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NAME – ABHISHEK SINGH
ROLL NUMBER - 2314515260
ASSIGNMENT
SESSION FEBRUARY - MARCH 2024
PROGRAM MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER II
COURSE CODE & NAME DMBA204
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
CREDITS 4
NUMBER OF ASSIGNMENTS & 02
MARKS 30 Marks each
Q.No Assignment Set – 1 Marks Total Marks
Questions
1. Discuss the history of Computing. 10 10
2. What is IT interaction model? Explain. 10 10
3. How are management information systems different from transaction processing 10 10
systems?
Q.No Assignment Set – 2 Marks Total Marks
Questions
4. What are the different ways of making online payments? Explain 10 10
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5. What are the facilities an organization could have from ‘Customer Relationship 10 10
Management System’?
6. Why is vendor management important? What are the key issues to consider for 3+7 10
managing vendors carefully?
Assignment Set – 1
Questions
1. Discuss the history of Computing.
Definition of a Computer - before 1935, a computer was a person who performed arithmetic calculations. Between 1935 and 1945 the
definition referred to a machine, rather than a person. The modern machine definition is based on von Neumann's concepts: a device that
accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. We have gone from the vacuum tube to the transistor, to the microchip. Then
the microchip started talking to the modem. Now we exchange text, sound, photos and movies in a digital environment.
Computing milestones and machine evolution:
1642 - Pascaline - built mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal, 17th-century mathematician whose Pascal computer programming language was named
after him.
1804 - Jacquard loom - punch card programmed loom invented by Joseph Marie Jacquar• around
1850 - separating engine, analytical engine - Charles Babbage and Ada Byron (see her picture).
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In 1837, Babbage described the Analytical Engine, a hand-cranked mechanical digital computer that anticipated almost every aspect of today's
computers. It was not until more than 100 years later that another general purpose computer was invented. Ada Byron King Engine Sketch and Notes
of Lovelace Countess.•
1939-1942 - Computer of Atanasoff Berry - prof. Built by John V. Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State. Represented several
"units" in computing, including binary arithmetic, parallel processing, regenerative memory, separation of memory and computation, and more. Weight
750 kilograms. and had 3000 bits (0.4K) of memory. After that solved the problem, he recorded the numbers by writing the characters on cards. Look
at the chart.
• 1940s - Colossus - A vacuum tube computing machine that broke Hitler's codes during World War II. This helped Turing break German rules during
World War II to turn the tide of the war. In the summer of 1939, a small group of scientists became codebreakers working for the Bletchley Party in
England. That group of pioneering codebreakers helped shorten the war and changed the course of history. Check out the Bletchley Park website and
its history. For more information on World War II codes and ciphers, visit Tony's For Sale site.
• 1946 - ENIAC - The first electronic large-scale general-purpose computer in the world, built by Mauchly and Eckert and introduced at the University
of Pennsylvania in 1946. ENIAC was recreated for the modern computer circuit. See ENIAC on a Chip explained by Moore University of Pennsylvania
School of Electrical Engineering.
• 1951-1959 - technology based on a vacuum tube. Vacuum tubes are electronic devices that consist of a glass or steel vacuum shell and two or more
electrodes between which electrons can move freely. First commercial computers used vacuum tubes: Univac, IBM 701.
• 1950s-1960s - UNIVAC - "troop card technology" The first commercially successful computer introduced in 1951 by Remington Rand. More than
40 units of the system were sold. Its memory was made of mercury-filled acoustic delay lines with 1000 12-digit numbers. It used magnetic tapes that
stored 1 MB of data at 128 kpi. UNIVAC became (for a while) synonymous with the computer. Look at the picture of UNIVAC. View the UNIVAC
Flowchart
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• 1960 IBM 1620 - See images from the Museum of Computer History.
• 1960-1968 - Transistor based technology. Transistor invented in 1948 by Dr. John Bardeen, Dr. Walter Brattain and Dr. William Shockley. It
almost completely replaced the vacuum tube due to its lower cost, weight and power consumption and better reliability. See the explanation and
diagram of the transistor and what the first transistor looked like. The transistor is made to change its state from the initial state of conduction (on, full
current) tothe final state of isolation (off, no current).
• 1969 - The Internet, originally ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network), began as a military computer network.
• 1969-1977 - Integrated Circuit (IC) based technology. The first integrated circuit was introduced by Texas Instruments inventor Jack Kilby in 1958.
It was 7/16" wide and contained two transistors.
• 1976 - CRAY 1 - The world's first electronic digital computer developed in 1946. The 75 MHz, 64-bit machine with a maximum speed of 160
megaflops (a million floating-point operations per second) was the world's fastest processor at the time
• 1976 - Apples/MACs - Apple was designed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Apple was the first to have a "window" type graphical user interface
and a computer mouse. Like today's computers, early Apples had an attached keyboard and mouse and a floppy drive that could hold 3.5-inch disks.
Macintosh replaced Apple.
1978-1986 - Large Scale Integration (LSI); Alto - early workstation with mouse; Apple, designed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Apple was the first
to have a "window" type graphical user interface and a computer mouse. See the evolution of Apple/MAC devices over time. The market for computers
and clones is starting to expand. It launches the first mass market for desktop computers
.• From 1986 to now - the era of online computers, Internet and WWW
.• 1990 - Tim Berners-Lee invented an online hypertext system called the World Wide Web.
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• 1992 - Bill Gates' Microsoft Corporation released Windows 3.1, which made IBM and IBM-compatible computers more user-friendly by integrating
a graphical user interface into the software. However, replacing the old Windows command line system, Microsoft created a program similar to the
Macintosh operating system. Apple sued for copyright infringement, but Microsoft won. Windows 3.1 went to Win 95, then Win 98, now Windows
XP. (There are other OSes, of course, but Windows is the dominant OS today. Apple MACs still have a loyal following. Linux has a loyal following
.• 1995 - Large commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs) such as MCI, Sprint, AOL and UUNET began offering service to large numbers of
customers.
• 1996 - Personal digital assistants (like the Palm Pilot) can do numerical calculations, play games and music, and download information from the
Internet.
2. What is IT interaction model? Explain.
Interaction design is the process of creating effective, intuitive and rewarding user interfaces that allow users to achieve their goals smoothly and without
problems. It is a constantly evolving industry that always offers new opportunities and challenges.
Interaction models form the foundation on which every user interface rests, connecting human behavior, expectations and emotions with technological
capabilities. Their goal is to translate complex processes and technologies into an understandable and accessible language for all users.
Types of Interaction
Models Human-Computer Interaction (HCI): This model emphasizes how users interact with computers and similar devices. It often focuses on graphical user
interfaces (GUIs), where visual elements drive the interaction.
Human Interaction (HHI) Through Technology: This model focuses on how technology mediates human interaction, such as through social media platforms
or collaboration tools.
Multimodal Communication: This model includes multiple means of communication, such as voice, touch, gestures and more, often found in modern
smartphones or virtual reality environments.
Conversational interaction: This model focuses on interaction in chatbots and voice assistants using natural language, providing a more human experience.
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3. How are management information systems different from transaction processing systems?
Management information system (MIS): Management information system provides information in the form of reports and displays to
managers and many businesses professional. For example, Sales managers may use their network computers and web browsers to get
instantaneous displace about the sales results of their products.
Transaction processing system (TPS): transaction processing system record and process data, resulting from a business transaction. The
process transaction in basic ways. In batch processing, transaction data are accumulated over a period of time and processed periodically. The
system is useful when something is sold over the internet. It allows for a time delay between when an item is being sold to when it is actually
sold.
Differences between these two are as follows:
(1) TPS stands for Transaction Processing Systems and MIS stands for Management Information Systems. This article will tell the difference
between the two based on the type of users, activities, report generation and type of data.
(2) MIS provides information about internal operations to managers for decision making, planning, and analysis. The system helps to compare
this data to facilitate decision-making and answer questions. TPS, on the other hand, performs routine operations for supervisory executives
which include storing, retrieving, possessing creating and formatting data. The users of TPS come on the lowermost level in the management
hierarchy while the users of MIS are the mid-level managers.
(3) The activities performed by TPS are different from that of MIS. The input activity involves data entry, transaction processing, TPS file and
database processing, and TPS documents and report generation. The activities performed by MIS are taking high volume transaction level data
as an input and then processing this input based on simple models. The outputs of MIS are the summary reports that are used by the middle
managers.
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(4) It must also be noted that MIS uses compressed and summarized data provided by the TPS, while TPS deals with raw data.
(5) TPS provides information to the MIS and DSS (Decision Support Systems) while MIS provides information to ESS (Executive Support
Systems) and DSS.
Assignment Set – 2 Questions
4. What are the different ways of making online payments? Explain
1. Debit card payments Debit cards allow you to make transactions by withdrawing money from your bank account. Thanks to them, you don't carry cash with
you and it's easy to track your expenses. But they also include potential risks, such as card theft. To accept debit card payments, businesses need a POS
terminal for in-store transactions or an online payment gateway for digital transactions.
2. Credit card payments Credit cards offer a renewable credit limit that allows you to make purchases and pay them later. They offer benefits such as credit
improvement. However, they can lead to interest charges and possible debt accumulation if not managed effectively.
3. Prepaid cards Prepaid cards are cards loaded with a predetermined amount of money. They are a safe way to make payments because they are not linked to
your bank account and allow controlled spending. But you have to recharge them with money, which can be difficult. Accepting prepaid card payments is
easy because it's similar to accepting credit card payments. Businesses need a payment processor and may pay additional fees to accept prepaid cards. It also
requires an additional step to check the card balance.
4. Cash is still a widely used form of payment, especially for small local transactions. It is easy to use and widely accepted. However, it can be lost or stolen
and is not practical when shopping online. Receiving cash payments is easy, but requires businesses to properly manage cash handling, security and
accounting.
5. Cheques - Checks are a traditional means of payment that provide a clear payment history and benefit from deferred payment processing. But they come
with the risk of bounced checks and the need to write, mail and deposit them.
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6. Internet banking - with Internet banking, you can transfer money between bank accounts or make payments electronically. It is a convenient and secure
payment method, but it may require an internet connection and some knowledge of online banking platforms. To accept online banking payments, businesses
must share bank account information with customers and integrate online payment gateways into their websites or systems.
7. UPI and QR codes – Unified Payment Interface (UPI) and QR code payments have gained immense popularity in India. They enable instant transfers and
payments through UPI-enabled mobile apps. They are very convenient, cost effective and safe. Accepting payments through UPI and QR codes requires
creating and displaying QR codes to scan or share UPI IDs for money transfer. Businesses must ensure that QR codes are tamper-proof.
5. What are the facilities an organization could have from ‘Customer Relationship Management System’?
Benefits of CRM - Collecting and organizing operational customer data is a full-time job that does not forgive mistakes. As such, investing in a
quality customer relationship management (CRM) tool is essential for any business that wants to take customer satisfaction to the next level. CRM
offers many benefits to help you identify, understand and help your customers, so you never have to worry about losing revenue due to missing data.
Here are benefits of CRM software that will help your business succeed.
• Better data management. The more you know about your customers, the better you can provide them with a positive experience that
pays off. Everything they do and interact with your organization must be identified, documented and recorded. To do this, you need to
move beyond sticky notes and unorganized files and start using advanced organizational technology that can not only accurately
quantify and categorize data for future reference, but also make that data available across departments.
CRM improves communication as mentioned above, CRM allows every employee to provide the same high level of service using the same customer
data. After all, even if your customers have one primary point of contact, there's a good chance that at some point that point of contact will be
unavailable and the customer will have to work with someone new. When this happens, many clients face the unfortunate prospect of having to start
over with someone who doesn't understand their unique preferences and issues.
CRM eliminates this problem by delivering detailed customer information to those who need it. As such, it does not matter who is helping the client
at the time because they are working on the same data. And because CRM is cloud-based and accessible from any Internet-enabled device, the
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benefits of mobile CRM aren't limited to the office.
• CRM improves your customer service Your time is valuable, but so is your customers' time. And when your customers run into a
problem that needs a solution, they'll be unhappy if the problem can't be solved quickly. With a CRM, as soon as a customer contacts
your business, your reps have all of their past purchases, preferences, and anything else that could help them find a solution. In many
cases, more experienced agents, armed with your past and history, can find a solution in the first minutes thanks to an existing database
of potential problems. And if a solution isn't immediately apparent, it's easy to involve other representatives or even add answers
through customer portals. With CRM, customer support becomes a walk in the park.
• Advanced Analytics data and reporting Miscalculated data should not be the cause of failure as this is no longer possible with CRM.
CRM systems store data in one place, which generally improves data analysis. Easily integrated with various tools or plugins, you can
generate automated reports to maximize your time. Customize your dashboard views to quickly find the information you need, such as
customer data, sales goals and performance reports, to unlock untapped opportunities. With better reporting information, you can make
insightful and effective decisions to achieve customer loyalty and long-term profitability.
6. Why is vendor management important? What are the key issues to consider for managing vendors carefully?
Importance of supplier management- There are several reasons why supplier management is important in business. With supplier management
services, companies can identify the right supplier for specific business needs. More importantly, companies can use supplier management to
reduce the risk of supply chain disruptions and ensure that goods and services are delivered on time and to the expected standard. With
supplier management services, business goals can be achieved by taking advantage of cost savings opportunities and speeding up the supplier
implementation process. An effective supplier relationship management strategy helps companies build good supplier relationships and create
better opportunities to negotiate better prices.
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Challenges of manually managing a supplier managing some suppliers may require little effort to manage contracts and payments. Small
business supplier management may seem like a simple process that can be done manually by the purchasing team. Acquiring and interviewing
new suppliers, negotiating terms and formalizing the contract, confirming the contract, paying invoices after the fact, etc. is among the tasks of
supplier management. As the scope of the business expands, the risk management requirements of the seller expand in the same proportion.
Problems with manual supplier management, such as incorrect results, delays in approving purchase orders and invoices, and data errors, can
cost a business dearly.
A supplier management system helps to overcome the above-mentioned supplier management problems and also strengthens supplier
relationships that provide long-term business benefits.
1. Organize all suppliers in one centralized view You work with dozens of suppliers - from coffee pod suppliers to employee engagement
software suppliers. Their effective organization and management is impossible without proper processes and tools.
2. Customizing Supplier - Onboarding and Ongoing Support You can't standardize the entire onboarding process when you're dealing with
suppliers from completely different industries. You need to find a way to personalize onboarding while still providing a consistent user
experience.
3. Too strong dependence on certain suppliers’ Strong buyer-seller relationships lead to the risk of supplier overconfidence. What if you lose
them? Your business will inevitably be disrupted if you don't have a supply chain backup plan.
4. Keep supplier data clean and compliant in the supplier management system, the supplier and supplier staff must update orders and supplier
forms. However, companies have different processes for different vendors and unique workflows for context-specific situations.
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