardisation of office furniture and
stationery is important. Furniture or stationery items should be identical in terms
of quality, size or description. Standards must be laid down for almost every
type of furniture and stationery. The process of standardisation involves laying
down of the exact size, quality dimensions and their specification in respect of
each item of supply.

The criteria for the selection of various items of furniture and stationery should
be clearly laid down. Due care should be taken before shifting from one brand
of supply to another. If an item is satisfactory, no purpose is served by changing
the brand of the item. However, in some cases, a new product may be superior
or better in quality. Hence, samples of these products should be tested from time
to time under similar conditions. The service and efficiency claimed for the
items should be analysed and if the price is higher, an attempt should be made
to determine whether the difference in price is justified. This would give one an
idea as to whether a particular brand item should be replaced or continued.
Identical furniture should be used and numbered. Proper action may please be
taken to introduce standard furniture and stationery items for office use.

MADHU CHATERJEE

mnkgj.k 3 bl mnkgj.k esa fdlh daiuh ds ilZuy eSustj us çca/k funs'kd dks Kkiu
ds :i esa ,d laf{kIr fjiksVZ çLrqr dh gS ftlesa mlus vf/kd cksul ds fy, Jfedksa ds
vkanksyu ds laca/k esa fy[kk gSA

17
 HINDUSTAN MACHINE TOOLS PVT. LTD
NEW DELHI

To : Ashok Mittal, Managing Director

From : Arun Grover, Personal Manager
Date : January 1, 2020
Subject : Agitation for higher bonus to workmen

You are aware that workers of our organisation have been agitating from some
time demanding higher bonus. We have been declaring and paying bonus in
cash to the workers for the last ten years. This year our productin has increased
by 50% over that of the last year. Sales have also improved because of wide
marketing network of facilities and successful marketing. Last year, we paid
bonus at the rate of 30 days salary. This year we propose to declare bonus at the
rate of 33 days salary. But workers are not agreeable to this proposal. They have
started agitation demanding that they should be paid 40 days salary as bonus.
They put forth the following points in support of their demand.

1. Production and sales have increased.

2. Standardised products are produced.
3. Profits have increased.
4. Other competitive firms are paying more bonus than that is declared by us
now.

I hope you will take appropriate action to resolve the problem and prevent the
agitation of workmen taking any serious turn.

ARUN KUMAR

12-6-2 dk;Zo`Ùk ¼fooj.k½ ds :i esa

lfefr;ksa vkSj milfefr;ksa dh fjiksVZ lk/kkj.kr;k fooj.k ds :i esa çLrqr dh tkrh gSaA
tc Hkh dksbZ laxBu ;k dksbZ lfefr ;k mi&lfefr fu;qDr djrk gS rks ml lfefr ;k
mi&lfefr dks tks fo"k; lkSaik x;k gksrk gS mls mldh tk¡p dh fjiksVZ çLrqr djuh
gksrh gSA tc lfefr dh cSBd gksrh gS rks ml cSBd dh dk;Zokgh fooj.k ds :i esa
18
fjdkMZ dh tkrh gS vkSj bl fooj.k dks lfefr ds lnL;ksa o laxBuksa esa fnypLih ysus
okys O;fDr;ksa dks Hkstk tkrk gSA fo"k; oLrq vkSj mís'; ,sls Hkh gks ldrs gSa fd
lfefr;ksa dks yEch fjiksVZ nsuh iM+sA ysfdu dk;Zo`Ùk ds :i esa fjdkMZ dh tkus okyh
lHkkvksa dh dk;Zokgh dh fjiksVZ NksVh gksrh gSA lHkh laxBu fooj.k rS;kj djus ds dqN
ekud çk:i viukrs gSaA ekud çk:i esa 'kq: ds iSjkxzkQ esa lfefr dk uke] cSBd dk
LFkku] rkjh[k vkSj le; fn;k tkrk gSA vxys iSjk esa mifLFkr lnL;ksa vkSj vuqifLFkr
lnL;ksa ds uke fn;s tkrs gSaA blds ckn lfefr dh dk;Zokgh foLrkj ls fy[kh tkrh
gSA vUr esa lfefr v/;{k dk gLrk{kj gksrk gS tks fooj.k dks çekf.kr djrk gSA uhps
dk;Zo`Ùk ds :i esa ,d lfefr dh fjiksVZ dk mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA

mnkgj.k 4

Hkkjr dE;wfuds'kUl fyfeVsM fofHkUu çdkj ds VsyhQksu midj.kksa dk mRiknu djus-

okyh daiuh gSA bl daiuh esa ikap lnL;ksa okyh ,d LFkk;h lfefr gS] ftlds lnL;
foi.ku çca/kd] mRiknu çca/kd] foÙka çca/kd vkSj HkaMkj çca/kd gSa rFkk lfefr dh
v/;{krk çca/k funs'kd djrs gSaA ;g lfefr le;&le; ij çR;sd mRikn dh fcØh dh
leh{kk djrh gS vkSj fcØh dk tks y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS mls çkIr djus ds fy,
mik; dk lq>ko nsrh gSA lfefr dh ikapoh cSBd ds dk;Zo`Ùk dks uhps fn;k x;k gSA

MINUTES OF THE FIFTH MEETING OF THE SALES REVIEW

COMMITTEE HELD ON 1ST APRIL 2020 AT 2.30 PM IN THE
COMMITTEE ROOM - 1

1. Mr. Satish Agarwal Chairman

Managing Director

2 Mr. Anil Madan

Member Marketing Member

3. Mr. Narayana Prasad Member

Production Manager

4 Mr. Ramesh Sippy Member

Stores Manager

Ms. Madhu Srivastav could not attend the meeting due to illness.

19
The Committee studied the trend sales of Product—3 in domestic as well as
international markets. It is found that sales of the product have been declining
during the last six months. The folowing important reasons have been identified
for declining sales of the products.

1. Due to competition, other firms are selling goods at cheaper prices

compared to our product. While there were five firms producing the same
product earlier, there are at present more than 10 firms in the field.

2 Our advertising expenditure is far less compared to the competitive firms.

Further, the advertsiign strategies used by the company are not effective.

3. We have only four marketing zones in the entire country. Because of

limited number of zones, the company is not in a position to distribute the
products throughout the country and the product is not available at all
places. Hence, there is need to increase the number of zones and sales
depots for effective distribution through out the country.

4. Regarding the foreign markets, out product is of low quality compared to

the competing products. Further, there are still some restriction on export
of electronic and electrical goods. Due to these reasons export sales have
not shown any progress.

Corrective measures should be taken in the immediate future to improve

the sales.

SATISH AGARWAL

12-6-3 i= ds :Ik esa

tSlk fd igys crk;k tk pqdk gSA Kkiu&i= vkSj dk;Zo`Ùk ds :i esa NksVh fjiksVZ
laxBu esa vkUrfjd laçs"k.k ds fy;s cuk;h tkrh gSaA cká laçs"k.k ds fy;s cgqr lh
NksVh fjiksVZ i= ds :i esa çLrqr dh tkrh gSaA ,slh fjiksVZ i= tSlh gh fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSA blesa i= dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa] tSls Hkstus okys dk irk] rkjh[k] vfHkoknu]
eq[; Hkkx] gLrk{kj] vkfn A dHkh&dHkh vfHkoknu o eq[; Hkkx ds chp ds LFkku esa
fo"k; dk uke Hkh fy[k fn;k tkrk gSA lk/kkj.kr;k ;g fjiksVZ dEiuh ds ySVj gSM ij
Vkbi dh tkrh gSaA

20
mnkgj.k 5 vkSj 6 i=ksa ds :i esa NksVh fjiksVksaZ ds mnkgj.k gSaA

Illustration 5

SRI AUTOMOBILE COMPANY DELAERS ASSOCIATION

N-33 SAKET, NEW DELHI 110 030

Το
Date: 31-3-2020

The Managing Director

Sri Automobile Company Ltd.
MADRAS-21

Dear Sir,

A meeting of the dealers of your company was held on 14th March 2020 at the
office of the association in New Delhi. We discussed different matters relating
to products and sales of the automobiles manufactured by Sri Automobile Co.
The following suggestions have emerged for deliberations at the meeting:

1 It is necessary to ensure that the time gap between order booking and
delivery is minimised and the Vehicles reach the dealers immediately
after production.

2 Dealers margin should be increased from 12% to 15%

3 Booking of vehicles by customers should be scrutinised by the dealers.

1 The company should bear the entire advertising expenditure. The dealers
must be given discretion to advertise locally in their respective areas.

5 Dealers have agreed to send reports to the company on weekly sales and
stock levels.

21
 The management of the company is requested to initiate necessary steps
on the points stated above and communicate the decisions to the dealers
as early as possible.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

Naveen Bhatia
President

SBI FUNDS MANAGEMENT LTD

ΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧ
Date: XXXX
To
The Editor,
Capital Market
401, Swastik Chambers
Chembur
Mumbai - 71

Dear Sir,

Sub: A rejoinder to your article on Mutual Funds published in the issue

dated October 11-24, 2020

Your cover story on Mutual Funds in the issue dated Oct. 11-24, 2020, is a well-
researched and lucidly presented article. We, however, find certain oddities in
comparison and questionable presumptions which have unfortunately crept in.
To set the record straight and put the study in the right perpectivie. we request
you to publish this rejoinder.

1 Our 2020 growth scheme Magnum Multiplier plus (MMPS) was

launched in Feb. 20 and by June, only 33% of the corpus of Rs.972 cr
was deployed in equities. The net asset value taken by you at Rs. 10.18
was accordingly of a portfolio in its preliminary stage of construction and
22
 you have curiously compared it with growth schemes launched in 2019,
whose portfolios had stablised long before. Importantly, MMPS 93 is the
only scheme you have taken for comparison, omitting other schemes
launched in 2020 like Dhanavikas,Grand Master and Master Growth, as
the relative NAVs were not available.

2 In any equity investment of a fund, outlook for growth is medium to long-

term and, be that as it may, the relative strength of the portfolio can
emerge only in course of time. It is therefore premature to compare the
growth of such a scheme over a narrow time frame of three months with
others which have achieved stability in their basic investment structure.

3. If at all an evaluation of performance of any new scheme is to be carried

out in an absolute time frame during the process of initial investment, the
more appropriate benchmark would have been the average index level of
entry and compare the growth in NAV vis-a-vis the growth in the Stock
Exchange Index. It will be of interest to know that based on the above
parameter, the NAV of the Magnum Multiplier Plus Scheme showed a
growth of 9.72% during the June-August period, as against the Sensex
growth of 7.4%.

General Manager

cks/k ç'u x

1 fgDl }kjk crk;s x;s os pkj pj.k crkb;s tks O;olkf;d fjiksVksaZ dh ;kstuk
cukus vkSj laxfBr djus ds fy;s viuk;s tkus pkfg,aA
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2 yEch fjiksVkasZ ds rhu izeq[k Hkkx crkb;sA

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23
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 NksVh fjiksVkasZ ds fofHkUu :Ik crkb;sA
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4 fo"k;&lwph vkSj rkfydkvksa dh lwph esa Hksn dhft;sA

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5 Js.kh d vkSj Js.kh [k dh enksa ds mfpr tksM+ cukb;sA

Js.kh d Js.kh [k
d½ Kkiu&i= 1½ çkFkfed Hkkx
[k½ i=&fjiksVZ 2½ lHkk,a
x½ xzaFklwph 3½ cká laçs"k.k
?k½ dk;Zo`Ùk 4½ vkUrfjd laçs"k.k
³½ lkjka'k 5½ lanHkZ

6 fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu ls lgh gSa vkSj dkSu ls xyr gSa \
i½ çkf/kdj.k nLrkost lHkh yEch fjiksVksaZ dk çkjafHkd Hkkx esa gksrk gSA
ii½ i=&fjiksVsZ çk;% dEiuh ds ySVj gSM ij Vkbi dh tkrh gSaA
iii½ dk;Zo`Ùk ds :i esa NksVh fjiksVZs vf/kdrj cká laçs"k.k ds fy;s cuk;h
tkrh gSaA
iv½ fjiksVZ cukrs le; mlds çkIrdrkZ dh #fp dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk
pkfg;sA

12-7 lkjka'k

fjiksVZ laxBu esa laçs"k.k ds ek/;e ds :i esa ç;ksx dh tkrh gSaA fjiksVZ cukrs le;
fuEufyf[kr fu;eksa dks /;ku %esa j[kuk pkfg;s% ¼1½ lwpuk dh ifj'kq)rk ¼2½ çHkkoh
laçs"k.k ¼3½ laf{kIr o Li"V 'kh"kZd ¼4½ mi;qDr Hkk"kk- ¼5½ uSfR;d 'kSyh ¼6½ mfpr
iSjkxzkQ cukuk ¼7½ laf{kIr ¼8½ flQkfj'ksa 'kkfey djuk ¼9½ gLrk{kj vkSj çLrqr djus
dh rkjh[kA

24
fjiksVZ fy[kus dh çfØ;k esa lkr dk;Z djus vko”;d gSa% ¼1½ mís'; fu/kkZfjr djuk]
¼2½ fjiksVZ çkIr djus okys dh igpku djuk] ¼3½ vk¡dM+s ,d= djuk] ¼4½ vk¡dM+ksa dk
oxhZdj.k o fo'ys"k.k djuk] ¼5½ fjiksVZ dh :ijs[kk cukuk] ¼6½ vfUre fjiksVZ cukuk]
vkSj ¼7½ fjiksVZ çLrqr djuk A blh çfØ;k dks Vsyj th- fgDl us pkj pj.kksa esa Li"V
fd;k gSA ¼1½ lkexzh rS;kj djuk] ¼2½ fjiksVZ dh ;kstuk cukuk ¼3½ fjiksVZ fy[kuk vkSj
¼4½ fjiksVZ dh vkykspuk djukA

fjiksVksaZ dh yEckbZ ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa nks oxksaZ esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS% ¼1½ yEch fjiksVZ vkSj
¼2½ NksVh fjiksVZA yEch fjiksVksaZ dk çk:i NksVh fjiksVksaZ ds çk:i ls fHkUu gksrk gSA

yEch fjiksVksaZ dk dksbZ fu/kkZfjr <k¡pk ugha gksrkA yEch fjiksVZ ds Hkkxksa dks rhu 'kh"kZdksa
ds vUrxZr oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gaSA ¼1½ çkjafHkd Hkkx ¼2½ fo"k; ¼3½ vuqiwjd HkkxA
çkjafHkd Hkkx esa 'kh"kZd] eq[k i`"B] çkf/kdj.k nLrkost] fo"k;&lwph] rkfydkvksa dh lwph]
fp=ksa dh lwph vkSj lkjka'k vkfn vkrs gSa A fo"k; ds vUrxZr çLrkouk] eq[; Hkkx o
fu"d"kZ vkrs gSaA vuqiwjd Hkkx esa fVIif.k;k¡] ifjf'k"V] xzaFklwph vkSj vuqØef.kdk vkfn
vkrs gSaA yEch fjiksVksaZ esa lcls igys çkjafHkd Hkkx] mlds ckn fo"k; vkSj vUr esa
vuqiwjd Hkkx gksrk gSA

NksVh fjiksVksaZ dh lajpuk yEch fjiksVksaZ ls vf/kd ljy gksrh gSA NksVh fjiksVZ rhu :iksa
esa çLrqr dh tk ldrh gSa ¼1½ Kkiu&i= ds :i esa ¼2½ dk;Zo`Ùk ds :i esa vkSj ¼3½ i=
ds :i esaA laxBu esa vkUrfjd laçs"k.k ds fy;s igys nks :iksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj cká laçs"k.k ds fy;s NksVh fjiksVZ i= ds :i esa çLrqr dh tkrh gSaA Kkiu&i= ds
:i esa fjiksVZ çLrqr djus ls i= dh cgqr lh ckjhfd;ksa ls cpk tk ldrk gS vkSj
laçs"k.k ljyrk ls vkSj “kh/kzrk ls gks ldrk gSA lfefr dh cSBd dh dk;Zokgh dks
dk;Zo`r ¼fooj.k½ ds :Ik esa lfefr ds lnL;ksa o laxBu ds vU; bPNqd O;fDr;ksa dks
fn;k tkrk gSA i=&fjiksVZ i= tSlh gh fn[kk;h nsrh gSA

12-8 'kCnkoyh

lkjka'k ¼Abstract½ % ;g iwjh fjiksVZ dk lkj gksrk gSA

ifjf'k"V ¼Appendices½% fjiksVZ ds fy;s mi;qDr lkexzh ftls vuqiwjd Hkkx ds :i esa
çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

25
xzaFklwph ¼Bibliography½% mu lzksrksa dh lwph ftUgsa fjiksVZ fy[kus okys us fjiksVZ fy[krs
le; /;ku esa j[kk gSA

x.kuk fof/k ¼Census Method½ % lHkh bdkb;ksa dk losZ{k.k djds lwpuk çkIr djus dh
fof/kA

vuqØef.kdk ¼Index½ % fjiksVZ esa fn;s x;s egÙkoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa o 'kCnksa dh ,d o.kkZuqØfed
lwphA ;g yEch fjiksVZ ds vuqiwjd Hkkx esa nh tkrh gSA

fjiksVZ dk çLrqrhdj.k ¼Presentation of Report½ % mi;qDr vf/kdkjh dks fjiksVZ çLrqr

djukA

çkFkfed lzksr ¼Primary Source½ % os lzksr ftuls çFke ckj vk¡dM+s ,d= fd;s x;s gksaA

ç'ukoyh ¼Questionnaire½ % vk¡dM+s ,d= djus ds fy;s rS;kj fd;s x;s ç'uksa dh lwphA

fjlhoj ¼Receiver½ % og O;fDr ftlds fy;s fjiksVZ cuk;h tkrh gSA

fjiksVZj ¼Reporter½ % fjiksVZ cukus okyk O;fDrA

f}rh;d lzksr ¼Secondary Source½ % vk¡dM+s çkIr djus ds os lzksr tgk¡ vk¡dM+s vU;
O;fDr;ksa }kjk ,d= fd;s x;s gksaA

v/khuLFk ¼Subordinate½ % og O;fDr tks fdlh vU; ds vkns'kkuqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA

fo"k;&lwph ¼Table of contents½ % fjiksVZ ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dh lwphA

12-9 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj

d 3 ¼i½ lgh ¼ii½ xyr ¼iii½ xyr ¼iv½ lgh ¼v½ lgh ¼vi½ xyr ¼vii½ lgh
[k 5 ¼i½ xyr ¼ii½ lgh ¼iii½ xyr ¼iv½ xyr ¼v½ xyr

x 5 ¼d½ 4 ¼[k½ 3 ¼x½ 5 ¼?k½ 2 ¼³½ 1-

6 ¼i½ xyr ¼ii½ lgh ¼iii½ xyr ¼iv½ lgh

26
12-10 Loij[k ç'u

1 fjiksVZ ys[ku ds fofHkUu fu;e D;k gSa\ A

2 fjiksVZ ys[ku dh fof/k crkb;sA

3 fjiksVZ ys[ku esa fofHkUu pj.k dkSu&dkSu ls gksrs gSa\

4 yEckbZ ds vk/kkj ij fjiksVksaZ dk oxhZdj.k djsa vkSj çR;sd oxZ dh fjiksVksaZ dh

fo'ks"krk,a crk;saA

5 yEch fjiksVZ ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dk foospu dhft;sA

6 fofHkUu çdkj dh NksVh fjiksVksaZ dh fo'ks"krk,a la{ksi esa crkb;sA

7 dEiuh dh lkafof/kd lHkk ij ,d fjiksVZ fy[ksaA

8 ,d cM+s laxBu esa deI;wVj ç.kkyh dk ç;ksx 'kq: djus ij ,d fjiksVZ fy[ksaA

9 dEiuh esa vuqla/kku o fodkl voljksa dh ,d fjiksVZ fy[ksaA

10 ys[kk foHkkx ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ij ,d fjiksVZ fy[ksaA

27