i

DEVELOPMENT OF MODULAR AND SELF-SUSTAINING AUTOMATED

AEROPONICS SYSTEM USING ARDUINO-BASED IOT INTEGRATED
WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR ITS ENERGY SOURCE

A Design Project Presented to

The College of Engineering
University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA - Molino Campus
Molino 3, Bacoor City, Cavite

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree in

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

IVY JOYCE M. REMANDO

JAN MARK D. QUITAG
TING-TING S. WEI

April 2024
 ii

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled

“Development of Modular and Self-Sustaining Automated Aeroponics System Using

Arduino-Based IoT Integrated with Photovoltaic System for Its Energy Source”

Prepared and submitted by Ivy Joyce M. Remando, Jan Mark D. Quitag and Ting-ting S.
Wei in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Electrical Engineering is recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL
EXAMINATION.

__________________________
Engr. Dexrey John Quizan
PROJECT ADVISER

It was approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a PASSED grade in January
2024.

_____________________________
Engr. Rudy M. Siguenza
LEAD PANEL

_________________________________ _________________________________
Engr. Norman Avery F. Santos Engr. Wilfredo N. Leaño
TECHNICAL PANEL TECHNICAL PANEL

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

________________________________
Engr. Mariciel M. Teogangco
DEAN, College of Engineering
 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE……………………….………………….…………...…………….…..………i
APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………………..…….ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………...………………………………………..….iii
LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………..…………………..….iv
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………….…………………………………......vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………..…….……………………………...…….vii
DISCLAIMER ……………………………………..…………………………………….viii
ABSTRACT ……………………………….……………………………………..……….....ix
CHAPTER 1: PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Background of the Study…………………………………………………………3
1.3 Review of Related Literature and Studies………………………………………..4
1.4 Synthesis………………………………………………………………………...12
1.5 Statement of the Problem and Objective………………………………………..12
1.6 Conceptual Framework………………………………………………...………..13
1.7 Hypothesis………………………………….……………………………………14
1.8 Significance of the Study…………..……………………………………………14
1.9 Scope and Delimitation…………………….……………………………………15
1.10 Definition of Terms……..……...……………………………………...........…15
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
2.1 Design Project……………………………………………………………...…….17
2.2 Workflow……………………………………………………………………...…20
2.3 Input Process Output of the System…………………………………...…………21
2.4 Block Diagram of the PV to Load ………………………...…………..….……..22
2.5 Block Diagram of Electronics Integrated to Aeroponics .……………...………..22
2.6 Schematic Diagram……………………………………………………...……….23
2.7 Pictorial Diagram(PV System)……………………………….…………..…..….24
2.8 Pictorial Diagram(Electronics)………………….………………………...……..24
2.9 Pictorial Diagram (PV and Electronics)………….……………………...…..…..25
2.10 Design of Aeroponics and Photovoltaic System ……..…………………..…….25
2.11 Product Description ………………………………………...………..…...……26
2.12 Research Locale …...…………………………...…………....……...…...……..29
2.13 Data Gathering Methods …………………………………….........………...….29
2.14 Data Analysis……………..………………………………......…..…………….31
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………...……...…….……………32
CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary……………………………………………………………..………..……..52
Conclusion……………….……………...……………………………...………..…..53
Recommendation……………….……….…………………………………………...54
 iv

REFERENCES……………..…...……….……….…………………………………………59
APPENDICES
A. Letter of Permission…………………………………………………………..….61
B. Grammar/Editing Certification…..…………...………………..…..…………….62
C. Anti-plagiarism Certification………...…………………………..…...…….……63
D. Financial Statement including Receipts……………….…………..……………..64
E. Certificate of Authorization of Use by the University……………..……....…….66
F. Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………….……..67
 v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Product Description…………………………………………………………..…….26

Table 2. pH Level and Water Level Monitoring………………………………………....…..29
Table 3. 12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage……………...………………………......…30
Table 4. DC Loads…………….……………………….………………………………...…..33
Table 5. AC Loads……………………………………………………………………...……33
Table 6. Fluid Viscosity and Flow Rate……………………………………………...………33
Table 7. 12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage Data gathered……………………...……..34
Table 8. pH Level Monitoring Data gathered………………………………………………..38
Table 9. pH Level Monitoring Data gathered w/ photo……………………………………...39
Table 10. pH Level and Water Level Monitoring Data Gathered………………..……....… 43
Table 11. Water Level Monitoring Data gathered w/ photo………………………..………..44
Table 12. One-way-ANOVA 12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage………………..….....48
Table 13. One-way-ANOVA pH Level Monitoring…………………………………...…….49
Table 14. One-way-ANOVA Water Level Monitoring…………………………………..….49
Table 15. Bill of Materials: PV……………………………………………………..………..50
Table 16. Bill of Materials: Aeroponics…………………...……………………….………..51
 vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. The pH requirements for different vegetable crops within aeroponic systems…..…7
Figure 2. EC recommendations for various crops………………………………….…………8
Figure 3. Nutrient concentration management for ensuring greater pH stability….……….…9
Figure 4. Conceptual Framework…….………………………...……………………………13
Figure 5. Workflow…….…………...……………………………………………..…………20
Figure 6. Input, Process, and Output of the system…………………….……………………21
Figure 7. Block Diagram of the PV to Load………………………………...…….…………22
Figure 8. Block Diagram of Electronics Integrated to Aeroponics………………………….22
Figure 9. Schematic Diagram…………………………………………………….………….23
Figure 10. Pictorial Diagram(PV System)…..…………………………………….…………24
Figure 11. Pictorial Diagram(Electronics)………………………………………….………..24
Figure 12. Pictorial Diagram (PV and Electronics)………………………………….………25
Figure 13. Design of Aeroponics System…………………...……………………….………25
Figure 14. Design of Photovoltaic System…………………………………………….…….25
Figure 15. 12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage Chart….………………………….…….32
Figure 16. 12V Sealed Lead acid Battery Voltage Capacity graph…………………....…….36
Figure 17. 100% Charged and Empty Battery…………………………………...…….…….37
Figure 18 pH Level Monitoring Data Graph…………………………….…………….…….42
Figure 19. Water Level Monitoring Data Graph ……………………….…………………...48
 vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research becomes a reality with each individual's kind support and help. Without
them, the researchers would be unable to meet their objectives in this study. The researchers
wanted to offer their warmest gratitude to the following for lending their hands.

Foremost, the researchers extend their thanks to the Divine for imparting wisdom,
strength, and guidance throughout the challenging journey of this study, fostering the
determination to see it through.

The researchers also acknowledge with profound gratitude the encouragement and
guidance from Engr. Dexrey John Quizan, Engr. Wilfredo Leaño, Engr. Agnes Idio, and
Engr. Mariciel Teogangco. Their words of inspiration and motivation, alongside practical
guidance, fostered a collaborative environment that maximized collective knowledge and the
application of various methodologies and concepts. Special acknowledgment is extended to
Mr. Dino Servino for his pivotal role in fabricating the Capstone Design Project, without
whom this endeavor would not have been possible. Their insightful advice and meticulous
attention significantly contributed to the study's successful completion, making the
collaboration an enriching experience.

To the parents of the researchers for their unending moral and financial support
received during those times that the researchers conducted this study. To the friends,
classmates, and relatives for helping and sharing their ideas and thoughts with the researchers
in making this study and who gave support and encouragement until the completion of this
study. All the hardships, efforts, and time spent on this study are all paid off. Thank you. To
God be all the Glory.

Q.R.W.
 viii

DISCLAIMER

The study has been made the product of hard work of the researchers. It has been
approved and accepted by the panel of reviewers. Hence, no part of this paper may be used
without proper citation or approval from the author.
 ix

ABSTRACT

This paper outlines the development process of a solar-powered automated aeroponic system
tailored for cultivating high-value crops. and It also focuses on monitoring key parameters
such as water levels and pH within the aeroponic system. The system comprises various
components including a Photovoltaic System, solenoid valve, water pump, water tank, 8-
relay module, pH sensor, ultrasonic sensors, and dosing pumps. To ensure precise control
over pump functionality, an ESP32 microcontroller was utilized, with automated calibration
conditions set based on predetermined set points. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was chosen as the
target crop with a pH range set between 5.5 and 6.5. The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor was
programmed to activate the solenoid valve when the distance measured reached 30cm.
Rigorous testing protocols were implemented to guarantee accurate calibration of both the
pH sensor and HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor, essential for reliable data acquisition.
Incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) technology, users can access real-time monitoring of
water and pH levels through integration with ThingSpeak, enhancing remote monitoring
capabilities. This paper underscores the fusion of advanced technological solutions with
agricultural innovation, promising to revolutionize crop cultivation practices by improving
efficiency and sustainability for future agricultural endeavors.

Keywords - Photovoltaic (PV) System, Aeroponic System, Farming, Arduino-based Internet

of Things, ThingSpeak, ESP32 microcontroller, HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor.
 1

CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1.1 Introduction
The agricultural sector is critical, necessitating innovative solutions that manage
climate change and increasing energy demands. Conventional farming practices are no longer
sufficient to address these challenges. There is a growing imperative to cultivate resource-
efficient and sustainable techniques. In this context, integrating renewable energy sources
and advanced automation is a promising avenue to revolutionize agriculture. Harnessing
solar energy and the power of the Internet of Things (IoT) presents an opportunity to create a
self-sustaining agricultural system.

Advancements in technology promise immense benefits across all facets of human

life. The evolution of network technology is reshaping numerous aspects of our daily
existence, spanning smart homes, cities, grids, autonomous vehicles, and the industrial
internet. Among the domains poised for transformation, smart agriculture stands out as a
realm ripe for leveraging these technological strides. Harnessing recent innovations in
farming technology could revolutionize farming practices, delivering manifold advantages to
farmers while concurrently curbing our carbon footprint. The field of the Internet of Things
(IoT) offers Internet connectivity and robust data analytics capabilities, fostering a network
where physical objects link to the internet through sensors. Yet, the utilization of IoT devices
in agriculture, particularly for smart farming, remains in its nascent stages. Aeroponics
farming is a notably efficient and water-conserving method for cultivating plants without
soil. This paper introduces a pioneering concept—an automated aeroponics system integrated
with IoT devices—to enhance farming productivity significantly. As far as available
knowledge indicates, this marks the initial endeavor in designing and executing an automated
aeroponics system leveraging IoT technology.
 2

Aeroponics is growing plants without using soil or other growing media in an air or
mist environment. The Latin words "aero" (air) and "ponic" (work) combine to form the term
"aeroponic". It provides a different method for growing plants in controlled conditions
without dirt. Unlike conventional hydroponics, aquaponics, or in-vitro growing, Aeroponics
stands distinct. This method has gained traction in South America, and there are efforts to
introduce it to parts of Africa. Modern horticulture has seen the development of soil-less
techniques like aeroponics and Nutrient Film Techniques. Previous studies have
demonstrated success with Nutrient Film Techniques in producing potato tubers, although
tuber initiation proved more challenging without solid media like perlite or vermiculite. The
limitations on tuberization were linked to the absence of mechanical support. Adopting
aeroponic systems for potato seed production is relatively recent in Europe. These
technologies were scarcely used globally a decade ago, mainly confined to countries like
China and Korea for commercial potato seed production.

Aeroponic culture serves as an optional method in controlled environments like

greenhouses. It involves enclosing the root system in a dark chamber and providing a mist of
nutrient solution. This technique has been extensively employed in horticultural species such
as tomatoes, lettuce, cucumber, and ornamental plants like chrysanthemums and poinsettias.
Its establishment for seed production stems from the demand for more efficient and higher
quality seed production methods, notably in potato seed tuber production in Korea.
Consequently, Aeroponics has replaced traditional hydroponic systems for mini-tuber
production. Despite the increasing interest in soil-less culture for commercial horticulture,
limited information exists regarding potatoes. Aeroponic systems boast greater water
resource efficiency compared to hydroponic systems. Another notable advantage is the
minimal contact between the support structure and the plant, allowing unrestricted plant
growth. These systems have found widespread use in NASA space research programs.

The concept of growing plants without soil dates back to the 1920s when botanists
used rudimentary Aeroponics to study root structure. While considered a modern practice,
 3

growing plants above ground in containers has historical instances, with evidence found in
ancient wall paintings. In the mid-20th century, the technology was predominantly a research
tool until W. Carter and subsequent researchers pioneered aeroponic techniques. The first
commercial aeroponics setup, the Genesis Rooting System, emerged in 1983, marking a shift
toward economically viable crop production methods. Aeroponics has proven successful in
cultivating various horticultural and ornamental crops. Its implementation in potato seed
tuber production in Korea and reported high yields at research institutions like the
International Potato Centre (CIP) in Peru indicate its potential for enhancing crop production
globally.

1.2 Background of the Study

The agricultural sector faces critical challenges due to climate change and escalating
energy needs. Traditional farming methods fail to address these issues, prompting the need
for resource-efficient and sustainable approaches. Embracing renewable energy and
advanced automation emerges as a promising solution for revolutionizing agriculture.

Recent technological advancements, particularly in the realm of the Internet of Things

(IoT), have the potential to transform various sectors, including smart agriculture. Integrating
IoT devices into farming practices remains in its early stages despite offering connectivity
and robust data analytics capabilities. Aeroponics, a method of growing plants without soil,
has gained attention for its efficiency and water conservation properties, especially in
controlled environments like greenhouses.

While Aeroponics has shown success in cultivating various crops, including potato
seed tubers, its adoption on a global scale remains limited. This study introduces a pioneering
concept—a fully automated aeroponics system integrated with IoT devices—to enhance
farming productivity significantly. Notably, this endeavor represents the initial effort to
leverage IoT technology within an automated aeroponics framework.
 4

This study addresses the gap between conventional agricultural practices and the need
for sustainable and technologically advanced methods. By designing and implementing an
integrated energy generation and automation system, the research aims to contribute to the
evolution of agricultural systems toward a more sustainable and adaptable future.

1.3 Review of Related Literature and Studies

The aeroponic cultivation method offers a choice for soil-less cultivation within
controlled environments, like greenhouses. It involves encasing the root system within a dark
chamber and providing a mist of nutrient solution. This technique has been extensively
applied in various horticultural species, from tomatoes, lettuce, and cucumbers to ornamental
plants like chrysanthemums and poinsettias. With increasing demand for more effective and
high-quality seed production methods, aeroponic systems have been adopted to showcase
their efficiency. Compared to hydroponic systems, Aeroponics demonstrates greater
efficiency in utilizing water resources.

Moreover, its notable advantage lies in minimal contact between the supporting
structure and the plant, enabling unrestricted plant growth. These systems have gained
widespread use in NASA's space research programs. With the integration of Solar Power
Systems, Aeroponics, and IoT, it is expected to have greater crop yield and energy
conservation. The Philippines holds a natural edge in solar energy due to its abundant peak
sun hours, averaging around 4.5 to 5 hours. Saleem et al. (2019) state that crystalline silicon
constitutes 90% of the world's PV modules. Monocrystalline solar PV panels showcase an
average theoretical efficiency of 25.0%, while their practical efficiency typically ranges
between 15% and 20%. In terms of automation and monitoring, according to Lakhiar et al.
(2018), Implementing advanced monitoring technology tools within Aeroponics could
facilitate remote oversight and control of system parameters. This advancement might
diminish system losses attributed to the laborious manual monitoring and adjustment
 5

procedures. This method provides the researchers with a wide range of important information
by clarifying the complex interplay among environmental conditions, nutrient compositions,
and plant growth.

As per the cross reference of Tunio (2021), Aeroponics revolutionizes agriculture by

conserving a staggering 95% of water compared to traditional methods while occupying
minimal space. Its success spans various crops—from leafy greens to medicinal plants—
showcasing superior nutritional value. Plants cultivated through Aeroponics boast heightened
levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidants, and vitamins, surpassing those
grown in soil or other soilless mediums. Despite its efficacy, as per cross reference of Tunio
(2021), the scientific intricacies of Aeroponics remain ambiguous. Several critical aspects
await thorough investigation, like optimal atomizer selection, spraying techniques, root-zone
conditions, humidity, and tailored nutrient solutions for diverse vegetable varieties. As per
the article Influence of Atomization Nozzles and Spraying Intervals on Growth, Biomass
Yield, and Nutrient Uptake of Butter-Head Lettuce under Aeroponics System (2021), The
pivotal factors in a nutrient solution are its electrical conductivity (EC) and pH levels.
Research thus far highlights that the atomizer's size alters these values post-dissolution,
potentially diminishing the biomass yield.

As per the research article of Gopinath et al. (2017), growing in soil is no longer
viable for the 7 billion population of the world. As per their cross reference, Mithunesh et al.
(2015), Aeroponics boasts a remarkable yield increase ranging from 45% to 75% compared
to conventional methods. Its multifaceted advantages include significantly more efficient
water utilization—almost 99% of water is effectively employed within this system. Notably,
the absence of pesticides and soil-compatible fertilizers yields pure fruits and vegetables that
require no pre-use washing. Direct delivery of nutrients to plant roots accelerates crop
growth, ensuring a faster yield. The produce from aeroponics-based greenhouses is healthy,
nutritious but also pure, rich, fresh, and flavorful. Uniform growth among all crops was also
observed. In addition, as per the research of Farran et al. (2006) and Ritter et al. (2001),
 6

Aeroponic bio-pharming involves cultivating pharmaceutical drugs within plants, a process

conducted within a closed-loop facility to ensure complete containment. Studies reveal its
exceptional success, surpassing conventional methods like tissue culture and hydroponics by
tenfold, all while requiring less time and labor. Notably, this technology excels in water and
energy conservation due to its recirculation of nutrient solutions, utilizing limited water
resources. Compared to other methods, the aeroponics system boasts lower water and energy
inputs per unit of growing area, showcasing its efficiency.

For the pH required of most plants, based on the research of Gopinath et al. (2017),
the ideal pH range for fostering plant growth falls between 5.8 and 6.5. Within aeroponics
setups, where water and nutrients undergo recycling, monitoring pH levels holds paramount
importance to facilitate optimal nutrient absorption by plants. Nitrogen (N) absorption peaks
at a pH of 6.0, while phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake excel at 6.25 and higher. pH
serves as a gauge to assess the acidity or alkalinity of a nutrient solution, measured on a scale
from 0 to 14. Acidic solutions fall from 0 to 7, with lower values indicating stronger acidity,
while alkaline solutions range from 7 to 14, with higher values denoting increased alkalinity.

For accurate pH measurement, it's essential to mix nutrients with water to obtain an
accurate reading thoroughly. Any deviation from the optimal pH range requires adjustments
using pH modifiers known as "pH up" and "pH down," depending on whether the reading is
excessively high or low. In elevated pH levels, pH down is employed, whereas pH up
addresses lower pH levels. The pH requirements vary for different vegetable crops within
aeroponic systems.
 7

Figure 1. The pH requirements for different vegetable crops within aeroponic systems.

Regarding electrical conductivity, various techniques exist to gauge the concentration

of dissolved nutrients within a solution. Using a specialized meter, the prevalent method
involves measuring electrical conductivity (EC). For instance, lettuce thrives when the EC
hovers around 1.6, which denotes the mineral concentration in the water, encompassing both
beneficial and detrimental elements. Consider this: if tap water registers an EC of 0.3 before
any nutrient additions, creating a nutrient solution for your aeroponic system at an EC of 1.6
implies that almost 19% of the dissolved content isn't conducive to plant growth. The EC
value represents the amalgamation of salts in the water, including those introduced through
fertilizers, measured in mS/cm (milli-Siemens per centimeter).

While EC requirements differ across crops, they commonly fall within the 1.0 to 2.0
mS/cm range. A low EC signals insufficient fertilizer supply to fulfill the plants' nutritional
demands. It's advised to steer clear of EC levels surpassing 4.0 mS/cm, as higher
concentrations can lead to plant fatality. In enclosed systems, EC typically escalates
throughout the setup. To counteract this, augmenting runoff by increasing irrigation volume
or frequency helps manage the rise in EC. Here are some specified EC recommendations for
various crops:
 8

Figure 2 EC recommendations for various crops

An article entitled "Aeroponics Soilless Cultivation System for Vegetable Crops"

suggests that most plant species' optimal droplet size range typically falls between 20 and
100 microns. Droplets within this range serve distinct purposes: smaller ones contribute to air
saturation and maintain adequate humidity within the growth environment. In contrast, larger
droplets ranging from 30 to 100 microns directly contact the roots. Droplets smaller than 30
microns tend to linger in the air like a fog, while those exceeding 100 microns tend to
descend before reaching any roots, hindering effective absorption. Oversized droplets limit
oxygen availability to the root system.

In high-pressure Aeroponics, a suitable pump becomes crucial. It must pressurize

water to yield the ideal droplet size between 20 and 50 microns. Typically, diaphragm pumps
or reverse osmosis booster pumps fulfill this need. The pump's functionality necessitates a
consistent 80 PSI output alongside the required nutrient flow for optimal operation.

In terms of the nutrients used, an indoor aeroponics setup conserves water and
nutrients by intermittently spraying precise droplets onto plant roots, maximizing osmosis for
efficient nourishment. This method minimizes nutrient loss due to evaporation or runoff
while reducing plant disease risk by exposing roots to air and preventing waterlogging in
stagnant mediums. Aeroponics offers a pathway to cultivate plants sans soil or substrate,
optimizing yields while conserving water, nutrients, and environmental integrity. The
 9

composition of air and water, featuring elements like carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen,
supplements the plant's nutrient intake. Water carries various elements, including primary
nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and secondary nutrients such as calcium,
magnesium, and sulfur, along with micronutrients like iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese,
boron, copper, cobalt, and chlorine. Plant roots utilize these nutrients as positively charged
cations or negatively charged anions. For instance, ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−)
are vital nitrogen sources. As plants consume these ions, the solution's pH might shift toward
extreme positivity or negativity. The ideal pH range for optimal plant growth is between 5.8
and 6.3. In aeroponic systems where water and nutrients are recycled, monitoring the
solution's acidity/base through pH measurements becomes crucial for facilitating nutrient
absorption. Using a spray method for root nourishment, Aeroponics significantly reduces
liquid usage, simplifying nutrient concentration management while ensuring greater pH
stability. The main nutrients used in Aeroponics are:

Figure 3 Nutrient concentration management for ensuring greater pH stability.

In this research article entitled “IoT-Based Monitoring System Applied to Aeroponics

Greenhouse” by Méndez-Guzmán (2022), it shows how parameters such as pH and water
level are important, with factors like high temperatures can alter the pH and EC of a nutrient
solution, leading to water evaporation or nutrient absorption by plants. In conventional
 10

soilless cultivation systems like hydroponics, where manual adjustments for EC and pH are
standard, monitoring the nutrient solution's temperature becomes crucial. Temperature
significantly impacts conductivity and pH readings in these systems. Preserving the solution's
longevity necessitates timely adjustments to pH, electrical conductivity, and water levels.
Maintaining a constant volume in the storage tank is vital to prevent fluctuations in the
nutrient solution. This consistent volume replenishes water absorbed by plants and lost
through evapotranspiration. Failure to uphold this balance could alter salt concentrations,
adversely affecting plant growth and health.

In terms of the viability of IoT in farming, the article of Dhanaraju et al. (2022)
implies that, IoT technology functions to oversee both plant and animal conditions while
retrieving data remotely from mobile devices and phones. Equipped with sensors and
instruments, farmers harness this technology to evaluate weather patterns and forecast
production levels. Within water management, the IoT plays a pivotal role in monitoring and
regulating flow rates, gauging crop water necessities, determining optimal supply timings,
and significantly enhancing water conservation efforts. By employing sensors and cloud
connectivity via gateways, remote monitoring of soil and plant conditions allows for precise
management of water supply. The IoT facilitates corrective actions for nutrient deficiencies,
pest invasions, and diseases. Given the impracticality of manually monitoring every plant,
this technology represents a significant leap forward in modern agriculture, empowering
farmers to address agricultural challenges more effectively.

Aeroponics system doesn’t use pesticides that can harm the soil as it only uses
vertical tubes to circulate water to the roots of the plant. With this, as per an article titled
“Smart Farming: Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Sustainable Agriculture” that is published in
2022, information from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) identified an annual
global crop yield reduction of 20-40% solely attributable to pests and diseases, both typically
managed using pesticides and agrochemicals. However, these solutions often pose risks to
human and animal health while leading to environmental contamination. In contrast, IoT-
 11

based tools like robots, wireless sensors, and drones revolutionize pest control through real-
time monitoring, modeling, and predictive disease forecasts, surpassing conventional
methods in overall effectiveness. IoT-driven disease and pest management rely heavily on
detection and image processing. Utilizing remote sensing imagery and field sensors,
comprehensive data on plant health and pest presence are gathered throughout the crop cycle.
Automated traps employing IoT technology capture, tally, and detail insect varieties, feeding
this information to the Cloud for thorough analysis. Advancements in robotic tech have
introduced agricultural robots equipped with multispectral image sensors and precision
spraying nozzles, enabling more precise detection and management of pest issues within IoT-
driven systems.

In accordance with the findings presented by Douglas Peckenpaugh in his work titled
"Hydroponic Solutions: Vol. 1," various factors exert influence on the optimal frequency for
root spraying or misting in aeroponic systems. These variables encompass temperature, the
specific aeroponics system employed, pump capacity, and the dimensions of the root
systems. To ensure an effective and conducive environment for plant growth, Peckenpaugh
recommends adjusting the spray interval to 15 seconds within a three to five-minute
timeframe, particularly in warmer climates. It is imperative to conduct periodic checks to
verify that the root systems do not experience desiccation during the specified intervals.

In terms of conserving space for farming, due to swift urban expansion intensify
strain on existing resources, posing challenges to current agricultural methods for food
production. Vertical farming (VF) or so called Aeroponics emerges as a solution to combat
land and water shortages, particularly advantageous in urban areas. Also, Hydroponics
emerges as a pivotal method for reducing water usage, a significant component of VF that
expands available arable land without encroaching on forests or natural habitats. Advanced
technologies, notably the IoT, transform the agricultural sector into a lucrative venture by
reducing labor demands and conserving resources, thereby mitigating environmental impacts.
 12

1.4 Synthesis

Recent studies collectively show that, adding a monitoring and automated system,
according to the research of Kerns S.C. and Lee J.L. (2017), is expected to be a promising
application to help farmers increase the production of organic crops in a smart farming
system. In accordance to the past studies conducted, in this project/paper/thesis, the
researchers are aiming to create a sustainable aeroponic system paired with Intelligent sensor
technology powered by Photovoltaic power generation to further maximize the use of
renewable energy while improving the production of food crops.

1.5 Statement of the Problem and Objective

In the field of agricultural innovation, the need to enhance resource efficiency and
sustainable cultivation techniques has become crucial. Conventional agricultural practices
face challenges such as climate change, and increasing energy demand. Therefore, there is a
need to develop advanced solutions that can address these challenges and contribute to the
evolution of agricultural systems. Additionally, according to Rahman et al. (2018), "The
development technologies in the agricultural sectors in present era are not only intelligent
and advanced but also it has amplified the usage of resources such as human labor, land etc."

Objectives of the Study

General Objective:

The aim of this research is to develop and implement a photovoltaic (PV) system to power a
modular and self-sustaining automated aeroponics system, with the use of Arduino-based
Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This initiative seeks to contribute to sustainable
agriculture by harnessing renewable energy sources and advanced automation techniques
 13

Specific Objectives:

-To design and optimize an integrated photovoltaic generation system tailored for the energy
requirements of the automated aeroponics system.
-To implement Arduino-based IoT technology for real-time monitoring, control, and data
collection within the automated aeroponics system.
-To assess the efficiency of the photovoltaic generation system in terms of energy output and
efficiency in powering the automated aeroponics System using Arduino-based IoT.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

Figure 4 Conceptual Framework

This figure illustrates the research paradigm of the study. The figure presents the general
sequence of the project. Initially, this study is conducted on the notion that electronics,
aeroponics, and photovoltaics can go hand in hand to promote a more sustainable way of
agriculture.

1.7 Hypothesis

1. Power Generated by Photovoltaic power

H1 - The power generated by the Photovoltaic power is sufficient to run the whole system.
H0 - The power generated by the Photovoltaic power is not sufficient to run the whole
system.
2. IoT Feedback
H1 - The information from the sensors is precise and consistent.
H0 - The information coming from the sensor may have irregularities.
 14

1.8 Significance of the Study

The outcome of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Farmers:
Farmers stand to gain valuable insights from this study. The integration of renewable energy
sources and advanced technology could lead to more efficient and cost-effective agricultural
practices. Farmers may learn how to optimize energy usage and enhance resource
management. The study's outcomes could offer practical solutions to challenges such as
energy costs, crop quality, and sustainability.
Researchers:
Researchers within the field of agriculture, renewable energy, and technology will find
significant value in this study. The results could serve as a foundation for further
investigations, potentially inspiring new areas of research and innovation. Additionally, the
methodologies and approaches employed in this study could provide valuable guidance for
designing similar studies or expanding on related topics.
College of Engineering of UPHSD:
The College of Engineering at UPHSD (University of Perpetual Help System DALTA) will
benefit from this research in multiple ways. The study could enhance the reputation of the
college by showcasing its involvement in innovative and impactful research. Moreover, the
findings could contribute to curriculum development, offering students real-world examples
of how engineering, renewable energy, and agriculture intersect. This study could also foster
collaborations between academia and industry, promoting practical applications of
engineering concepts.
 15

1.9 Scope and Delimitation

Scope:
This project/research/paper aims to create an automated and monitored aeroponics
with the help of Intelligent Sensor Technology, powered by the Photovoltaic (PV) energy.
Additionally, the system would be Arduino-based IoT to have efficient feedback on the
sensors installed.
Limitation:
The researches would only use water level sensor and pH level sensor to prevent the
plant from dying due to imbalance. Moreover, the plant that will be used in this
project/paper/thesis would be lettuce. Lastly, the researchers would only observe the data of
renewable power and the functionality of sensors (Calibration).

1.10 Definition of Terms

Aeroponics- An innovative agricultural technique involving the cultivation of plants

suspended in a closed or semi-closed environment, where nutrient-rich water is misted or
sprayed onto the plant roots, promoting efficient nutrient absorption and optimal growth.

Solar Charge Controller- A device essential in solar power systems that regulates the
voltage and current coming from solar panels, ensuring safe and efficient charging of
batteries by preventing overcharging or excessive discharge, thus prolonging battery life.

Solar Panel- A device comprising photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electrical
energy. These panels harness solar radiation to generate electricity, forming a vital
component in solar power systems.
 16

Battery- An energy storage device that stores electrical energy in a chemical form, allowing
it to be discharged when needed. Commonly used in various applications, batteries play a
crucial role in providing power when solar energy is unavailable.

ESP32 Microcontroller- A versatile and powerful microcontroller widely employed in IoT

(Internet of Things) applications due to its integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities. It
facilitates the control and interaction of various sensors and devices in a system.

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor- A sensor that emits ultrasonic waves and detects their
reflection to measure distance or detect objects. Commonly used in various applications,
including proximity sensing, obstacle detection, and navigation.

pH Sensor- A sensor specifically designed to measure the acidity or alkalinity (pH level) of
a liquid. Often utilized in agricultural and environmental monitoring systems to ensure
optimal conditions for plant growth or water quality.

Relay Module- An electronic switch that controls the flow of electricity by toggling between
open and closed states based on an external signal. It allows low-power microcontrollers to
control high-power devices, facilitating automation and control in various systems.
 17

CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY

2.1 Design Project

The researcher fabricated an Aeroponic System (3ft x 3ft x 16in), attached to an

aeroponic tower with a height of 6ft, and used the plant lettuce to cultivate inside the
aeroponic tower. The power system comprises solar panels as the primary source, batteries
for storage, and charge controllers. In addition, this project's electronic system comprises an
ESP32 microcontroller, Ultrasonic sensor, pH level sensor, Relay module, Peristaltic Pumps,
Submersible pump, and Solenoid Valve. The fabrication of this study was assessed
accurately, and the safety of the individual was prioritized by having a panel board to ensure
that the Photovoltaic System and Electronic System would not get damaged due to
environmental parameters

Design Consideration

Philippine Electrical Code

To ensure product quality, specific requirements of the Philippine Electrical Code

were acknowledged and considered when developing and implementing a solar-powered
electro-culture technique. Researchers created an operational prototype with the final design
while considering aesthetics, materials, quality, and functionality.

Article 6.90 – Solar Photovoltaic (Pv) Systems

According to Article 6.90.1.2 of the Philippine Electrical Code, Stand-Alone System

is a solar PV system that generates power independently of an electrical production and
distribution network.
 18

Circuit Current and Sizing

According to Chapter 6.90.2.2 (A) (1) of the Philippine Electrical Code, the sum of
parallel-connected PV module-rated short-circuit currents shall be multiplied by 125 percent
to calculate the maximum current.

Conductor Ampacity

According to Article 6.90.2.2 (B) of the Philippine Electrical Code, PV System

currents shall be considered continuous.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEEE Std 1562 Guide for Array and Battery Sizing in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV)
Systems

This IEEE Standard recommends a technique for accurately measuring the PV array
and battery for standalone PV systems when PV is the only power source. In order to size the
system properly, special consideration must be given to load calculations and solar radiation
measurements.

Days of autonomy

According to Chapter 6 of IEEE Std 1562, the battery is sized to support the load
during times of low solar radiation because the array is sized to replace the Ah used by the
load and system losses. The capacity of the batteries has a significant impact on the system's
availability. The larger the battery, the longer the autonomy. A smaller battery, on the other
hand, will cycle deeper more frequently, reducing system availability and battery life.

The following is a general guideline for calculating the number of days of autonomy.
5 to 7 days of autonomy is sufficient for non-critical loads and areas with high solar
irradiance. 7 to 14 days of autonomy or more should be used for critical loads or areas with
low solar irradiance.
 19

System Losses

According to Chapter 6 of IEEE Std 1562, system losses must be estimated and
accounted for in the calculation. These losses include dust on the array, battery coulombic
efficiency, and parasitic losses (from a charge controller or inverter if not included in the
average daily load Ah). Typically, these losses are expressed as a percentage of the system
load. Typical combined values range between 10% and 20%. Underestimating these losses
could result in decreased system performance.

Crystalline silicon PV modules

According to Chapter A.2 of IEEE Std 1562, even though single-crystalline cells are
slightly more efficient than polycrystalline cells, module efficiencies using either technology
are nearly identical. The efficiencies of crystalline silicon modules range from 10 to 15%.

IEEE Std 1361 Guide for Selecting, Charging, Testing, and Evaluating Lead-Acid
Batteries Used in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems

This IEEE Standard described the size and design of the PV array storage batteries for
standalone PV systems in general terms.

Depth of discharge
According to Chapter B.8 of IEEE Std 1361, the percentage of discharged Ah per
cycle relative to rated battery capacity is called the depth of discharge (DOD). PV
applications only cycle the battery to a maximum of 80% unless a lower value is specified.
PV systems typically cycle the batteries between 10% and 20% daily, but the battery may
cycle to the LVD during low solar resources. For discharge rates greater than 35 hours, LVD
is typically set between 1.9 and 2.0 V per cell. The above LVD set points discharge the
battery between 50% and 95% DOD. If the discharge rates are much lower, adjusting the
LVD voltage upward is necessary to prevent over-discharge.
 20

2.2 Workflow

Figure 5 Workflow
 21

2.3 Input Output Process of the System

Figure 6 Input, Process, and Output of the system

A. Input
Solar panels will serve as the only source of energy for the entire system. The
hardware will consist of sensors (water level sensor and pH level sensor), an
inverter, a battery, an ESP32, 8-Relay Module, Solenoid Valve, Water pump,
and Dosing pump.

B. Process

After completing all the requirements, the research will move on to the
process in which the sensors will conduct their data gathering based on the
specified requirements. The functionality of pumps would also depend on the
set point of the sensors.

C. Output

Following the design phase, the subsequent step involves programming the
ESP32. The researcher will commence coding using the Arduino IDE to
establish the necessary parameters for the automation process. At this point,
monitoring will serve as an indicator, as the system is designed to be fully
automated.
 22

2.4 Block Diagram of the PV to Load

Figure 7 Block Diagram of the PV to Load

The block diagram starts with the solar panel generating electricity through a solar charger.
Through the terminal block, the inverter and battery are in parallel connection. Also, the
terminal block will exert 12V power to its other side to power the 12V loads of the project
which includes, the water pump and 2-Dosing pumps. The inverter is pointed to the load
since there is a 220Vac load which is the solenoid valve.

2.5 Block Diagram of Electronics Integrated to Aeroponics

Figure 8 Block Diagram of Electronics Integrated to Aeroponics

This block diagram show the process of operation starting from the PV system through the
Micrecontroller(ESP32) in which have input set points and variable. The aeroponics is the
base of operation up until the data is pushed from the IoT (Thingspeak).
 23

2.6 Schematic Diagram

Wiring Diagram

Figure 9 Schematic Diagram

This figure shows the complete diagram of the project, from the source of power, the
connectivity is then will go through the terminal block that will power the peristaltic pump,
submersible pump, and solenoid valve. With the command of ESP32, from the coding, it
activates the pumps and valve through inputted vales and the relay activates the pumps
initiating the automation part.
 24

2.7 Pictorial Diagram(PV System)

Figure 10 Pictorial Diagram(PV System)

This figure only shows the flow and structure of the Solar Panel going to solar charger. The
terminal block does not have any load in this figure.

2.8 Pictorial Diagram(Electronics)

Figure 11 Pictorial Diagram(Electronics)

This figure shows the components that is to be used in the electronics system of the project. It
involves, ESP32, HC-SR04 Ultra Sonic sensor, 2 Dosing Pumps, Water pump, 8-Relay
Module, pH sensor, and Solenoid Valve.
 25

2.9 Pictorial Diagram (PV and Electronics)

Figure 12 Pictorial Diagram (PV and Electronics)

In these figures, it shows the connectivity of the of the PV system which starts from the solar
panel through solar charger. The inverter is also connected to the solar charger, terminal
block, and in parallel connection with the battery. In the second figure, it shows the
connectivity of the electronics from the microcontroller. The relays from the right side are
where the motors and valve are connected.

2.10 Design of Aeroponics and Photovoltaic System

Figure 13 Design of Aeroponics System Figure 14 Design of Photovoltaic System

 26

2.11 Product Description

Table 1.
Product Description

Qty. ITEM NAME SPECIFICATION

1pc. Solar Panel -Unbranded

-Peak power: 160W
-Maximum power voltage: 18.8V
-Maximum power current: 8.48A
-Open circuit voltage: 22.9V
-Short circuit current: 9.02A
-Power allowance range: 0°+3%
-Dimensions: 1480 × 670 x 35
mm
-Weight: 12 kg
-4 mounting holes 5m of special
cable with
MC4 connectors attached

1pc. PVC Tower

1pc. Aluminum
Stainless tank
 27

1pc. Solar panel Stand

1pc. ESP32 -5V

Microcontroller -100mAH
-500mWh

1pc. Solar Charge 20A

Controller

1pc. HC-04 Ultrasonic

Sensor

1pc. pH Level Sensor

 28

8-Relay Module -9V

-300mAh
-2700mWh

Battery -Brand: Motolite

-Model: Champion PM
LM NSOL / 2SMF
-12V sealed lead acid
-65Ah

3pcs. Peristaltic Pump -12V

-250mAh
-3000mWh

1pc. Submersible -12V

Pump -920mAH
-11,040mWh

1pc. Solenoid valve -12V

-1.8643mAH
-22.37mWh

1pc. DC to AC power -brand: Bosca

inverter -Ouput Voltage: 220V AC
-Ouput Frequency: 60Hz+/- 2Hz
-Input Voltage Range: 10,0 -
15.0V DC

This table shows the list of items and the description of every item used in building the
prototype.
 29

2.12 Research Locale

The nation can leverage its copious sunlight resources. As per data from the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, the Philippines experiences an average solar radiation
ranging from 128 to 203 watts per square meter, with an overall average of 161.7 watts per
square meter. This translates to a potential power generation capacity of 4.5 to 5.5 kWh per
square meter per day. The team built the system at the residence of a group member in
Bacoor City, Cavite, as it offered ample space, possessed the necessary instruments, and
proved to be a convenient location for all researchers.

2.13 Data Gathering Methods

Table 2
pH Level and Water Level Monitoring

pH Level and Water Level Monitoring

Ph Level | Range: 5.5 - 6.5 Water Level

DAY TIME Evidence
IOT Actual IOT Actual

12AM

6AM
1
12PM

6PM

12AM

6AM
2
12PM

6PM

12AM

6AM
3
12PM

6PM

12AM

6AM
4
12PM

6PM
 30

Table 3
12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage

12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage

Recorded
DAY TIME Capacity Evidence
Voltage

12AM

6AM
1
12PM

6PM

12AM

6AM
2
12PM

6PM

12AM

6AM
3
12PM

6PM

12AM

6AM
4
12PM

6PM
 31

2.14 Data Analysis

The researchers will employ quantitative analysis techniques, particularly

experimental statistics, to comprehensively interpret their experimental findings and gain a
thorough understanding of the impacts stemming from novel methodologies and approaches.
Morphological characteristics were scrutinized, and the resulting observations were
meticulously recorded and organized into tables using Microsoft Excel for comprehensive
data analysis. The entirety of the data underwent statistical analysis via the method of
analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA was utilized to compare variations among the
means or averages of distinct treatments. As Simplilearn (2022) outlined, ANOVA tests
disparities in mean values of populations by assessing the variability within individual
samples against the overall variation across various samples.

Furthermore, to pinpoint specific population discrepancies, ANOVA typically

incorporates a Least Significant Difference (LSD) analysis. When the F-ratio indicates the
rejection of the null hypothesis, signifying a statistically significant distinction between
population means, the ANOVA procedure employs the Least Significant Difference (LSD)
test. This test helps identify the groups whose means differ significantly.
 32

CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 15 12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage Chart

 33

Table 4
DC Loads

DC Loads
Voltage Current Power Time Energy
( V) mA (W) hour mWh
8 relay module 9 300 2700 24 64.8
ESP 32 5 100 500 24 12
ultrasonic sensor 15 15 225 24 5.4
pH Sensor 5 10 50 24 1.2
dosing pumps 1 12 250 3000 0.2 0.6
dosing pumps 2 12 250 3000 0.2 0.6
inverter fan 12 500 6000 5 30
submersible pump 12 920 11040 1.144 12.62976
Total Power: 26515
Total Energy: 127.22976

Table 5
AC Loads

AC Load
Voltage Current Power Time Energy
( V) mA (W) hour mWh
solenoid valve 220 0.1016864 22.371 0.4 8.9484
Total Power: 22.371
Total Energy: 8.9484

Table 6
Fluid Viscosity and Flow Rate

Fluid Viscosity Flow Rate

dosing pumps 1 & 2 11ml/min
solenoid valve 25 CST submersible pump 800L/h
 34

Table 7
12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage Data gathered

12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage

Recorded
DAY TIME Capacity Evidence
Voltage

1 12AM 60% 12.4

1 6AM 90% 12.78

1 12PM 100% 13.6

1 6PM 100% 12.9

2 12AM 60% 12.5

2 6AM 100% 12.95

 35

2 12PM 100% 14.3

2 6PM 100% 12.94

3 12AM 60% 12.44

3 6AM 100% 12.9

3 12PM 100% 13.2

3 6PM 100% 13

4 12AM 70% 12.59

4 6AM 100% 12.72

 36

4 12PM 100% 13.6

4 6PM 100% 13.1

Figure 16 12V Sealed Lead acid Battery Voltage Capacity graph

 37

Time of Charging and Discharging of the Battery.

The battery charges from 0% to 100% for 7hrs by a 200W solar panel. And it discharges until
empty by the aeroponics components in 3.93 days or 94.3 hours.

Figure 17 100% Charged and Empty Battery

 38

Table 8
pH Level Monitoring Data gathered

pH Level Monitoring

Ph Level | Range: 5.5 - 6.5

DAY TIME IOT Actual
12:00 AM 6.343 6.13
6:00 AM 6.161 5.91
1
12:00 PM 6.161 5.83
6:00 PM 6.161 6.07
12:00 AM 6.132 6.18
6:00 AM 5.89 6.03
2
12:00 PM 6.071 5.72
6:00 PM 6.343 6.18
12:00 AM 6.2 6.13
6:00 AM 6.132 6.03
3
12:00 PM 7.1 7.1
6:00 PM 6.071 6.07
12:00 AM 6.343 6.05
6:00 AM 6.2 6.18
4
12:00 PM 5.89 5.73
6:00 PM 6.161 6.18
 39

Table 9
pH Level Monitoring Data gathered w/ Photo

PH Level
DAY Time: IOT Actual

1 12:00AM

1 6:00AM

1 12:00PM

1 6:00PM
 40

2 12:00AM

2 6:00AM

2 12:00PM

2 6:00PM

3 12:00AM
 41

3 6:00AM

3 12:00PM

3 6:00PM

4 12:00AM

4 6:00AM
 42

4 12:00PM

4 6:00PM

Figure 18 pH Level Monitoring Data Graph

 43

Table 10
pH Level and Water Level Monitoring Data Gathered
 44

Table 11
Water Level Monitoring Data gathered w/ photo
Day and Time IoT Reading Actual

DAY 1 - 12:00 AM

DAY 1 - 6:00 AM

DAY 1 - 12:00 PM

DAY 1 - 6:00 PM
 45

DAY 2 - 12:00 AM

DAY 2 - 6:00 AM

DAY 2 - 12:00 PM

DAY 2 - 6:00 PM
 46

DAY 3 - 12:00 AM

DAY 3 - 6:00 AM

DAY 3 - 12:00 PM

DAY 3 - 6:00 PM
 47

DAY 4 - 12:00 AM

DAY 4 - 6:00 AM

DAY 4 - 12:00 PM

DAY 4 - 6:00 PM
 48

Figure 19 Water Level Monitoring Data Graph

One Way ANOVA

Table 12
One-way-ANOVA 12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Capacity Recorded 16 14.4 0.9 0.028
Voltage 16 207.96 12.9975 0.243873

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-Value F crit
Between Groups 1170.796 1 1170.796 8612.805 1.85E-38 4.170877
Within Groups 4.0781 30 0.135937
Total 1174.874 31
 49

P Value is > 0.05, Reject Null Hypothesis

H1 – The Power generated by the Photovoltaic power is sufficient to tun the whole system

Table 13
One-way-ANOVA pH Level Monitoring

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
IOT 16 99.359 6.209938 0.074039
Actual 16 97.52 6.095 0.095427

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-Value F crit
Between Groups 0.105685 1 0.105685 1.247276 0.272939 4.170877
Within Groups 2.541981 30 0.084733
Total 2.647666 31

P Value is > 0.05, Reject Null Hypothesis

H1 – The information from the sensors is precise and consistent

Table 14
One-way-ANOVA Water Level Monitoring

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
IOT 16 287.422 7.96388 0.248661
Actual 16 285.18 17.82375 0.064225
 50

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-Value F crit
Between Groups 0.15708 1 0.15708 1.004072 0.324341 4.170877
Within Groups 4.693293 30 0.156443
Total 4.850373 31

P Value is > 0.05, Reject Null Hypothesis

H1 – The information from the sensors is precise and consistent

Bill of Materials
Table 15
Bill of Materials: PV

Aeroponics Price:
Peristaltic Pump(3) 1,000
ESP-WROOM-32 270
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor 64
pH Sensor set 360
Solenoid Valve 355
Submersible Pump 529
8-Relay Module 165

Solderless Breadboard (2) 86

40pcs Breadboard PCB Jumpers 70
pH Adjuster Solution(up and down) 385
4meters Peristaltic hose 160
Water hose 3/8 (2meters) 106
Aeroponics Tower & tank 15,000
Total: 18,550
 51

Table 16
Bill of Materials: Aeroponics

PV Price:
Champion Motolite Batt 7,100
Nema Box 1,000
Solar Panel 4,899
Solar Charge Controller 389
BOSCA inverter 1500W w/ Buzzer 1,194
Terminal Block (12pin) 98
Wires 0.3mm^2 (8meters) 312
12-10 AWG Insulated Fork Spade U-Type
Wire 90
PV Stand w/ Wheels 8,000
Total 23,082
 52

CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This research seeks to develop in a transformative era in sustainable energy and

advanced agriculture by seamlessly integrating a Photovoltaic System with cutting-edge
Electronics and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. A remarkable milestone has been
achieved, demonstrating the Photovoltaic System's capacity to independently sustain the
entire load without reliance on conventional energy sources, pushing the boundaries of eco-
friendly and self-sufficient energy solutions. The convergence of the Photovoltaic System
with an Electronics system, complemented by the integration of IoT technology, has given
rise to an automated aeroponics system. This technological fusion signals a new chapter in
agricultural practices, diminishing the need for human intervention in cultivation processes.
The amalgamation of renewable energy and sophisticated automation promises a sustainable
and efficient future in both the energy and agriculture sectors.

To facilitate real-time data acquisition and monitoring within this integrated system,
Thingspeak, a versatile platform, has been strategically deployed. The seamless connectivity
via wifi/Hotspot enables the exchange of information, facilitating a comprehensive analysis
of the system's performance and efficacy. Statistical rigor played a crucial role in assessing
the impact of the integrated system, with a one-way ANOVA serving as the analytical
backbone. The rejection of the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis
underscores the statistical significance of observed differences among variables. A discerning
p-value exceeding 0.05 solidifies that the implemented changes have induced meaningful
transformations within the system.
 53

Further validation of the system's reliability was achieved through a meticulous four-
day comparative analysis of actual and IoT-generated data. Sampling at regular 6-hour
intervals, critical parameters such as pH levels, water levels, and battery consumption were
scrutinized. This comprehensive examination not only attested to the precision of the IoT
system but also highlighted its instrumental role in monitoring and controlling crucial
environmental factors in the aeroponics system. To sum up, this research contributes to the
empirical understanding of a Photovoltaic System's self-sustainability. It delineates the
synergistic potential of renewable energy, advanced electronics, and IoT in revolutionizing
agricultural practices. The implications of these findings reverberate across diverse domains,
promising significant strides in sustainable energy solutions and precision agriculture for a
technologically advanced and environmentally conscious future.

In summary, we, as the researchers, have developed a functioning Aeroponics system

with the integration of electronic components/sensors to automate repetitive activities when
cultivating lettuce, such as watering the plant at a specific interval, filling up water with the
use of a solenoid valve without human intervention at the given set point, and activating
dosing pumps with the coded set point of activation. With this, we can gather data from the
sensor, which ThingSpeak can then monitor for data analysis.

Conclusion

This chapter concludes the automation research and the data acquired from the built
system. Additionally, statistical findings, interpretations, and comparative analysis would
also be included in this summary, as was the evidence of the development of the system. The
automated system was built to lessen human intervention and tedious tasks such as watering
and maintaining water levels. With this, the researchers developed a modular and self-
sustaining automated aeroponics system using Arduino-based IoT integrated with a
photovoltaic system to utilize its energy source.
 54

1. The researchers have developed the Automated Aeroponics System with the condition that
the water should be at a level that the submersible pump can intake water (>10cm) to start the
showering process in the aeroponic tube.
1.1 Under the given condition, we maintained the water level so that the solenoid valve
would open when it decreased to the set point and draw in water again to maintain it.
2. Photovoltaic System could sustain the entire load from the electronic system with at least
1-2 days of autonomy.
2.1 Solar panels could harness energy due to strategic placement and timing. As per our
observation, the best time to harness energy was around 7 a.m.- 4 p.m. With this,
energy was not a problem at all.
2.2 The terminal blocks are highly recommended, especially when powering multiple
loads that require 12v output.
3. IoT monitoring was successfully integrated into the system. With the use of the free
monitoring platform ThingSpeak, we were able to receive the data from the system and
compare it with the actual value.
3.1 The data gathered was analyzed using One-way ANOVA, and all alternative
hypotheses were accepted because p >0.05 was the result.

Recommendations:

The development stage, trial stage, and data gathering were already completed.
During the process, the researchers encountered problems that can be taken as precautions
when proceeding with this research or anything related. Based on that notion, here is the list
of recommendation/s from the researchers based on the problem encountered:

Wifi Specification (Error - 304)

Connect to a proper wifi router, preferably with a 2. 4GHz signal. Alternatively, if a
microcontroller can handle any modern wifi frequency, future researchers should utilize that
to avoid this restriction on their project.
 55

Signal Range (Error -304)

Make sure the ESP32 microcontroller is within range to access the wifi. It can also be solved
using a better microcontroller that a significant amount of range can access. It is not
restricted to using a specific frequency to link to the IoT platform.

Interval of Data sent to Thing Speak (Error 401)

Should have at least 15 seconds delay for sending data to thing speak. For clarity, this is not a
major problem, but future researchers who might use the same IoT monitoring platform and
microcontroller might encounter this problem. To resolve this, ensure that the set interval in
the code is not less than 10sec (delay (10000);) since ThingSpeak monitoring has a minimum
limit of 15sec receiving data.

Lack of covering in the Aeroponics tank.

For future researchers, they should implement/fabricate a covering for the tank. During the
trial and operating stage, the researchers encountered this flaw in the design. They
overlooked it since the location of the Automated Aeroponics System is not vulnerable to the
debris that might enter the tank. With that, the researchers recommend that if future
researchers are going to deploy their project with the same aspect as in this paper, they
should survey the project's location to determine the material they should use when designing
a tank cover and the tank itself.

Use GSM Module as Alternative to Wi-Fi connection.

A GSM or GPRS module is a chip or circuit facilitating communication between a mobile
device or computer and a GSM or GPRS network.
During our test run, we encountered a problem with the prototype's wifi router range. To
solve this problem, we suggest a GSM Module to relay information/Data via SMS to users as
an alternative to our "Thingspeak" platform in which users can also view the status of the
system's water level and pH level. Future researchers can follow the suggested approach to
 56

lessen the burden of having other applications to monitor the real-time status of the
parameters.

Use LoRa to extend the range of connectivity further.

A long-range radio (LoRa) sensor transmits data for both Internet of Things (IoT) and
machine-to-machine (M2M) devices via cloud connectivity. These sensors are extensively
compatible, enabling connections with diverse machines, devices, and even living beings
such as animals and humans.
One of our concerns is the range of our system from the router; upon presenting this problem,
an alternative is to use LoRa to extend the range of the connection between the system and
the router. With this alternative, future researchers using the same approach as our method
can eliminate the problem regarding the distance between the system and the router and can
further position their prototype in a more advantageous location due to the extended range.

Usage of other sensors such as particle sensor and temperature sensor.

Other sensors, such as particle and temperature, are also used.
Due to the problem we encountered, we proposed incorporating additional sensors like
particles and temperature into the system. By integrating these sensors, the research project
can enhance its data collection capabilities, providing a more comprehensive understanding
of environmental conditions and potential contaminants affecting water quality.
Particle sensors are instrumental in detecting and quantifying airborne particles, such as dust,
smoke, and pollen, which may impact water quality by introducing pollutants. Meanwhile,
temperature sensors enable monitoring of water temperature, a crucial parameter influencing
the growth of aquatic organisms and chemical reactions within the system. By including
these sensors, the research project can offer users a more holistic view of the factors
influencing water quality, empowering them to make informed decisions regarding system
management and maintenance.
The suggestion to incorporate additional sensors aligns with the project's objective of
providing a robust monitoring solution. Future researchers can benefit from this
 57

recommendation by expanding the scope of their investigations and gaining deeper insights
into the factors influencing water quality and plant growth. Additionally, integrating particle
and temperature sensors enhances the project's adaptability to various environmental
conditions, ensuring its relevance and applicability across diverse settings.

Control the sensors in real time.

I provided invaluable feedback, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and controlling
the sensors in real time and enhancing the system's interactivity.
Our initial design focused on leveraging Arduino-based IoT to monitor the various
parameters critical to Aeroponics, such as water and pH levels. While effective for data
collection, our system's capability was limited to monitoring without providing real-time
adjustments based on the collected data. For instance, there is an unexpected water level
increase from heavy rainfall; upon detecting the overflow condition, the IoT system should
immediately activate an integrated overflow drainage mechanism. This mechanism consists
of a strategically placed overflow outlet connected to a drain line or an additional solenoid
valve programmed to open when the water level exceeds the set threshold. The excess water
is then safely diverted from the reservoir, preventing spillage and maintaining the system's
integrity.
Simultaneously, the system logs this event and notifies the user via the IoT platform,
ensuring awareness and enabling further inspection if necessary. This proactive approach
prevents immediate issues such as waterlogging and changes in pH level and contributes to
the system's overall data on environmental adaptability, which is helpful for future
optimization.
We propose that future researchers integrate a dynamic control mechanism into our existing
IoT framework to address this. This mechanism automatically adjusts the water level by
activating or deactivating solenoid valves based on real-time sensor data.
Implementing such a control mechanism would require adding actuator controls to the
Arduino programming, enabling the system to not just passively monitor but actively respond
 58

to the sensor data. This enhancement will make the aeroponics system more adaptive and
efficient, potentially improving crop yield and resource usage.

System Interactivity
Enhancing system interactivity involves making the system more user-friendly and accessible
for monitoring and control by the end-user. To achieve this, future researchers may develop a
dedicated mobile app or web dashboard that communicates with our Arduino-based IoT
system. This platform would display real-time data collected by the sensors and allow users
to adjust system settings from remote locations manually.
 59

REFERENCES

Buckseth, T.; Sharma, A.; Pandey, K.; Singh, B.; Muthuraj, R. Methods of Pre-Basic Seed
Potato Production with Special Reference to Aeroponics—A Review. Sci. Hortic.
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Calori, A.H.; Factor, T.L.; Feltran, J.C.; Watanabe, E.Y.; de Moraes, C.C.; Purquerio, L.F.V.
Electrical Conductivity of the Nutrient Solution and Plant Density in Aeroponic
Production of Seed Potato under Tropical Conditions (Winter/Spring). Bragantia 2017,
76, 23–32.
Chaney, C. (n.d.). How often do you water in an aeroponics system? Spray Intervals, 1.
https://www.ehow.com/info_12160800_water-aeroponics-system.html

Dhanaraju, M., Chenniappan, P., Ramalingam, K., Pazhanivelan, S., & Kaliaperumal, R.
(2022). Smart farming: Internet of Things (IoT)-based sustainable agriculture.
Agriculture, 12(10), 1745.

Gopinath, P., Vethamoni, P. I., & Gomathi, M. (2017). Aeroponics soilless cultivation
system for vegetable crops. Chem. Sci. Rev. Lett, 6(22), 838-849.

Kerns, S. C., & Lee, J. L. (2017, September). Automated aeroponics system using IoT for
smart farming. In 8th International Scientific Forum, ISF (pp. 7-8).

Lakhiar, I. A., Jianmin, G., Syed, T. N., Chandio, F. A., Buttar, N. A., & Qureshi, W. A.
(2018). Monitoring and control systems in agriculture using intelligent sensor
techniques: A review of the aeroponic system. Journal of Sensors, 2018, 1-18.

Lakhiar, I. A., Jianmin, G., Syed, T. N., Chandio, F. A., Buttar, N. A., & Qureshi, W. A.
(2018). Monitoring and control systems in agriculture using intelligent sensor
techniques: A review of the aeroponic system. Journal of Sensors, 2018, 1-18.

Lakhiar, I.A.; Gao, J.; Xu, X.; Syed, T.N.; Chandio, F.A.; Jing, Z.; Buttar, N.A. Effects of
Various Aeroponic Atomizers (Droplet Sizes) on the Growth, Total Polyphenol
Content and Antioxidant Activity of Leafy Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.). Trans. ASABE
2019, 62, 1475–1487.

Li, Q., Li, X., Tang, B., & Gu, M. (2018). Growth responses and root characteristics of
lettuce grown in aeroponics, hydroponics, and substrate culture. Horticulturae, 4(4),
35.

Li, Y.; Shi, R.; Jiang, H.; Wu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Song, S.; Su, W.; Liu, H. End-Of-Day LED
Lightings Influence the Leaf Color, Growth and Phytochemicals in Two Cultivars of
Lettuce. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1475.
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Méndez-Guzmán, H. A., Padilla-Medina, J. A., Martínez-Nolasco, C., Martinez-Nolasco, J.

J., Barranco-Gutiérrez, A. I., Contreras-Medina, L. M., & Leon-Rodriguez, M. (2022).
IoT-Based Monitoring System Applied to Aeroponics Greenhouse. Sensors, 22(15),
5646.

Otazu, V. Manual on Quality Seed Potato Production Using Aeroponics; International Potato
Center: Lima, Peru, 2010; ISBN 92-9060-392-5.

Patoliya, A. R., Chauhan, L. D., Bambhaniya, U. B., Vd, S., Paija, N., Bhoya, R., ... &
Thumar, K. Hydroponics And Aeroponics System For Lettuce Crop. Science, 1059(1),
012014.

Rahman, F., Ritun, I. J., Biplob, M. R. A., Farhin, N., & Uddin, J. (2018, June). Automated
aeroponics system for indoor farming using Arduino. In 2018 Joint 7th International
Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV) and 2018 2nd International
Conference on Imaging, Vision & Pattern Recognition (icIVPR) (pp. 137-141). IEEE.

Ramalingannanavar, N., Nemichandrappa, M., Reddy, G. S., Dandekar, A. T., Kamble, J. B.,
& Dhanoji, M. M. (2020). Design, Development and Evaluation of Solar Powered
Aeroponic system–A Case Study. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 9(3), 3102-3112.

Tunio, M. H., Gao, J., Lakhiar, I. A., Solangi, K. A., Qureshi, W. A., Shaikh, S. A., & Chen,
J. (2021). Influence of atomization nozzles and spraying intervals on growth, biomass
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11(1), 97.
 61

APPENDICES

A. Letter of Permission
 62

B. Grammar/Editing Certification
 63

C. Anti-plagiarism Certification
 64

D. Financial Statement including Receipts

Total Expenses:

₱47,732

Breakdown of Expenses:

Title Proposal Defense ₱2650

Material used in Aeroponics ₱18550
Material used in PV ₱23082
Payment for Thesis Proposal and Final Defense ₱2650
Payment for Certification in RDC (Turnitin) ₱500
Payment for Certification in RDC (Grammarly) ₱300
Total: ₱47,732
65
 66

E. Certificate of Authorization of Use by the University

 67

F. Curriculum Vitae
68
69