Lecture-5

Force and Motion

(Newton’s Laws of Motion)

Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülnihal Muratoğlu

Laws of Motion
• The word force refers to an interaction with an object by means of muscular
activity and some change in the object’s velocity.

• Forces do not always cause motion, however, for example, when you are
sitting, a gravitational force acts on your body and yet you remain stationary
and as a second example, you can push (in other words, exert a force) on a
large table and not be able to move it.

• The study of the relation between a force and the acceleration it causes, as
Isaac Newton (1642 –1727) presented, is called Newtonian mechanics.
 Three Primary Laws of Motion
1. Newton’s First Law: (INERTIA) If the body is at rest, it stays at rest
and; if it is moving, it continues to move with the same velocity
(same magnitude and same direction).
• If no force acts on a body, the body’s velocity cannot change;
the body cannot accelerate.
෍ 𝑭 = 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎

2. Newton’s Second Law: The acceleration component along a given

axis is caused only by the sum of the force components along the
same axis.
• The net force on a body is equal to the product of the body’s
mass and its acceleration.
෍ 𝑭 = 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂

3. Newton’s Third Law: Every action (force) has an equal (in

magnitude) and opposite (in direction) reaction.
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = −𝑭𝟐𝟏
Force
➢Forces are vector quantities.
➢The direction of a force is the direction of the acceleration it causes.
➢The net force (resultant force) on a body is the vector sum of all the forces acting on
the body.
1. Contact Forces: They are caused by the physical contact between the objects.
• Spring force, pulling or pushing forces...

2. Field Forces: They do not need any contact to show their effect.
• Gravitational force, electric and magnetic forces...
Gravitational Force:
• Weight does not mean the same with mass!!!
• The effect of Earths gravity on an object with mass m is called its gravitational force, 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 .
• 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 is directed towards the center of the planet Earth.
• The magnitude of this force 𝐹𝑔 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔 is known to be the weight of the object.
• 𝑭𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈 is the gravitational force, and 𝑭𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈 is the weight (the magnitude of 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 ).

Normal Force:
• Normal force , 𝑛 (or 𝐹Ԧ𝑁 ) , is the force on a body from a surface against which the body presses.
• The normal force is always perpendicular to the surface, directed out from the surface.
Example: A block resting on a table
❖ At rest means 𝑎Ԧ = 0, therefore, the

first law σ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 reads

𝐹Ԧ𝑁 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 = 0

𝐹Ԧ𝑁 + 𝑚𝑔Ԧ = 0
𝐹𝑁 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑚𝑔𝑗Ƹ = 0
𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 𝑗Ƹ = 0
𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔
Tension:

• When a cord is under tension

𝑇 , each end of the cord pulls

on a body.

• The pull is directed along the

cord, away from the point of
attachment to the body.

• For a massless cord, the pulls at

both ends of the cord have the

same magnitude 𝑇 = 𝑇 .
Friction Force:
Ԧ is the force on a body when the body
• Friction force, 𝑓,
slides or attempts to slide along a surface.
• The friction force is always parallel to the surface and
directed as to oppose the sliding.
• On a frictionless surface, the friction force is negligible.
• When you walk, friction acts in many ways to prevent
you from slipping.

Initially it provides resistance so that

you can put your foot down safely
(#1).
Then as you push backwards against
the ground, it pushes you forward,
allowing you to walk (#3).
If there was no friction (or much less
than you expected), your foot would
slip forward, and you would end up on
your back.
Static Friction and Kinetic Friction
Static represents a stable system, whereas kinetic represents a system in motion.
Static Friction Force:
• Static friction force , 𝑓Ԧ𝑠 , is friction force between two or more solid objects that are not
moving.
• For example, static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface.
• The coefficient of static friction, 𝜇𝑠 , is usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction.
• The maximum possible friction force between two surfaces before sliding is 𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁 .
• The friction force can have any value from 0 up to 𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 . (0 ≤ 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁 ).
❖Any force larger than 𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , overcomes the force of static friction 𝑓Ԧ𝑠 and causes sliding.
❖When this sliding occurs, static friction is no longer applicable, the friction force between the
two surfaces is then called kinetic friction force 𝑓Ԧ𝑘 .
• Kinetic Friction Force:
• Kinetic friction force, 𝑓Ԧ𝑘 , is exerted when objects
are moving and rubbing together.
• The coefficient of kinetic friction is denoted by 𝜇𝑘 .
• The friction force between two surfaces, when
sliding begins, is 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 .
More on frictional force…

• When a force 𝐹Ԧ tends to slide a body along a surface, a frictional force from the
surface acts on the body.
• The frictional force is parallel to the surface and directed so as to oppose the
sliding. It is due to bonding between the body and the surface.
• If the body does not slide, the frictional force is a static frictional force 𝑓Ԧ𝑠 . If there
is sliding, the frictional force is a kinetic frictional force 𝑓Ԧ𝑘 .
• If a body does not move, the static frictional force 𝑓Ԧ𝑠 and the component of 𝐹Ԧ
parallel to the surface are equal in magnitude, and 𝑓Ԧ𝑠 is directed opposite that
component. If the component increases, 𝑓𝑠 also increases.
• The magnitude of 𝑓Ԧ𝑠 has a maximum value given by 𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁 , where 𝜇𝑠 is
the coefficient of static friction and 𝐹𝑁 is the magnitude of the normal force.
• If the force component parallel to the surface exceeds 𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the body
slides on the surface.

• If the body begins to slide on the surface, the magnitude of the frictional
force rapidly decreases to a constant value given by 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 , where 𝜇𝑘 is
the coefficient of kinetic friction.
CIRCULAR MOTION
• If a particle moves in a circle or a circular arc of
radius 𝑅 at constant speed 𝑣, the particle is said to
be in uniform circular motion.
• It then has a centripetal acceleration with magnitude
𝑣2
given by 𝑎 = .
𝑅
• This acceleration is due to a net centripetal force on
𝑚𝑣 2
the particle, with magnitude given by F = 𝑅 ,
where m is the particle’s mass.
• The vector quantities and are directed toward the
center of curvature of the particle’s path.
 ✓ Problem Solving Steps:
1.Draw a free-body diagram (FBD) showing all forces acting on the object. In case there are two

or more objects, draw a separate FBD for each object (with an appropriate reference frame).

2.Write all forces acting on each object in unit vector notation.

3.Apply Newton’s 2nd law to each object.

4.Solve the equations.

Let’s see the examples...

Problem-1
A 2 𝑘𝑔 object undergoes an acceleration given by 𝑎Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 . Find the
resultant force acting on the object.

Given 𝑚 = 2 𝑘𝑔 and 𝑎Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 the resultant force is

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ = 2 2𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ = 4𝑖Ƹ + 8𝑗Ƹ 𝑁

Problem-2
A 3 𝑘𝑔 object is moving in a plane, with its 𝑥 and 𝑦 coordinates in 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 given by
𝑥 = 5𝑡 2 − 1 and y = 3𝑡 3 + 2, where 𝑡 is in 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠. Find the magnitude of the net
force acting on this object at 𝑡 = 2 𝑠.
Given 𝑥 = 5𝑡 2 − 1 and y = 3𝑡 3 + 2, the position vector is
𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ = 5𝑡 2 − 1 𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑡 3 + 2 𝑗Ƹ m
𝑚 = 3 𝑘𝑔 is given but we need to find acceleration first
𝑑𝑣Ԧ 𝑑 2 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑 𝑑𝑟Ԧ 𝑑
𝑎Ԧ 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡. = = 2= = 10𝑡𝑖Ƹ + 9𝑡 2 𝑗Ƹ = 10𝑖Ƹ + 18𝑡𝑗Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
at 𝑡 = 2 𝑠 acceleration is
𝑎Ԧ 𝑡 = 2 𝑠 = 10𝑖Ƹ + 18 2 𝑗Ƹ = 10𝑖Ƹ + 36𝑗Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
Net force
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ = 3 10𝑖Ƹ + 36𝑗Ƹ = 30𝑖Ƹ + 108𝑗Ƹ 𝑁
Magnitude of net force 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 = 302 + 1082 = 112 𝑁
Problem-3
Three forces, given by 𝐹Ԧ1 = −2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ 𝑁, 𝐹Ԧ2 = 5𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ 𝑁 and 𝐹Ԧ3 = −45𝑖Ƹ 𝑁
act on an object to give it an acceleration of magnitude 3.75 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 . (a) What is the
direction of the acceleration? (b) What is the mass of the object? (c) If the object is
initially at rest, what is its speed after 10 𝑠? (d) What are the velocity components
of the object after 10 𝑠?

(a) Direction of 𝑎Ԧ and direction of 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 are the same.

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹Ԧ1 + 𝐹Ԧ2 + 𝐹Ԧ3 = −2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 5𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ + −45𝑖Ƹ = −42𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ 𝑁
Direction
−1
𝐹𝑦 −1
−1
𝜃𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐. = tan = tan = 1.4°
𝐹𝑥 −42
in the 3rd quadrant
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐. + 180° = 181.4°
(b) since the magnitude of acceleration is given as 𝑎 = 3.75 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 and the magnitude of the
net force 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = −42𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ 𝑁 is
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = −42 2 + −1 2 = 42 𝑁
we can find the mass as
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 42
𝑚= = = 11.2 𝑘𝑔
𝑎 3.75
(c) 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 = 0 and 𝑡 = 10 𝑠
𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ
𝑎Ԧ = 3.75 cos 181.4° 𝑖Ƹ + 3.75 sin 181.4° 𝑗Ƹ = −3.75𝑖Ƹ − 0.09𝑗Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
Ԧ = 0 + −3.75𝑖Ƹ − 0.09𝑗Ƹ 10 = −37.5𝑖Ƹ − 0.90𝑗Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣𝑓 = −37.5 2 + −0.90 2 = 37.5 𝑚Τ𝑠

(d) components of 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 : 𝑣𝑓𝑥 = −37.5 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑣𝑓𝑦 = −0.90 𝑚Τ𝑠
Problem-4
A patient must wear a strap that produces a net upward force of 5 𝑁
on his chin. The tension is the same throughout the strap. To what
tension must the strap be adjusted to provide the necessary upward
force? (𝑇=3.14 𝑁)
5N net upward force should be provided and 𝑇𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑇
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 5𝑗Ƹ 𝑁

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑇𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 + 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑇 cos 127.5° 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑇 sin 127.5° 𝑗Ƹ

+𝑇 cos 52.5° 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑇 sin 52.5° 𝑗Ƹ
= 0𝑖Ƹ + 1.59 𝑇𝑗Ƹ
5 = 1.59 𝑇

5
𝑇= = 3.14 𝑁
1.59
Problem-5
This sample problem involves a tilted applied force, which requires that we work
with components to find a frictional force. The main challenge is to sort out all the
components. Figure shows a force of magnitude 𝐹 = 12.0 𝑁 applied to an 8.00 𝑘𝑔
block at a downward angle of 𝜃 = 30.0°. The coefficient of static friction between
block and floor is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.700; the coefficient of kinetic friction is 𝜇𝑘 = 0.400. Does
the block begin to slide or does it remain stationary? What is the magnitude of the
frictional force on the block?
 ෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ

𝐹Ԧ𝑁 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 + 𝑓Ԧ𝑠 + 𝐹Ԧ = 0

𝐹𝑁 𝑗Ƹ − 𝐹𝑔 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑓𝑠 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗Ƹ = 0

• 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 12 cos 330° = 10.39 𝑁

• 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 12 sin 330° = −6 𝑁

• 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔 = 8 9.81 = 78.48 𝑁
𝐹𝑁 𝑗Ƹ − 78.48𝑗Ƹ − 𝑓𝑠 𝑖Ƹ + 10.4𝑖Ƹ − 6𝑗Ƹ = 0
→ 𝐹𝑁 = 78.48 + 6 = 84.48 𝑁
→ 𝑓𝑠 = 10.39 𝑁

• 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁 = 0.700 84.48 = 59.14 𝑁

𝐹𝑥 < 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 → 𝑓𝑠 = 10.4 𝑁
Problem-6
A block of mass 𝑚1 = 1 𝑘𝑔 placed on a rough surface (𝜇𝑘 = 0.5) inclined at an angle
𝜃 = 53° is connected by a light cord over a massless and frictionless pulley with a ball
of mass 𝑚2 = 5 𝑘𝑔. A force 𝐹Ԧ is exerted on mass 𝑚1 in perpendicular direction to the
incline as shown in the figure. The mass 𝑚1 is moving with a constant speed upward the
incline. (a) Draw the Free Body Diagrams for the masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 . For the motion
with constant speed: (b) Find the tension in the cord. (c) Find the normal force 𝐹𝑁
acting on 𝑚1 . (d) Find the magnitude of the applied force 𝐹Ԧ on 𝑚1 .
Problem-7
An object of mass 𝑚1 = 55 𝑘𝑔 placed on a frictionless, horizontal table is connected
to a string that passes over a pulley and then is fastened to a hanging object of mass
𝑚2 = 59 𝑘𝑔 as shown in the figure. (a) Draw free-body diagrams of both objects. (b)
Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the objects. (c) Find the tension in the
string. (d) If there is a friction 𝜇𝑘 = 0.2 on the surface, repeat part a, b, c.
(a) FBD:

(b) accelerations:
For 𝑚1 , from FBD-1
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝑎Ԧ
𝐹𝑁 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑚1 𝑔𝑗Ƹ + 𝑇𝑖Ƹ = 𝑚1 𝑎𝑖Ƹ
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚1 𝑔
𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑎
For 𝑚2 , from FBD-2
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚2 𝑎Ԧ
𝑇𝑗Ƹ − 𝑚2 𝑔𝑗Ƹ = −𝑚2 𝑎𝑗Ƹ
𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝑚 2 𝑎
Therefore
𝑚1 𝑎 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝑚2 𝑎
𝑚2 𝑔 59 9.81
𝑎= = = 5.08 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 55 + 59
(c) tension
𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑎 = 55 5.08 = 279 𝑁
or
𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝑎 = 59 9.81 − 5.08 = 279 𝑁
(d) If there is friction:
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝑎Ԧ
𝐹𝑁 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑚1 𝑔𝑗Ƹ + 𝑇𝑖Ƹ − 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 𝑖Ƹ = 𝑚1 𝑎𝑖Ƹ
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚1 𝑔
𝑇 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑚1 𝑔 + 𝑚1 𝑎
For 𝑚2 , from FBD-2
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚2 𝑎Ԧ
𝑇𝑗Ƹ − 𝑚2 𝑔𝑗Ƹ = −𝑚2 𝑎 𝑗Ƹ
𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝑚2 𝑎
Therefore
𝜇𝑘 𝑚1 𝑔 + 𝑚1 𝑎 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝑚2 𝑎
𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝜇𝑘 𝑚1 𝑔 59 9.81 − 0.2 55 9.81
𝑎= = = 4.13 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 55 + 59
𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝑎 = 59 9.81 − 4.13 = 335 𝑁
or
𝑇 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑚1 𝑔 + 𝑚1 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝜇𝑘 𝑔 + 𝑎 = 55 0.2 9.81 + 4.13 = 335 𝑁
Problem-8
A woman at an airport is pulling her 20 𝑘𝑔 suitcase at constant speed by pulling on a
strap at an angle above the horizontal. She pulls on the strap with a 35 𝑁 force, and
the friction force on the suitcase is 20 𝑁. (a) Draw a free-body diagram of the
suitcase. (b) What angle does the strap make with the horizontal? (c) What is the
magnitude of the normal force that the ground exerts on the suitcase?
(a) FBD:

(b) 𝜃 =? (𝑎 = 0 because it moves at constant speed)

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ = 0
𝐹𝑁 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐹 sin 𝜃𝑗Ƹ − 𝑚𝑔𝑗Ƹ + 𝐹 cos 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑓𝑘 𝑖Ƹ = 0
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 sin 𝜃
𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 𝑓𝑘
−1
𝑓𝑘 −1
20
𝜃 = cos = cos = 55.2°
𝐹 35
(c) 𝐹𝑁 =?
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 20 9.81 − 35 sin 55.2° = 167 𝑁
Problem-9
Two objects are connected by a light string that passes over a frictionless pulley as
shown. Assume the incline is frictionless and take 𝑚1 = 2 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 6 𝑘𝑔 and 𝜃 = 55°.
(a) Draw free-body diagrams of both objects. (b) Find the magnitude of the acceleration
of the objects. (c) Find the tension in the string. (d) Find the speed of each object 2 𝑠
after it is released from rest.
(a) FBD:

(b) accelerations:
For 𝑚1 , from FBD-1
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝑎Ԧ
𝑇𝑗 − 𝑚1 𝑔𝑗Ƹ = 𝑚1 𝑎𝑗Ƹ
𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑔 + 𝑚1 𝑎
For 𝑚2 , from FBD-2
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚2 𝑎Ԧ
𝐹𝑁 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑚2 𝑔 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑚2 𝑔 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑇𝑖Ƹ = 𝑚2 𝑎𝑖Ƹ
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚2 𝑔 cos 𝜃
𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑚2 𝑎
Therefore
𝑚1 𝑔 + 𝑚1 𝑎 = 𝑚2 𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑚2 𝑎

𝑚2 𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑚1 𝑔 6 9.81 sin 55° − 2 9.81

𝑎= = = 3.57 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 2+6

(c) Tension:
𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑔 + 𝑚1 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔 + 𝑎 = 2 9.81 + 3.57 = 26.8 𝑁

or
𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑚2 𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑎 = 6 9.81 sin 55° − 3.57 = 26.8 𝑁

(d) 𝑣𝑖 = 0, t = 2 𝑠, 𝑣𝑓 =?
𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ = 0 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ = 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑎𝑡 = 3.57 2 = 7.14 𝑚Τ𝑠
Problem-10
A car accelerates down a hill, going from rest to 30 𝑚Τ𝑠 in 6 𝑠. A toy inside the car
hangs by a string from the car’s ceiling. The ball in the figure represents the toy of mass
0.1 𝑘𝑔. The acceleration is such that the string remains perpendicular to the ceiling. (a)
Determine the angle 𝜃. (b) Determine the tension in the string.

𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ = 0 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ = 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑎𝑡

𝑣𝑓 30
𝑎= = = 5 𝑚 Τ𝑠 2
𝑡 6
 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ
𝑇𝑗Ƹ − 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ = −𝑚𝑎𝑖Ƹ
𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎
(a) 𝜃 =?
−1
𝑎 −1
5
𝜃 = sin = sin = 30.6°
𝑔 9.81
(b) 𝑇 =?
𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 0.1 9.81 cos 30.6° = 0.84 N
Problem-11
The seat of a swing is suspended from a cable of length 𝑙 = 5.00 𝑚 rotating
horizontally about the central axis. (canonical pendulum). The seat moves uniformly on
a circle, where the cable makes an angle 𝜃 = 30° with the vertical rotation axis.
Assume that the mass of the seat and the person is 𝑚 = 60 𝑘𝑔. (a) Draw the free-body
diagram for the seat. (b) Calculate the speed of the seat. (c) Calculate the tension in the
cable. (d) Calculate the magnitude of the centripetal force (force in radial direction).
(a) FBD:

𝑅 = 𝑙 sin 𝜃 = 5.00 sin 30° = 2.50 𝑚

(b) speed:
𝑣2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚
𝑅

𝐹𝑐 𝑅 339.8 2.50
𝑣= = = 3.76 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝑚 60
(c) tension:
𝑇 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔

𝑚𝑔 60 9.81
𝑇= = = 679.6 N
cos 𝜃 cos 30°
(d) centripedal force:
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑇 sin 𝜃 = 679.6 sin 30° = 339.8 𝑁
Problem-12
In a 1901 circus performance, Allo “Dare Devil” Diavolo introduced the stunt of riding a
bicycle in a loop the-loop (see the figure). Assuming that the loop is a circle with radius
𝑅 = 2.7 𝑚, what is the least speed 𝑣 that Diavolo and his bicycle could have at the top
of the loop to remain in contact with it there?
As seen from the Free-Body Diagram (FBD) the forces are
directed toward the center of the circle.
We need to write down the centripetal force, assuming
toward-the-center to be the positive direction:
𝑣2
𝐹𝐶 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐 = 𝑚
𝑅
𝑣2
𝐹𝑁 + 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑅
At this point, we need to find the minimum speed required to
make the loop and it is conditional on being in contact with
the loop. Hence, we can rearrange the equation for the case
of loosing contact with the loop, i.e. 𝐹𝑁 = 0
𝑣2
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑅
𝑣2
𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑅

𝑣= 𝑅𝑔 = 9.81 2.7 = 5.1 𝑚Τ𝑠

Problem-13
A small remote controlled car with mass 1.6 𝑘𝑔
moves with a constant speed of 𝑣 = 12 𝑚Τ𝑠 in a
vertical circle inside a vertical metal cylinder that has
a radius of 5 𝑚. What is the magnitude of the normal
force exerted on the car by the walls of the cylinder at
the point A (at the bottom of the vertical cylinder)
and at the point B (at the top of the vertical cylinder).
Problem-14
A 2 𝑘𝑔 rock is attached to a string of negligible mass. It swings in air by following a
vertical circle of radius 1.5 𝑚. The speeds of the rock for each point are given by
𝑣𝐴 = 7.16 𝑚Τ𝑠, 𝑣𝐵 = 5.20 𝑚Τ𝑠, and 𝑣𝐶 = 3.84 𝑚Τ𝑠. Ignoring the air resistance
and taking 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 , (a) Draw the free-body diagrams for points A, B, and C.
(b) Find the magnitude of the total acceleration at point A. (c) Find the tensions in
the string 𝑇𝐴 , 𝑇𝐵 , and 𝑇𝐶 .
(a) FBDs

(b) Acceleration at A:
𝑣𝐴2 7.16 2
𝑎𝑐 = = = 34.2 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑅 1.5
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑎 = 34.2 2 + 9.81 2 = 35.6 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
(c) Tensions at A, B and C:
𝑣𝐴2 7.16 2
𝑇𝐴 = 𝑚 =2 = 68.4 𝑁
𝑅 1.5
𝑣𝐵2 5.20 2
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑚 +𝑔 =2 + 9.81 = 55.7 𝑁
𝑅 1.5
𝑣𝐶2 3.84 2
𝑇𝐶 = 𝑚 −𝑔 =2 − 9.81 = 0.0408 𝑁
𝑅 1.5
Problem-15
What is the centripetal acceleration of the Earth as it moves in its orbit around the
Sun? (Assume that the Earth is moving on a circle of radius 𝑅 = 1.496 × 1011 𝑚
around the Sun and the speed of the Earth is constant. 1𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 365.25𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋 1.496 × 1011 𝑚

𝑣= = = 29786 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝑇 365.25 𝑑𝑎𝑦 24 ℎ 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1ℎ 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑣2 29786 2 −3 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑎= = = 5.93 × 10
𝑅 1.496 × 1011 𝑚
Problem-16
A car passes over a rise shaped like an arc of a circle of radius 500𝑚 in the roadway.
At the moment the car is at the top of the rise, its velocity vector is horizontal and its
magnitude is 6 𝑚Τ𝑠 while its tangential acceleration is 0.3 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 . Find the
acceleration of the car.
𝑣2 62
𝑎𝑟 = −𝑎𝑐 = − =− = −0.072 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑅 500
𝑎𝑡 = 0.3 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑗Ƹ = 0.3𝑖Ƹ − 0.072𝑗Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2

𝑎 = 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑡2 + 𝑎𝑟2 = 0.3 2 + −0.072 2

= 0.309 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
Problem-17
Moon’s nearly circular orbit about the Earth has a radius of about 384000 𝑘𝑚 and a
period of 𝑇 = 27.3 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠. Determine the acceleration of the Moon toward the Earth.

2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋 3.84 × 108 𝑚

𝑣= = = 1023 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝑇 24 ℎ 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠
27.3 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1ℎ

𝑣2 1023 2 −3 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑎= = = 2.72 × 10
𝑅 3.84 × 108
Problem-18
A string can support 25 𝑘𝑔 of a hanging load before breaking. An object of 𝑚 = 3.0 𝑘𝑔
attached to the string rotates on a horizontal, frictionless table in a circle of radius 𝑟 = 0.80 𝑚
while the other end of the string is fixed. What maximum speed can the object have before
the string breaks?
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑔 = 25 9.81 = 245.25 𝑁
𝑣2 2
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐 → 𝑇=𝑚 → 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚
𝑟 𝑟

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟 245.25 0.80 𝑚

𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 8.1
𝑚 3.0 𝑠
Problem-19
A horizontal force 𝐹 = 50 𝑁 is dragging two blocks of masses 𝑚1 = 1 𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚2 = 2 𝑘𝑔 connected
by a rope on a smooth horizontal surface, as shown in the figure. Find the acceleration of each block
and the tension in the rope.

Ʃ𝐹Ԧ1 = 𝑚1 𝑎Ԧ → 𝑇𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹𝑁1 − 𝑚1 𝑔 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑚1 𝑎𝑖Ƹ

𝑗Ƹ → 𝐹𝑁1 = 𝑚1 𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖Ƹ → 𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑎 … (𝐸𝑞. 1)
Ʃ𝐹Ԧ2 = 𝑚2 𝑎Ԧ → 𝐹 − 𝑇 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹𝑁2 − 𝑚2 𝑔 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑚2 𝑎𝑖Ƹ
𝑗Ƹ → 𝐹𝑁2 = 𝑚2 𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖Ƹ → 𝐹 − 𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑎 … (𝐸𝑞. 2)
𝐹 50
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑞. 2 ∶ 𝐹 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑎 → 𝑎 = = = 16.7 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 1+2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 = 16.7 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑎 = 1 16.7 = 16.7 𝑁