Graded Assignment # 1

Total Marks: 25
Semester: FALL 2024 Due Date:
G.SCIENCE (GSC101) 11th November, 2024

Student Name: JAVERIA SHAHID

Student ID: bc240440869

Question #1

Define work, energy, and power. How are they related to each other? Marks = 7

Solution:

Work:

Work is defined as the product of force and displacement in the direction of the force
applied. Mathematically, it is represented as:

where W is work, F is the force applied, S is the displacement of the object, and θ is the
angle between the force and displacement vectors. The SI unit of work is the Joule (J), which
is equivalent to

Conditions for work:

1. A force must act on the object.

2. The object must be displaced in the direction of the force.

Energy:

Energy is the capacity or ability of an object to do work. It is also measured in Joules

(J). There are various forms of energy, including:

 Kinetic energy (due to motion):

 Potential energy (due to position or height):

These forms, among others, make up mechanical energy.

Power:
 Power is the rate at which work is done, or energy is transferred. It represents how
quickly work is performed or energy is used and is given by:

where P is power, W is work, and t is time. Power is measured in Watts (W), where 1
Watt=1 Joule/second.

Relationship between Work, Energy, and Power:

Work, energy, and power are closely related in physics. When work is done on an object,
it results in a change in the object’s energy. For example, lifting an object increases its
potential energy, and accelerating it increases its kinetic energy. Power, on the other hand,
describes how fast this work is done or energy is transferred. If more work is done in less
time, power output is higher.

Question #2

A motor does 5000 joules of work in lifting a load over a period of 25 seconds. Calculate the
power output of the motor. Marks = 6

Solution:

To calculate the power output of a motor, we can use the formula for power:

Given:

P = power output =?

W = the work done = 5000 joules,

t = time taken = 25 seconds.

Solution:

Substitute the values into the formula:

The power output of the motor is 200 Watts.

Question # 3

A person lifts a 10 kg box to a height of 2 meters above the ground. Calculate the work done
by the person in lifting the box, and determine the gravitational potential energy gained by
the box at this height. (Take g = 9.8 m/s2.) Marks = 7
Solution:

To solve this problem, we need to calculate:

1. The work done by the person in lifting the box.

2. The gravitational potential energy gained by the box at a height of 2 meters.

Given:

Mass of the box = m = 10 kg

Height = h = 2 meters

Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 m/s²

1. Calculating the Work Done

The work done W in lifting the box is given by:

Since the force exerted to lift the box is equal to its weight ( ), we get:

Substitute the values:

2. Calculating the Gravitational Potential Energy Gained

Gravitational potential energy at height h is given by:

the gravitational potential energy gained by the box is: 196 J.

Answer:

 Work done by the person: 196 Joules.

  Gravitational potential energy gained by the box: 196 Joules.

Question # 4

State and explain Newton’s three laws of motion with examples. Marks = 5
Solution:
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
1. Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia):
This law states that "an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight
line unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force." In simpler terms, if no net force acts on
an object, its state of motion will not change.

 Example:
A book lying on a table stays at rest unless someone pushes or lifts it.
Similarly, a moving car will continue to move at a constant speed in a straight line if
no other forces (like friction or braking) act on it.
2. Newton's Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration):
This law states that "the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass." It can be represented
by the formula:
F = ma
where
F is the net force applied, m is the mass of the object, a is the acceleration produced.
 Example:
When you push a shopping cart, it accelerates in the direction of the
force. If the cart is heavily loaded, it requires more force to achieve the same
acceleration, showing that acceleration depends on both force and mass.

3. Newton's Third Law of Motion (Action and Reaction):

This law states that "for
every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." This means that forces always
occur in pairs; if object A exerts a force on object B, object B exerts an equal but
opposite force back on object A.

 Example:
When you jump off a boat onto the shore, you push the boat
backward (action), and the boat pushes you forward (reaction). Another
 example is a rocket launch, where the gases expelled downward produce an
upward thrust that propels the rocket.

Newton’s three laws describe how forces influence the motion of objects:
i. The first law explains inertia, or resistance to change in motion.
ii. The second law quantifies how force affects acceleration.
iii. The third law describes the reciprocal nature of forces between interacting objects.