Entry test:

a been salesmen since we left university,

b been working here for ten years,
c time I heard from Sarah was a couple of
months ago.
d I started taking these lessons, I haven’t
found computers so difficult,
e to see as (or: such a) good a player as
Michael Owen in this competition

a had been working (or: training) as

b been thinking of (or: toying with the
idea of)
c had been
d will /should /ought to have
e to have

3
a have you been
b was trying / had been trying
c will have been
d to have been
e thinking of (or: toying with the idea of)

4a
going to b comes to a c have been
d the point of e to leave

Section 1:

check
a It’s the third time he has / he’s missed a meeting.
b As soon as he finishes (or: has finished), he’s going home.
c This is the best lasagne I have / I’ve ever had.
d Since we’ve known each other, he has /he’s always shown impeccable
manners.
e Since I met her, I ’ve never seen her lose her temper

practice: p19

a tick
b That’s the second time you’ve forgotten to post something for me.
c I haven’t seen Peter since he began seeing his new girlfriend,
d Ever since we met, you have / you’ve never asked me what I prefer to do.
e In all my life, I have / I ’ve never spoken to someone / anyone who is quite so stupid.

f tick
g tick

h Since he's lived here, he has / he 's usually been extremely friendly.

i They’ll join us after they’ve got / had a bite to eat.

j tick

(1) thought (2) walked / stepped

(3) never (4) is (5) met.
3

(1)got (2) fallen (3) lost (4) count(5) enough / it (6) wondered
(7) done / had (8) torn(9) made / cracked (10) arrived

b I haven’t come
c has run
d as if she has / she’s
e best pizza I’ve / I have ever
f makes / it is that makes
g has done nothing
h to get

5
a last seen over a month ago.
b to see as extraordinary a goal / such an extraordinary goal as Bergkamp’s.
c anyone / someone has asked me that. (or: I’ve been asked that.)
d Channel Tunnel was built, the journey to Paris takes / has taken much less time.
e up smoking almost a year ago.
f the new cafe next door was opened, (or: they opened the new cafe next door,) this one has been a lot less popular, (or:
hasn’t been nearly so popular.)

Section 2:

check
a unfulfilled plan
b Past Perfect with before
c obvious time sequence: use Past
Perfect or Past Simple
d Future Perfect with by the time
e appear -I- Perfect infinitive

practice 21

lb 2 f 3 d 4 c 5 g 6 h 7 e 8 a

2
a By the time he is 50, he will have lived / will have been living in this country for half his life,
b It’s a surprise party and they won’t know anything about it until they get here.
d The other seventy guests should have arrived before Mikis and Maria ,
e By the time we have finished, everybody will have eaten and drunk as they can

I had recently = I have recently

I went= Inhave/ I’ve been

I have once spent = I once spent

I had loved = I loved
I returned- = I have returned
to-had-been = to have been
have-been-delayed = were delayed
we have expected = we expected / we had expected

a you get there I’m sure he will have arrived.

b to Cornwall l reckon we will / we’ll have travelled / driven over 200 miles,
c report has been keyed, could you perhaps check this order for me?
d bound / certain / sure to have got there before everyone else,
e received your completed application form, we will fax you further details

a (that) they had

b checked / made sure that the electricity had
c realised / remembered (that) we had
d will / shall / ’ll have finished
e to have
f will be leaving / heading
g to have
h had no alternative / option / choice

Section 3

Check lb 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 e

2
(/:) (1) had been constantly going / had constantly gone (2) starred / was starring

(3) were already waiting (4) have been doing (5) turned out
(6) would have preferred (7) completely failed to realise

(8) were being closely monitored / were closely monitored

(9) they changed (10 ) I’m not thinking

Id 2 a 3 b 4 g 5 h 6 e 7 c 8 f

4
a was wondering if / whether you might like to come round this evening,
b We’ve been arguing over politics for years.
c It’s finally dawning on my son that there’s no such thing as a free lunch,
d Who is running this event?
e I think he’s at last coming round to my way of thinking.

Section 4:

check
a fixed plans / arrangements
b a personal intention
c an unalterable arrangement or fact
d an immediate decision
e an action that will happen because it is regular or decided

Practice 25

1 (/:) a she’s going to

b I’ll
c I’m going to be
d I’ll
e am leaving
f is not
g would
h will be doing
i will have gone
j are to

(1)due (2) just (3) point (4) unless

(5) be (6) to (7) left / gone
(8) leaving / going / off (9) be
(10) move

a
on the point of (or: thinking of / toying with the idea of )
b would do his
c as we’ve paid
d is going to have (or: will have) an
e will have been studying
f to be taken

1years / from now

2 about / to become

3/
4/
5 have / gone out
6 There / is little
7 will / have disappeared
8/
9 this / will affect
10 we / have left
11 grandchildren / will be
12 still / be talking
13 /
14 they / are feeling

Section 5

Pre-practice
1 c prefer /
2a/

Practice 26

1 a X b TICK
2 a TICK b X
3 a TICK b TICK
4 a X b TICK
5 a TICK b TICK
6 a TICK b TICK
7 a TICK b TICK
8 a X b TICK
9 a TICK b TICK
10 a TICK b TICK

(1) I particularly dislike

(2) / (or: we have been studying)

(3) am beginning
(4) have had
(5) feel
(6) tick
(7) tick
(8) was thinking
(9) tick
(10) realised
(11) didn’t know
(12) was talking
(13) tick
(14 ) tick
(15) consisted
(16) don’t think
(17) had read
(18) tick
(19) would have sounded
(20) tick

a I suppose I could (always) ask Richard to help me out.

b It sounds as if the honeymooners are enjoying themselves.
c I ’m depending on your help to finish this work.
d The new receptionist certainly doesn’t lack confidence.
e My young niece was always tired because she was found to be lacking in iron.

Section 6

Pre-practice

circle:) 1 d
2 b, c

31a2b3c
Practice 28:

1 (underline:) lb 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 b 6 b
7 a 8 b 9 a 10 b

1 time 2 surely 3 twinkling 4 next

5 immemorial 6 nick 7 kill 8 timeconsuming

9 long-standing 10 matter

(circle:) (1) spent (2) scanning

(3) devoted (4) territory (5) releasing
( 6) get home (7) for (8) gap
( 9 s) bearings (10) fin (11) way

(underline:) la 2 b 3 b 4 d 5 d 6 a 7 a 8 c

Exam practice 1:

1
a. feel at home here until after a few weeks/ until a few weeks have gone by.
b. we leave he will / he’ll almost certainly have left.
c. has heard of Lucas for a week,
d. to meet as infuriating a person (or: such an infuriating person) as Theo.
e. the first time I’ve seen Anita’s hair (or: Anita with her hair) in such a mess,
f. the more modern 306 was produced, this type of car hasn’t sold so well,
g. seem to have sent us the wrong information,
h. seem to have made a mistake,
i. were clearly felt by the President not to have acted swiftly enough,
j. have got out of there - it was hell.

2
a will have left / gone
b will have finished (or: stopped, etc.)
c to have been / become
d he had come (or: he had been directed)

e have been taken

(1 ) conjure (2) are / have been

(3) running (4) distant (5) belonging
(6) just / merely / simply (7) described
(8) is (9) paid (10) broken (11) having
(12) had (13) were (14) cheering /clapping / rooting

(15) tried (16) put

(17) been (18) begun /started (19) be (20) have

(I) B (2) A (3) D ( 4) B (5) C(6) A (7) A (8) C (9) D (10) A

(II) B (12) A (13) C (14) B (15) D

UNIT 2:

ENTRY TEST

a was completely destroyed by the car.

b was awarded second prize.

c was refused permission to appeal against the decision.

d has earned them several million pounds,
e were recommended (to try) a new method of checking how much we were spending.

2
a. forced to / obliged to
b. to be
c. not having / that we hadn’t / that no one had
d. to have been
e. to have (or: going to have)

3
a having it / getting it / going to have it /going to get it
b get someone
c to get used {or: to get accustomed)
d had my (or: got my)
e taken
4

a has faded in the sun.

b sailing (or: being sailed) into the harbour,
c when I dropped it.
d thickened when I added flour,
e is selling a lot of copies, (or: is selling\ well.)
SECTION I
check
a They were pronounced man and wife ,
b I was told (or: They explained (to me))
what I had to do.
c He was forgiven his previous
misdemeanours.
d He earned a lot of money from his
betting

e We were recommended a good

restaurant for lunch

practice p35

a could soon be fitted , being considered

b being caused
c were charged
d has finally been elected
e to be printed , is expected , is auctioned

f has been held , is deemed

lc 2 b 3 d 4 a 5 e

a The victim was shown a picture of the suspect.

A picture of the suspect was shown to the victim, (or: was shown the victim.)
b The tourists used to be sold fake antiques.
Fake antiques used to be sold to the tourists.
c Why weren’t the customers offered a refund?

Why wasn’t a refund offered to the customers?

d Not every participant was guaranteed a free lunch.
A free lunch wasn’t guaranteed to every participant.
e The incident was reported to the police.
f It was suggested to us that the Internet would be a good source of information.
(formal: The Internet was suggested to us as (being) a good source of information.)
g We were promised full compensation if the scheme fell through.
Full compensation was promised (to) us if the scheme fell through.
h The boxing match was declared a draw by the referee.
i The new members of staff will be given all the help they need.
All the help the new members of staff need will be given (to) them.
j He earned the reputation of being unreliable through that incident.

( I) was (2) being (3) kicked / thrown /booted (4) were (5) had
(6) followed / pursued (7) been
(8) be (9) housed / accommodated /installed
(10) worked / thought / sorted
(II ) being (12) being / closely

SECTION 2

CHECK

1 are believed 2 is thought, have been smuggled

3 were seen 4 is said

5 was cleaned, to be seen

PRACTICE P37

a were / (are) ... to

b to have
c to ... been
d was... to
e to ... done / said
f having... taken
g being found
h not known / thought / expected to be

a was made to tell them everything I knew.

b was not / never allowed to study the piano at school.
c is often said never to have revised anything he wrote.
d was once thought that there were canals on Mars.
e understood / thought to have been an attack last night in the vicinity of the beach.

f is widely assumed to have been wrongly accused,

g to be cleaned until they shine,
h not to be crossed under any circumstances.

a She wants to be seen to be fair,

b He is often heard to say how much of his success is down to you.
c She is supposed to have fallen overboard at night and drowned ,
d We certainly don’t want such a ridiculous spectacle to be repeated ever again.
e The building was originally due to be completed by June,
f When I was a child, my family / parents never let me play with the children next door.

a being knocked down by a motorbike,

b laughed at is never very nice,
c been criticised for his extravagance, Stewart was more careful (afterwards),
d being pushed (or: having been pushed) into giving a speech ,
e been told it was quicker, I naturally took the mountain road ,
f having been given £100,000 (before), I can’t tell you what it feels like

Section 3
Check 3 4

Practice 39

(1)had (2) was (3) had (4) been(5) had (6) been (7) had (8) have
(9) had (10) have (11) been (12) has(13) been (14) have(15) had

a really going to have / get my sofa delivered today?

b one of the others to post my letters for me. (or: my letters posted by one of the others.)
c supposed to be having my two front teeth capped this morning.
d need to (or: must get / must have) my car serviced.
e get them to sign the receipt (or: get the receipt signed) before you let them go?
(or: before they left?)

a to have / get my eyes

b are / get called
c had a / my photo(graph) (or: some photo(graphs)

d was sat / had been sat / was stood / had been stood
e hadn't had (or: wouldn’t have) his hair / it cut
f have to get used

A My sister had her flat redecorated by the whole of her class last weekend ,
b We got lost in the woods,
c Do you think there’s any chance (that) this new party will get elected?
d I can’t say I enjoy having my work read out in front of the class,
e It’s quite simple to have / get one or more of your keys copied (by a locksmith).

a you ever had your house broken into and any of your belongings
b you have had your fingerprints put on police files you can never
c have just got to get something done about this
d for your help I would not have got my passport
e of us can get everything organised all at the same
f must take care not to get your family involved in any such dangerous
g will almost certainly be arrested if you don’t get your car taxed and
h government never seems to be able to get interest rates brought under

Section 4

Check

c (The photograph was destroyed because of the light.)

f (The hot air balloon rose quickly into the sky.)

Practice p41

1
2 X (in the wind) 4 a X (is washed) 6 a X (were compensated)

8 a X (has increased) 9 b X(expands)

a The lights dimmed during the last dance.

b Darren’s performance in the 100 metres improved by a tenth of a second.
c The Titanic sank in 1911.
d His eyes filled with tears,
e The plan gradually developed

A Initially, I think the plot unfolds convincingly.

b The tension increases in the third scene.
c But then you seem to change everything, (or: But then everything seems to change.)
d Melodrama replaces real drama, doesn’t it?
e Why does the first act close with only a vague suspicion of murder in the air?
f Why doesn’t the second act open with the actual killing?
g And why do you end the third act on such an anti-climax?
h It’s difficult to see tickets selling for a play like this.

a fallen b contracted c changed d widened e folded f dried

g intensified h expanded i grown
Section 5

Pre-practice

1 a was deemed
b be jailed
c been strewn
d was...baffled
e been earmarked
2 a for b with c under d for

Practice p43

1d 2 f 3 i 4 a 5 h 6 e 7 g 8 c 9 j 10 b

( I) dogged (2) buffeted (3) haunted

(4) Locked (5) hounded
(6) handicapped (7) doomed
(8) blessed (9) touched (10) earmarked
( II ) destined (12) possessed

a was overcome
b is shrouded
c have been inundated
d is / was dwarfed
e is scheduled
f were baffled
g has been I is I was deemed
h was dubbed
i have been / not have been short-listed
j were / had been strewn

A Since the advertisement, we’ve been swamped with applications,

b Do you think it’s wrong that this site has been earmarked for redevelopment?
c The interviewer was really taken aback by the Minister’s response,
d The protest march was rained off.
e The office is staffed twenty-four hours a day.
f I was (rather / somewhat / really) disconcerted when the bereaved woman started laughing.
g The secret recipe is handed down from generation to generation,
h The surrounding buildings are dwarfed by the Trade Centre,
i The government's fiscal policy was pilloried in / by the press,
j All this information cannot easily be subsumed under one heading

Section6:

Pre pratice: lb 2 b 3 c

Practice p44

lb 2 c 3 c 4 a 5 d 6 d 7 c 8 b 9 a 10 c

a was approached
b was reached
c was filled
d was entered
e was evacuated

(underline:) la 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 c
4

a students at the sports centre are presented with a certificate of attendance when they leave ,
b pressurised into making a decision ,
c are not included in the price,
d was really shocked by the way the managing director behaved last night,
e was approached and congratulated /with congratulations by several people ,
f brought up in a little village on the Scottish border,
g printed with your name on.
h wasn’t reported to the police until it was far too late.
i of several hundred pounds by an old woman.
j is placed on government guidelines onthe importance of starting education
5

a An awful lot has been left out of the final draft agreement ,
b The beach was packed with sunbathers.
c An honorary doctorate in law was conferred on our founder by Edinburgh University,
d My uncle was operated on (or: They operated on my uncle) for five hours to remove the growth that had been
diagnosed , (or: for the growth that had been diagnosed to be removed.)
e I was robbed of my watch and cheques while I was abroad.

f The accused claimed he was / had been provoked into hitting the police officer

g The contract was torn up by both parties.

h Many of us were shocked when a former actor was sworn in as President of the United States

i I was completely taken aback by the present.

j Trading activities in the war-stricken area have been scaled down

Exam practice 2

1
(circle:)
1A2C3D4B5B
6 A 7 A 8 D 9 A10 C 11 C
12 A 13 D 14 C 15 D

(1) under (2) been (3) for(4) known (5) be (6) being (7) by
(8) levelled (9) even (10) made(11) reduced (12) by / through
(13) with (14) at (15) taken /borrowed (16) were (17) with
(18) in (19) ever (20) have / were

a to be switched off if / when the screen shows ‘Ready for Shutdown’,

b hasn’t been seen for over a year,
c can / should be sent off to shareholders yet.
d would have been completely baffled by the calculation if it had not been for
your help.
e only be done, (or: carried out,) it must (also) be seen to be done, (or: carried out.)
f a photograph of my children used in an advertisement.
g convicted several times previously, the driver was fined especially heavily.
h were often made to stay behind after closing time (by the manageress) to do
extra work.
i in the fuel lines is thought (by the investigators) to have caused the crash.
j has had to be faxed three times for a decision

a are shrouded
b was (or: has been) taken
c hasn't been given
d been dubbed / nicknamed / called
e has been / is / gets handed
f have let / have allowed yourself to (or: have agreed to)
5
a The accused was overcome with emotion,
b Naturally, you will be penalised (by having points deducted) if you arrive late,
c The floor was strewn with the model's clothes( or: The model’s clothes were strew all over the floor.)

d Our new Director wants to be addressed as 'Madam'.

e I can't say I enjoy having my writing torn to pieces in front of me.
f A decision will have to be made by the end of the week, won’t it?
g The possibility of the hotel needing new staff in the summer can’t / cannot / shouldn’t / should not be ruled out.
h Surely nobody likes being made fun of in public.
i It should be borne in mind that the customer is always right,
j This school-leaver is not sufficiently qualified for such a demanding job, is he / she?

Unit 3:

Entry test

Entry test
1a (probably / certainly / definitely) won’t be /are unlikely to be
b will be / may be / might be / should be /ought to be
c will be / may be / might be / could be
d mind could
e won’t have / shouldn’t have
f won’t be

a may / might
b have heard
c should be / ought to be (or: should have been / ought to have been; unlikely: could be)
d can’t be / couldn’t be
e can’t have / couldn’t have
f must have
g might have / could have / should have /ought to have told
3

a shouldn’t worry / needn’t think / needn’t worry / don’t need to worry

b have to get
c shouldn’t / needn't have been
d must take / must have
e needn’t have / shouldn’t have
f didn’t need / didn’t have
g to report / go to

SECTION 1:

CHECK

a emphasising that I am certain

b in my opinion...
c emphasising that it is just possible
d predicting what would happen
e asking for a prediction
Practice p55

1tick 2 tick 3 tick 4 will 5 you will

6tick 7tick 8 tick 9 he will 10 .smokers won’t

A (a tooth)
b 8 (the wait or delay)
c 4 (rain)
d 5 (the wind)
e 1 (the verdict)
f 3 (a hotel room)

g 2 (your last drink)

h 7 (your intonation / spoken language )

a He’ll no doubt be
b She will
c may as well / might as well
d Will
e ought to / might
f will
g might
h won’t definitely (= I’m not sure) /
definitely won’t (= I’m certain I won’t)

a I don’t suppose he will have / he’ll have the common sense to ask for directions.
b I (very much) doubt if / whether the package will be here before Friday,
c I think that’s asking (or: that would be asking) too much of him.
d I suppose she could conceivably break the world record at the next meeting,
e I think they ought to be able to achieve the task, (or: I don’t think the task ought to be insurmountable for them.)
f I think attitudes towards sunbathing may well have to change soon ,
g Would you (perhaps) like us to pay the deposit for you?
h I don’t / can’t think (that) there will be any major problems.

Section 2:

Check

D( predicting)

Practice p57

A tick b tick c cross d tick e cross f cross g tick h tick

2
(tick:) (1) shouldn’t
(2) may well l might well
(3) could / may / might
(4) could / may
(5) should
(6) can’t / shouldn’t
(7) may / might
(8) may / can

a Quite a lot must have been stolen for the bank to be offering a reward of £50,000.
b It can’t have been a very exciting match for half the spectators to leave (or: to have left) at half-time ,
c It must be a good show for people to have travelled so far to see it.
d It must be a big school for there to be over sixty teachers working there,
e Something serious must have gone wrong for the boss to be ranting and raving like a madman,
f It can’t have been a major operation for her to have been let out (or: for them to have let her out) of hospital the
following day.

a have spent
b have been me
c have finished / be over
d have been feeling
e have known /guessed something
f have let me

SECTION 3

CHECK

PRACTICE P59

1
a TICK bX cX dX eX f TICK g X

h TICK i TICK JTICK

a have had to cut

b must introduce
c had to climb / get in
d will / may / might have to retire
e would have to be
f would have had to work
g must let
h must be / must be sitting ...will have to be deducted
i have to have been working (or: have to have worked)
j am / 'm having to spend (or: am spending)

3
(tick:) a d e f

1 a have gone to so much trouble.

b wasn’t necessary (for you) to go to so much trouble.
2 a be allowed to talk (at all) during the examination.
b be observed during / throughout the examination.
3 a got to go now.
b stay any longer.
4 a better take some form of identification with her, hadn’t she?
b best (or: a good idea) if she took some form of identification with her, mightn’t it?
5 a be impossible for you to go there without a visa after all. (or: be necessary for you to have a visa to go there after
all.)
b have to have / get a visa to go there after all.
6 a we better make our excuses and leave?
b we to make our excuses and leave

SECTION 4:

PRE-PRACTICE:

1c
2 b, d

PRACTICE P60

(tick:) a d g i

(tick:) a. chance / opportunity b. doubts /reservations c. chances / odds d. stake / bet

e. bound / certain f. sure / confident g. little / no h. though / if

i. remote /distinct j. inevitably / certainly

a He has / had no chance of ever persuading her to marry him.

b They stand as much chance of getting a grade A as I do of becoming Prime Minister.
c There is a chance that my company will / might send me to the United States for a year.
d There is little chance of management agreeing to the / their employees’ demands.
e No one has had a chance yet of predicting the outcome of this dispute with any certainty.
f Is there any chance of my borrowing your bicycle for half an hour?
g The chances are that the match will be cancelled.
h Did you have a chance to speak to the Personnel Manager yesterday?

(1) certainly*
(2) likely
(3) possibly
(4) chance / possibility
(5) likelihood / chance
(6) will
(7) chances / prospects

(8) heading
(9) can’t
(10) doubt
(11) could / may / might / will / must
(12) bound / certain / sure / likely
(13) certain / unavoidable / inevitable
(14) well
(15) probability

a It’s unlikely (that) he’ll pass, (or: He’s unlikely to pass.) There’s little / no likelihood of him / his passing. I doubt if
he’ll pass. I have my doubts as to whether he’ll pass.
b The odds are on her passing, (or: It’s odds on her passing.) In all probability, she’ll pass. 1 have little (or: No) doubt
she’ll pass / I don’t doubt that she will pass. (I feel) she’s bound to pass. Her prospects of passing are very good , (or:
The prospects of her passing are very
good.) I would be surprised if she didn’t pass.
c We are not likely to see (or: It’s unlikely that we’ll) see him again. It would be a surprise (or: come as a surprise) if we
saw him again. The chances are we won’t see him again.
There’s little / no chance that we’ll see him (or: of our / us seeing him) again. There are few prospects of our (ever)
seeing him again. The prospects of us / our seeing him again are slim. We may (very) well never see him again.
d We are all far from sure of the outcome , (or: The outcome is far from certain.) There is (general) uncertainty about
the outcome. The outcome is unpredictable. There can be no
certainty about the outcome. The outcome is in the lap of the gods. No one can tell what the outcome will be.

SECTION5:

PRE PRACTICE

1 a 3 b 3 c 2 d 3 el f 3

PRACTICE P62

a. forbidden b. illegitimate c. illegal

d. permitted e. illicit f. compulsory
g. permissible h. obligatory

(tick:) a. not acceptable / unacceptable

b. unqualified c. disallowed / not allowed
d. non-compulsorv / not obligatory
e. not permitted f. banned g. optional
h. unwise i.disqualified / banned

j. the law / the rules

3
a You won't be compelled to do anything you don’t feel up to.
b If he’s done something wrong, he can expect punishment.
c You ’re under no obligation to pay now if you’d prefer not to.
d The curator told us (or: said) we weren’t allowed to pick anything up and that we weren’t supposed to touch
anything at all.
e Which restaurant we go to for tonight’s meal is entirely up to you.
f Nobody’s going to put pressure on you / put you under pressure now regarding your choice of college ,
g We don’t expect you to attend all of the components of (or: the lessons on)
the course.
h There are a number of bars that Richard has been barred from ,
i You are not allowed to entertain guests in private rooms.
j Being the senior member of staff here, it’s up to you to make the presentation

a un = unlawful b im = impermissable
c un = unreasonable d un = unreliable
e im = immoral f il = illegitimate
g ir = irrational h in - inconsistent
i un = unmanageable
j un = unpardonable
k un = unnecessary l un = unethical
m in = inessential n un = unacceptable
o dis = disloyal p un = unnatural

(underline:) la 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 b 6 c 7 d 8 b

EXAM PRACTICE 3

(I) will (2) chances (3) may (4) well

(or: (3) will (4) likely)

(5) tempted /inclined / obliged / compelled / driven

(6) certain / sure / bound

(7) distinct /definite / strong

(8) may / will

(9) has /needs / ought

(10) doubt / question

(II) do / can

(12) needn’t / won’t

(13) obligation

(14) probability
(15) possibility / chance

(16) all / both /probably / certainly

(17) well

(18) even /just / easily / well

(19) essential
(20) hopefully

A if it is within our capabilities to (or: if we will be able to) get the company to change their stand.
b is / are (very) likely to take (or: will likely take, is / are almost certain to take, will probably take) industrial action,
c be taking it seriously because / as he’s just gone on holiday

d (well) not be (or: be possible to avoid) a lengthy dispute.

e be possible apparently to find an early solution.
f are certainly facing (or: will certainly suffer, are certainly going to have to endure) financial hardship,
g the bounds of possibility that the looming crisis will never / not actually materialise,
h will not be surprised to learn that there’s strong pressure to call it off.
i must have been delayed for him to be so late,
j can't / couldn’t have got the news from me as we haven’t spoken.
3

a should / ought to / needs to / has to /must do

b chance that the
c couldn’t
d should / must / ought to / need to go / get
e better give / be wise to give
f must go / leave / be going / be leaving / be on my way as / because
g must have turned
h have to / need to
i could have / might have / should have told
j didn’t have to go / need to go

(circle:) 1 C 2 D 3 C 4 B 5 D 6 B 7 C 8 A 9 C 10 A

UNIT 4

ENTRY TEST

1
a will pay
b will
c used to
d couldn't give me
e would you agree (or: would you be able /willing / prepared)
f you be so kind

A wasn’t able / didn't manage

b to be able
c could have given / lent / slipped / offered
d wouldn’t have been able to
e they could / might be
f if I could

a necessary / essential (that)

b fear (that) it
c case you (should)
d think you would / could be as (or: think /realise you were as)
e would / could / might have been a
f should have / might have / could have /ought to have told
g needn’t have worried / been concerned
h will have been

SECTION 1

CHECK

a (I) b (O) c (F) and possibly (I ) d (I) e (O)

PRACTICE P69

Id2f3e4b5c6a

aWould b Would c Shall / Can

d Could / Can e Would / Might f could

a rhinoceroses b Cats c pigeons d Whales e bees

(All the sentences illustrate will and would used to express frequency and habit.)

A CROSS B TICK C CROSS D TICK

5

A Would it be possible (for you) to give me a hand with the dishes?

b Our previous cat used to refuse to go out unless the door was opened specially for him.
c He said he would tell my wife if I didn’t admit to everything,
d Would you like me to pay by cheque or would you prefer (it if I paid (or: me to pay)) cash?
e I would appreciate it if you would be kind enough to (or. be so kind as to) forward any letters to the above address.

SECTION 2

Check

Practice p71

A Could I / May I / Can I miss the first few minutes of tomorrow’s meeting?
b I wish I could write better in English ,
c One day soon, every schoolchild will be able to use (or: will have access to) the Internet.
d I could swim before I was three,
e A wasp sting would sometimes cause death in those days,
f These photocopiers can be quite temperamental.
g We could have got here in half the time.
h Because of the fog, they couldn’t have landed at Heathrow even if they had wanted to.
i And what is this baby doing sitting on my desk, if I might ask

1 a I can’t understand it.

f I can’t work it out.
2 g I can’t bear it.
k I can’t stand it.
l I can’t face it.
i I can't take it.
m I can’t put up with it.
3 b I can’t manage ,
h I can’t cope.

4 c I can’t help it.

e I can’t stop myself.
5 a I can’t get over it.
j I can’t put it out of my mind.

a have ...been able to work

b to be able to express
c may / might be able to reach / contact /
d were ...able to pull / drag
e able to make

a was able to put / get

b have been able to bring

c could have been

d have been able to hold
e could refute
f was able to introduce

a I hope it will be possible (for us) to meet again one day in more favourable circumstances.
I hope we will be able to meet again one day in more favourable circumstances.
b Some supermarket beef can be rather tough. Some supermarket beef has a tendency to be rather tough ,
c Would you be kind enough to send this out to all your major clients? I wonder if you would (kindly) send this out to
all your major clients?
d I may / might have been able to help you. It may / might have been possible for me to help you.
e In the end we managed to communicate with sign language. In the end we succeeded in
communicating with sign language
SECTION 3:

CHECK

a 3 bl c 2 d 5 e 4

PRACTICE 73

1
a It’s normal that some students should feel a little homesick in their first week here

b It’s important that children should be taught the difference between right and wrong

2 a It’s bewildering that he should complain / have complained now, right at the end of his course ,
b It’s odd that she should leave / have left without saying anything.
3 a The youth club leader warned them that they shouldn’t let their feelings run away with them,
b A bystander insisted (that) they should go to the police about the latest attack.

1 in case (or: lest = formal) c

2 so that d
3 in case (or: lest = formal) b
4 so that e
5 in case (or: lest = formal) a
6 in case (or: lest — formal) f

a Don’t you think you should have reacted differently from the way you did?
b She must have felt a bit of a fool when it dawned on her who she had been speaking to.
c You should arrive at Heathrow before I do.
d Ought I to have left her with a set of keys, do you think?
e Our stubborn young son would never treat visitors to the house respectfully.
f She may have put those goods in her bag by mistake.

a take
b have turned into
c be informed
d wouldn’t change her
e have taken

SECTION 4

PRE PRACTICE

a 1 b 3 c 2 d1 e 3

PRACTICE P74

1
(underline:) 1 a, b, c 2 c, d 3 a, b
4 a, d 5 a, b, d 6 a, c, d 7 a, d 8 a, d
9 a, c 10 a, b, d

a unfailingly b sporadic c tendency

d consistently e From f now g prone
h fortnightly i again j occasion
k uncommon L regularly m regularity
n clockwork o course p too q intervals

(1) As (2) by (3) from (4) to (5) in

(6) in (7) out (8) every (9) after

(10) once (11) more (12) on (13) On
(14) so (15) Now

A Every second month a spot-check will be carried out on how the business is being run.

b Terrorist attacks are taking place with increasing frequency,

c It is extremely rare for an employer to physically attack an employee ,
d It would be rare for such an assault not to lead to criminal proceedings,
e People only usually insure themselves against serious accidents,
f There are many times when the age of the offender should be borne in mind,
g The employees here are working under non stop pressure.
h As a rule employees are entitled to a ten-minute break twice a day.
i We receive junk-mail with monotonous regularity.
j It is (or: would be) unprecedented for a student to be given a refund if they curtail their course.

SECTION 5

PRE PRACTICE

1 a of b at c in, on d in, on
2 a eminent b born c seasoned
d polished e strong f efficient
3 (underline:) a, c, g, h
4 (tick:) d g i

PRACTICE P76

IB 2 B 3 A 4 C 5 B 6 C 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 A 11 C 12 B

a1b3c4d4e4f3g3h3
il j 2 k 3 12 m1 n1 o1 q 2 r 4 s 3 t 4

3
(underline:) 1 a, d 2 a, c, d 3 b, c 4 a, c
5 b 6 a, b, d 7 c 8 b 9 a 10 a, d
4

(underline:) id 2 d 3 b 4 c 5 d 6 d
7 b 8 d 9 c 10 d

EXAM PRACTICE 4

(1 ) would
(2) always / invariably
(3) prone / given
(4) ability / physique
(5) would
(6) skill(s) / lightness
(7) normally
(8) capable
(9) rare
(10) every
(11) then / again
(1 2) rule
(13) will / would / could
(14) very / will
(15) tend
(16) great / rare
(17) for
(18) amazing / refreshing / impressive /
fantastic etc.
(19) seasoned
(20) should

a couldn’t take charge of the catering, could you?

b used to get the 8.15 train to work,
c just be able to help you out.
d have been able to save her as they didn’t have the right equipment,
e might / could / should have told me you were coming!
f any way / any chance you could get here (or: any possibility of your getting here)
before lunch?

a be kind
b could have played / done
c would you agree / be willing / be prepared
d he could pay / give
e else there might / would / could have been
f out (that) we needn't
g should have eaten
h should have / might have known

a Would you be so kind as to close all the doors as you go?

b I said I was / would be willing to lend a hand provided I could find the time,
c (Some) people tend to feel discouraged by their first attempt at wood carving,
d They must have felt silly when they realised they were at the wrong church,
e You're liable to get laughed at if you go out looking like that.
f It's unheard-of for anyone / people to take time off in this company

(circle:) 1 B 2 D 3 A 4 D BC 6 D 7 B 8 C 9 B 10 A