PHYSICS I (PHYS101)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülnihal MURATOĞLU
Topics
1 – Units & Measurement 9 – Linear Momentum & Collisions
2 – Vectors 10 – Rotation
3 – Motion Along A Straight Line 11 – Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum
4 – Motion in Two & Three Dimensions 12 – Equilibrium
5 – Force and Motion-I 13 – Gravitation*
6 – Force and Motion-II 14 – Fluid Mechanics*
7 – Kinetic Energy and Work 15 – Oscillations*
8 – Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy (*) are the extra topics (excluded from exams)
❖ Four experiments will be conducted on certain dates/times according to your lab group, visit stix.
Lecture-1:
Units
&
Measurement
Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülnihal MURATOĞLU
• Matter
• Energy
• The interaction between them.
mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, radiation, vibrations-
sound, electricity, magnetism, modern physics, cosmology…
Why should I learn Physics?
• understand the nature
• develop critical thinking
• improve problem-solving skills
• drive technological advancements
Measuring Things
• We measure each physical quantity in its own units, by comparison
with a standard.
• The unit is a unique name we assign to measures of that quantity, for
example, meter (m) for the quantity length.
• The standard corresponds to exactly 1.0 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 of the quantity.
• There are many physical quantities that it is a problem to organize
them, for example, speed is the ratio of a length to a time.
• We then define all other physical quantities in terms of the base
quantities such as length, mass and time and their standards (called
base standards).
International System of Units
• The 14th General Conference on Weights and
Measures (1971)
• The International Bureau of Weights (BIPM)
ensures the uniformity of measurements.
• SI – Systéme International (Metric System)
• SI derived units are defined in terms of these
base units.
Other systems:
Length, Time, Mass
• The meter is defined as the distance traveled by light during a
precisely specified time interval.
• The second is defined in terms of the oscillations of light emitted by
an atomic (cesium-133) source. Accurate time signals are sent
worldwide by radio signals keyed to atomic clocks in standardizing
laboratories.
• The kilogram is defined in terms of a platinum–iridium standard
mass kept near Paris. On an atomic scale, the atomic mass unit,
defined in terms of the atom Carbon-12, is usually used.
Scientific Notation
• To express the very large and very small quantities.
Prefixes:
• Move the decimal point to create a new number between 1 and 10.
• Count the number of places the decimal point was moved, power of 10.
• Each prefix represents a certain power of 10, to be used as a multiplication factor.
Uncertainty and Significant Figures
When reporting measurements we use rules of significant figures (SF).
• Nonzero digits are significant, 2.536 g has 4 SF
• Zeros between non-zero digits are significant, 5.04 mL has 3 SF
• Leading zeros are never significant, 0.045 kg has 2 SF
• With or without a decimal point, trailing zeros are significant, 0.200 g has 3 SF
1.0200 x 104 kg has 5 SF
SFs in Calculations
4.52 + 1.2 = 5.72 ~ 5.7 (the smallest SF is 2 so we keep 2 SFs)
The number of significant figures in a calculation is determined by the
number of significant figures in other quantities involved.
Depending on the mode setting of your calculator, many more digits
might be displayed. Those extra digits are meaningless.
Dimensional Analysis
We carefully examine the dimensions of all the physical quantities that
enter into a given situation to determine the quantities they produce.
• Length – L
• Time – T
• Mass – M
Density
• The density of a material is the mass per unit volume.
• Densities are typically listed in kilograms per cubic meter or grams
per cubic centimeter.
• The density of water (1.00 gram per cubic centimeter) is often used
as a comparison.
Changing Units
We change the units by a method called chain-link conversion.
• Multiply the original measurement by a conversion factor (a ratio of
units that is equal to unity).
Order of Magnitude
• Approximation based on a number of assumptions.
• The power of 10 that applies.
• Drop digits, make reasonable approximations and simplify approximations.
Answer: V = πr2h (3)(500 m)2 (10m) 8 106 m3 107 m3
Mathematical Methods
Angle Measurements
Example-1
The density of iron is 7.86 𝑔Τ𝑐𝑚3 under standard conditions. Convert
this to 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3 .
Example-2
Restate the mass 1.93 × 1013 𝑘𝑔 using a metric prefix such that the
resulting numerical value is bigger than 𝑜𝑛𝑒 but less than 1000.
Example-3
The mass of a solid cube is 856 g, and each edge has a length of 5.35
cm. Determine the density of the cube in basic SI units.
Example-4
A pyramid has a height of 481 𝑓𝑡 and its base covers an area of
13.0 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠. If the volume of a pyramid is given by 𝑉 = 1/3𝐵ℎ, find the
volume of the pyramid in cubic meters. (B: base area, h: height)
(1 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 = 43560 𝑓𝑡 2 , 1 𝑓𝑡 = 0,3048 𝑚)
Solution:
Example-5
Which of the following equations are dimensionally correct?
a) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 2
= + 2
𝐿 → = + 2
→ 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
b) 𝑦 = (2 𝑚)cos(𝑘𝑥), where 𝑘 = 2 𝑚−1 . (here 𝑚 is 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)
1
𝐿 = 𝐿 cos 𝐿 → 𝐿 = 𝐿 → 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝐿
Example-6
A solid piece of lead has a mass of 23.94 𝑔 and a volume of 2.10 𝑐𝑚3 .
From these data, calculate the density of lead in SI units (𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3 ).
Solution:
3
𝑚 23.94 𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚 23.94 𝑘𝑔
𝜌= = =
𝑉 2.10 𝑐𝑚3 103 𝑔 10−2 𝑚 2.10 × 103 × 10−6 𝑚3
23.94 𝑘𝑔 3
𝑘𝑔 4 3
𝜌= = 11.4 × 10 = 1.14 × 10 𝑘𝑔 Τ𝑚
2.10 × 10−3 𝑚3 𝑚3
Example-7
One gallon of paint (𝑉 = 3.78 × 10−3 𝑚3 =0,00378=0.004) covers an
area of 25.0 𝑚2 . What is the thickness of the paint on the wall?
Solution:
Volume is area times the thickness: 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑧
𝑉 3.78 × 10−3 𝑚3 −3 −4
𝑧= = 2
= 0.1512 × 10 𝑚 ≅ 1.5 × 10 𝑚
𝐴 25.0 𝑚
Example-8
One cubic meter of aluminum has a mass of 2.70 × 103 𝑘𝑔, and 1.00 𝑚3 of
iron has a mass of 7.86 × 103 𝑘𝑔. Find the radius of a solid aluminum
sphere that will balance a solid iron sphere of radius 2.00 𝑐𝑚 on an equal-
arm balance.
Solution:
4
Balance means: 𝑚𝐴𝑙. = 𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 , 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 and 𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
4 3 4 3
𝜌𝐴𝑙. 𝜋𝑟𝐴𝑙. = 𝜌𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝜋𝑟𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛
3 3 3
−2 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 3 𝑘𝑔 10
2.70 × 103 3 𝑟𝐴𝑙 = 7.86 × 103 3 2.00𝑐𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 1𝑐𝑚
1
7.86 3
𝑟𝐴𝑙 = 8.00 × 10−6 𝑚3 = 2.86 × 10−2 𝑚
2.70
Example-9
How many significant figures are in the following numbers?
a) 3.788 × 109 4 SF
b) 2.46 × 10−6 3 SF
c) 0.0053 2 SF
Example-10
There are nearly 𝜋 × 107 𝑠 in one year. Find the percentage error in this
approximation, where “percentage error’’ is defined as
|𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Solution: True value:
365.25 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 31557600 𝑠
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
|𝜋 × 107 𝑠 − 31557600 𝑠|
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100% = 0.45%
31557600 𝑠
Example-11
Antarctica is roughly semicircular, with a radius of 2000 km (see figure
below). The average thickness of its ice cover is 3000 m. How many cubic
centimeters of ice does Antarctica contain? (Ignore the curvature of Earth.)
Solution:
3 2 3
1 2
1 10 𝑚 1𝑐𝑚
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 𝜋 2000 𝑘𝑚 3000𝑚
2 2 1 𝑘𝑚 10−2 𝑚
= 1.885 × 1022 𝑐𝑚3
Example-12
The fastest growing plant on record is a Hesperoyucca whipplei that
grew 3.7 𝑚 in 14 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠. What was its growth rate in 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝜇𝑚Τ𝑠)?
Solution:
3.7 𝑚 106 𝜇𝑚 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑣= = 3.1 𝜇𝑚Τ𝑠
14 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 1𝑚 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 3600 𝑠
