Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

0% found this document useful (0 votes)
32 views7 pages

Integration Using Partial Fractions

Uploaded by

jacqueskrishna30
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
32 views7 pages

Integration Using Partial Fractions

Uploaded by

jacqueskrishna30
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

0.

1 INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRAC-

TIONS

0.1.1 Recall

1) A polynomial is a function in an indeterminate x of the form p(x) = a0 +


a1 x + a2 x2 + . . . an xn , where a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an are constants. n is called
the degree of the polynomial.

f (x)
2) A rational function in an indeterminate x is a function of the form q(x) = g(x)
,
where f (x) and g(x) are polynomials. If degree of f (x) is less than the degree
of g(x), then q(x) is called a proper rational function. If degree of f (x) is
greater than or equal to the degree of g(x), then q(x) is called an improper
rational function.
2x+3
Examples. q(x) = x2 −3x+2
is a proper rational function while
5x−3 4x3 −x2 +7x+3
q(x) = 3x+2
and q(x) = 3x2 +4x+2
are improper rational functions.

WE first study how to write a rational functions as partial fractions.

0.1.2 Partial fraction decomposition

This is a method by which a more complicated rational function is written as the


sum of simpler rational functions. The technique is based on the following theorem.
Theorem
f (x)
If q(x) = g(x)
is a proper rational function where f (x) and g(x) have no common
factors, then q(x) can be written as a partial fraction decomposition in the form
q(x) = q1 (x) + q2 (x) + · · · + qk (x)
where each qi (x) has one of the forms
A Bx+C
(ax+b)n
or (ax2 +bx=c)m
.

The procedure for finding a partial fraction decomposition of a rational expres-


f (x)
sion q(x) = g(x)
depends on the factors of the denominator g(x). There are four

1
possibilities.

1) Non-repeated lLinear Factors in the Denominator


To each linear factor ax + b occuring once in the denominator, there corre-
A
sponds a single partial fraction of the form ax+b
, where A is a constant to be
determined.
Example
3x−1 A B C
x(3x+4)(x−2)
≡ x
+ 3x+4
+ x−2
A(3x+4)(x−2)+Bx(x−2)+Cx(3x+4)
≡ x(3x+4)(x−2)

=⇒ 3x − 1 = A(3x + 4)(x − 2) + Bx(x − 2) + Cx(3x + 4)


= A(3x2 − 2x − 8) + Bx2 − 2Bx + 3Cx2 + 4Cx
= (3A + B + 3C)x2 + (−2A − 2B + 4C)x − 8A
Equating coefficients, we have the system of equations
3A + B + 3C = 0
−2A − 2B + 4C = 3
−8A = −1

Solving this system we obtain A = 81 , B = − 38 , C = 14 .

2) Repeated Linear Factor in the Denominator


To each linear factor ax + b occuring n times in the denominator, there cor-
respond a sum of n partial fractions of the form
A1 A2 An
ax+b
+ (ax+b)2
+ ... + (ax+b)n
,
where the Ai s are constants to be determined.
Example
x2 +2x+7 A B C
x(x−1)2
≡ x
+ x−1
+ (x−1)2
A(x−1)2 +Bx(x−1)+Cx
≡ x(x−1)2

=⇒ x2 + 2x + 7 = A(x − 1)2 + Bx(x − 1) + Cx


= A(x2 − 2x + 1) + Bx2 − Bx + Cx
= (A + B)x2 + (−2A − B + C)x + A

2
Equating the coeficients we obtain the system
A+B = 1
−2A − B + C = 2
A = 7

and solving this system we have A = 7, B = −6, C = 10.


x2 +2x+7 7 6 10
Hence x(x−1)2
≡ x
− x−1
+ (x−1)2
.

3) Distinct Irreducible Quadratic Factors in the Denominator


Recall: A quadratic expresion is irreducible if it can not be written as a prod-
uct of two linear factors e.g x2 + 1
To each irreducible quadratic factor ax2 + bx + c in the denominator, there
corresponds a single partial fraction of the form
Ax+B
ax2 +bx+c

where A and B are constants to be determined.


Example
x3 +x2 +x+2 Ax+B Cx+D
(x2 +1)(x2 +2)
≡ x2 +1
+ x2 +2
(Ax+B)(x2 +2)+(Cx+D)(x2 +1)
≡ (x+ 1)(x2 +2)

=⇒ x3 + x2 + x + 2 = (Ax + B)(x2 + 2) + (Cx + D)(x2 + 1)


= Ax3 + 2Ax + Bx2 + 2B + Cx3 + Cx + Dx2 + D
= (A + C)x3 + (B + D)x2 + (2A + C)x + (2B + D)
Equating the coefficients, we obtain the system
A+C = 1
B+D = 1
2A + C = 1
2B + D = 2

and solving this system we have A = 0, B = 1, C = 1, D = 0.


x3 +x2 +x+2 1 x
Hence (x2 +1)(x2 +2)
≡ x2 +1
+ x2 +2
.

3
4) Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factors in the Denominator
To each irreducible quadratic factor occuring n times in the denominator,
there corresponds a sum 0f n partial fractions of the form
A1 x+B1 A2 x+B2 An x+Bn
ax2 +bx=c
+ (ax2 +bx=c)2
+ ... + (ax2 +bx=c)n

where the Ai s and Bi s are constants to be determined.


Example
2x2 +3 Ax+B Cx+B
(x2 +1)2
≡ x2 +1
+ (x2 +1)2
(Ax+B)(x2 +1)+(Cx+D)
≡ (x2 +1)2

=⇒ 2x+ 3 = (Ax + B)(x2 + 1) + (Cx + D)


= Ax3 + Ax + Bx2 + B + Cx + D
= Ax3 + Bx2 + (A + C)x + (B + D)
Equating coefficients, we obtain the system A = 0, B = 2, A + C = 0, B +
D=3
and solving this system we have A = 0, B = 2, C = 0, D = 1.
2x2 +3 2 1
Hence (x2 +1)2
= x2 +1
+ (x2 +1)2
.

Exercise
Write as partial fractions.

3x+50
1) x2 −7x−18
(Hint: x2 − 7x − 18 = (x − 9)(x + 2))

8x2 −19x
2) (x+1)(x−2)2

5x3 +2x2 +6x+4


3) (x2 +1)(2x2 +3)

3x3 −x2 =11x−3


4) (x2 +3)2

0.1.3 Integration using partial fractions

Certain rational functions can only be resolved into partial fractions before inte-
grating them. The following are examples.
Examples

4
1
R
1) Find x2 +7x+6
dx.
Solution
1 1 A B
x2 +7x+6
= (x+1)(x+6)
≡ x+1
+ x+6

=⇒ 1 = A(x + 6) + B(x + 1)
= Ax + 6A + Bx + B
= (A + B)x + (6A + B)
Equating coefficients, we have A+B = 0, 6A+B = 1 =⇒ A = 15 , B = − 15 .
1
R 1 1
− 15 x+6
1
R
Therefore 2
x +7x+6
dx = 5 x+1
dx
= 15 1
dx − 51 1
R R
x+1 x+6
dx
= 15 ln(x + 1) − 15 ln(x + 6) + K.

x
R
2) Find (x−2)2
dx.
Solution
x A B
(x−2)2
≡ x−2
+ (x−2)2

=⇒ x = A(x − 2) + B
= Ax − 2A + B
= Ax + (−2A + B)
Equating coefficeints, we have A = 1 and −2A + B = 0 =⇒ B = 2.
x
R R 1 2
Hence (x−2)2
dx = x−2
+ (x−2) 2 dx
R 1 R 2
= x−2
dx + (x−2) 2 dx

2
R
= ln(x − 2) + (x−2) 2 dx.

2
R
We use algebraic substitution to find (x−2)2
dx.
2
du = 2 u−2 du =
R R 2 R
Let u = x − 2 =⇒ du = dx and thus (x−2) 2 dx = u2

2[−u−1 ] = − u2 = − x−2
2
.
x 2
R
Therefore (x−2)2
dx = ln(x − 2) − x−2
+ K.

1
R
3) Find x3 +x
dx.
Solution
1 1 A Bx+C
But x3 +x
= x(x2 +1)
≡ x
+ x2 +1

=⇒ 1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)x


= Ax2 + A + Bx2 + Cx

5
= (A + B)x2 + Cx + A.
Equating coefficients we have A + B = 0, C = 0, A = 1 =⇒ B = −1 i.e.
1 1 x
x3 +x
≡ x
− x2 +1
.
1 1 x
R R
x3 +x
dx = x
− x2 +1
dx
1 x
R R
= x
dx − x2 +1
dx
= ln x − 12 ln(x2 + 1) + K.

2x3 +x2 +4
R
4) Find (x2 +1)2
dx,
Solution
2x3 +x2 +4 Ax+B Cx+D
(x2 +1)2
≡ x2 +1
+ (x2 +1)2

=⇒ 2x3 + x2 + 4 = (Ax + B)(x2 + 1) + Cx + D


= Ax3 + Ax + Bx2 + B + Cx + D
= Ax ∗ 3 + Bx2 + (A + C)x + (B + D).
Equating coefficient,
A = 3, B = 1, A + C = 0, B + D = 4, =⇒ C = −3, D = 3.
3 2 −3x+3
Hence 2x(x2+x +4
+1)2
≡ 3x+1
x2 +1
+ (x 2 +1)2
R 2x3 +x2 +4 R 3x+1 −3x+3
=⇒ (x2 +1)2
dx = x2 +1
+ (x 2 +1)2 dx
R 3x+1 R −3x+3
= x2 +1
dx + (x 2 +1)2 dx
R 3x
dx + x21+1 dx − 3 x 3
R R R
= x2 +1 (x2 +1)2
dx + (x2 +1)2
dx
. . . (?).
We integrate each of the integrals in ?.
R 3x
x2 +1
dx = 23 ln(x2 + 1),
R 1
x2 +1
dx. We use the subsitution x = tan θ
=⇒ dx = sec2 θ dθ = (1 + tan2 θ)dθ. Hence
1 dθ = θ = tan−1 x.
R 1 R 1 2
R
2
x +1
dx = 2
1+tan θ
(1 + tan θ)dθ =
x
R
(x2 +1)2
dx, We use the substitution u = x2 + 1 =⇒ du = 2xdx.
R −2
x
u du = − 12 u−1 = − 12 ( u1 ) =
R x du
= 21
R 1
du = 12
R
(x2 +1)2
dx = u2 2x u2

− 12 x21+1 .
3
R
(x2 +1)2
dx. Let x = tan θ =⇒ dx = sec2 θdθ.
3 1 1
R R 2
R 2
R 1
2
(x +1)2 dx = 3 2
(1+tan θ) 2 sec θ dθ = 3 2
(sec θ)2 sec θdθ = 3 sec2 θ
dθ =
3 cos2 θ dθ = 3 1+cos 2θ
dθ = 32 1 + cos 2θ dθ = 23 [θ + 21 sin 2θ].
R R R
2

6
But x = tan θ =⇒ θ = tan−1 x. Hence
3
dx = 23 [θ + 21 sin 2θ] = 32 [tan−1 x + 12 sin(2 tan−1 x)]
R
(x2 +1)2

2x3 +x2 +4 3x 1 x 3
R R R R
(x2 +1)2
= x2 +1
dx + x2 +1
dx − 3 (x2 +1)2
dx + (x2 +1)2
dx
= 32 ln(x2 + 1) + tan−1 x + 32 ( x21+1 ) + 23 [tan−1 x + 12 sin(2 tan−1 x)] + K

You might also like