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UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
College of Engineering and Architecture
Dubinan East, Santiago City
LEARNING MODULE
IN PBSARC 025
(BUILDING UTILITIES 2)
MODULE 1:
ELECTRICAL THEORY AND
FUNDAMENTALS
PREPARED BY:
ENGR. MAX HALLEYX A. LUMABAO,REE,RME
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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY (PART 2)
ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES TABLE
SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT CONNECTION
INTRODUCTION
An electric circuit mainly includes the arrangement of elements for energy transmission,
conversion, and storage. In the series circuit, the energy enters through one source and leaves
out through another sink. Throughout the circuit, various resistance is linked end to end. This
form of connection is also known as cascade connection, where the flow of current is through
only one direction.
SERIES CIRCUITS OVERVIEW
In the series circuit, the same magnitude of current passes from one path, and this
current travels all across the resistance.
The meaning of a series circuit says that the negative terminal of the component is
joined with the positive terminal connected in series.
Moreover, in the series circuit, the current passes at an equal magnitude and all the
components are arranged in a line.
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The advantages of the series circuit are:
The current in the circuit remains constant.
The circuit does not heat up speedily and thus will not catch fire easily.
SERIES CIRCUIT DEFINITION
The series circuit definition states that a series circuit is a path where the current flows
from one component to another through a single path.
In these types of series circuits, the negative terminal of the component is connected
with the positive terminal and vice versa.
The disadvantages of a series circuit: since there is only a single path for the flow of
current, if the circuit breaks, the appliance will be cut out of the current.
Examples Of Series Circuits
The series circuit examples are as follows:
Water heater
Freezers
Refrigerators
Lamps
Bulb
Well water pump
Flashlights
SUMMARY
A simple series circuit is designed with one load resistance and only one battery, in which the
negative terminal of the component is joined with the positive terminal of the series
combination.
In the series circuit, the current passes at an equal magnitude.
The formula of the series circuit is Total Resistance = R1+R2+R3……so on
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INTRODUCTION
When we compare series and parallel circuits, it is easy to analyze the circuit with only one
battery and one load resistance. But what if the number of components are increased?
MEANING OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
The parallel circuit is a very common and widely used circuit.
A parallel circuit is the type of circuit that includes more than two separate paths.
These paths allow the flow of current from the negative terminal of the component to
the positive terminal of the component.
The laws of parallel circuits state that:
1. The total voltage of a parallel circuit is equal to the voltage all across the circuit.
2. The total current is the sum of the individual currents.
3. Total resistance is equal to the sum of individual resistance.
EXAMPLES OF PARALLEL CIRCUITS
The parallel circuit examples are:
Outlets in our home
Washing machines
Home wiring
Wiring in toys
Microwave
Home appliances
Industrial installation
SUMMARY
A circuit with more than one resistance is known as a parallel circuit.
A parallel circuit is a type of circuit that includes more than two separate paths, allowing the
flow of current from the negative terminal of the component to the positive terminal of the
component.
The difference between series and parallel circuits are:
In series, there is one single node. While in parallel, it is more than two.
The voltage is divided into series. While in parallel, it is the same all across.
Resistors are simply connected to get equal resistance. Whereas in parallel, resistors need to
get a specific formula.
The parallel circuit formula: 1/Rt = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 … Rt = R (t)total.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARALLEL AND SERIES CIRCUIT AND
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
ELECTRICAL POWER
POWER is the rate at which energy is used or alternatively, the rate at which work is done.
Power implies continuity, It is the use of energy at a particular rate over a given span of time.
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL POWER(AC ELECTRICITY):
APPARENT POWER(S)- is the idle power. (wattage or W)
REAL/ACTIVE POWER(P)- is the real power that is dissipated in the circuit resistance.( volt-
ampere or VA)
REACTIVE POWER(Q)- the power developed in the circuit reactance is called reactive power.
(volt-amp reactive or VAR)
FORMULAS FOR POWER:
FOR REAL POWER: FOR APPARENT POWER:
P = I 2R S=IV =P/cosƟ =Q/sinƟ
P = V2/R FOR REACTIVE POWER:
P = IVcosƟ = IVpf , Q=IVsinƟ
where: pf(power factor) =cosƟ
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EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
For series circuit:
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For parallel circuit:
pg. 7
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