Evolution of Power System

A H Chowdhury, PhD
Professor
Dept. of EEE, BUET

February 2021
 Energy Sources and Systems
Schematic representation of energy systems including energy sources, technologies, currencies and
services
Nuclear

Hydro
 Simple Power System
Electric Power System is the largest and most complex machine ever devised by man

Power Plant Transmission

Substation

Distribution
Substation
 Evolution of Electric Power Systems
▪ Commercial use of electricity began in the late 1870s (arc lamps for lighthouse and
street lighting)
▪ 1882- First complete electric power system (generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)
built by Thomas Edison - Pearl Street Station, NY

A dc system - steam-engine-driven dc generator, 59 customers, area ~1.5 km in radius, only

incandescent lamp load, 110V, underground cable system

▪ 1886- limitations of dc systems become apparent

 Evolution of Electric Power Systems
▪ 1889- First ac transmission line in North America in Oregon

Single-phase line, 4,000 V, over a distance of 21 km

▪ Late 1880s- Development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla

▪ 1890s- Considerable controversy over dc and ac system
▪ 1893- First three-phase line in North America, 2.3 kV, 12 km
 Evolution of Electric Power Systems
▪ Frequency
Different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz

▪ Voltage level
Early systems 12, 44, and 60 kV
165 kV in 1922
220 kV in 1923
287 kV in 1935
330 kV in 1953
500 kV in 1965
735 kV in 1966
765 kV in 1969
 Evolution of Electric Power Systems
▪ HVDC transmission
1954- First commercial application of HVDC transmission; Swedish mainland and the island of
Gotland, a 96 km submarine cable

▪ Interconnection of systems
▪ Renewable energy integration
▪ Energy storage systems
▪ Smart grid
▪ Ultra-high voltage power transmission
Evolution of Electric
Power Systems

Transmission links between

Nordic countries

Source: Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum

and Energy
Evolution of Electric
Power Systems

China’s Hybrid AC-DC Grids

UHV DC lines move coal-fired and
renewable generation thousands
of km to China’s megacities
Source: IEEE Spectrum, 10 Jan 2019
Beijing dispatch center controls most of China’s ultrahigh-
voltage lines and monitors renewable energy use
 1100-kV line from Xinjiang to Anhui
has set world records for transmission
distance, power, and voltage
HVDC converter station – imports direct current and converts it to alternating current
Ultrahigh voltage
substation
1100 kV, 800-metric-ton transformer
Ultra high voltage transformer transportation
 Continental Electric Power Systems
Australia–Singapore Power Link – 3,700 km 2200 MW undersea HVDC power line to Singapore
Continental Electric Power Systems
1500 km is not that far!
 Evolution of Electric Power Systems
▪ Long evaluation resulted in a very large system of enormous complexity
▪ New generation technology and generation resources
▪ Advancement in power electronics, communication technology, sensor technology,
computing power
▪ FACTS devices
▪ Monitoring systems
▪ Optimal operation and control
▪ Transmission at higher voltage levels, larger power, greater distances
▪ Access to remotely located power sources
▪ Greater cross boarder interconnection
 Operating States

▪ Power system operating states are not

well defined for BPS
▪ Normal operating conditions are well
defined
▪ Alert states semi-defined
▪ SOPs for all states are not well defined
Time-horizon of Power System Studies
1 year – 10 years Power system planning

1 week – 1 year Maintenance scheduling

(operational planning)

Power system operation

Unit commitment

Economic dispatch and

Minutes – 1 week optimal power flow

Automatic generation
control

Milliseconds – seconds Power system dynamics

Nanoseconds –
microseconds Power system transients
 Power Quality
Parameters affecting power quality
▪ Steady-state (or continuous)
▪ Voltage magnitude
▪ Voltage unbalance
▪ Harmonics (waveform distortion)
▪ Frequency deviation
▪ Flicker
▪ Disturbances
▪ Outages
▪ Momentary interruptions
▪ Momentary or transient
overvoltage or surges
▪ Voltage sag and voltage swell
 Power Quality

Frequency stability of some

large electrical grids
 Power Quality
▪ Transformer derating due to 300.0

harmonics injected by easy-bike 250.0

Derated capacity, kVA

charger 200.0

▪ No standard for EV infrastructure 150.0

▪ Harmonics injected by large industrial 100.0

loads 50.0

0.0

12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
Time of day
 Power Quality
According to Bangladesh Electricity Grid Code (2019)
“A Power Quality problem exists when at least one of the following conditions is
present and significantly affects the normal operation of the system:
(a) The System Frequency has deviated from the nominal value of 50Hz
(b) Voltage magnitudes are outside their allowable range of variation
(c) Harmonic frequencies are present in the System
(d) There is imbalance in the magnitude of the phase voltages
(e) The phase displacement between the voltages is not equal to 120 degrees
(f) Voltage Fluctuations cause Flicker that is outside the allowable Flicker Severity limits
(g) High-frequency Over-voltages are present in the Grid”
 Reliability
▪ Reliability is the probability of a device performing its purpose adequately for the
period of time intended under the operating conditions encountered
▪ The definition has four basic parts
▪ Probability
▪ Adequate performance
▪ Time
▪ Operating conditions [this is important; our generators may not be reliable enough under emergency and resoration
conditions]
 Reliability

▪ Generator reliability
Table shows generation capacity reliability of a power system consisting
of two 30 MW units and one 50 MW unit with 98% availability

Capacity out of
Probability Event (days) Event (hrs)
service
0 0.941192 343.54 8244.84
30 0.038416 14.02 336.52
50 0.019208 7.01 168.26
60 0.000392 0.14 3.43
80 0.000784 0.29 6.87
110 0.000008 0.003 0.07
 Reliability

▪ Generator reliability
Four-state model of generating unit proposed by IEEE
Subcommittee on Application of Probability Methods

State no. State description

0 Reserve shutdown
1 Forced out but not needed
2 In service
3 Forced out in period of need
 System Security
• System is in economic dispatch → 500 MW from unit 1 and 700 MW from unit 2 are optimum dispatch
• Each circuit can carry a maximum of 400 MW → there is no loading problem in base-operating condition
• Problem arises when dispatch is not secured
 Solar PV Integration
▪ Solar is becoming cheaper by the day

Average quarterly wholesale selling price

of multicrystalline silicon PV modules
 Grid Connected Battery Energy Storage
Declining capital cost of stationary BESS

BNEF report, Energy Storage System Costs Survey 2019

 Grid Connected Battery Energy Storage
▪ Possible applications of grid connected battery energy storage
▪ Demand shifting, peak reduction
▪ Variable supply resource integration
▪ Energy arbitrage
▪ Frequency regulation/frequency control (50% of cases)
▪ Voltage support
▪ Spinning reserve
▪ Black start support
▪ T&D congestion relief and infrastructure investment deferral
 Electrification of Transportation
▪ Four transport modes - road, waterborne transport, aeronautics, rail transport – electrification at a
highly different pace
▪ Urban road transport sector
▪ Technology for electric passenger cars, vans, buses is available
▪ Electrification for long-range trucks and coaches is under research
▪ Waterborne transport - hybrid propulsion used increasingly in different ship types and sizes
▪ Aeronautics - electrification will be limited very small and short range small aircraft or operations
on ground for next decades
▪ Rail transportation - widely electrified already
 Electrification of Transportation
▪ Broadly three different electric vehicle (EV) possibilities
1. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) - have both ICE and electric motor, which can be configured in
either series or parallel configuration
2. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) - HEVs in which battery is rechargeable by external
power sources
3. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) - have only electric propulsion and a rechargeable battery pack
 Electrification of Transportation
▪ Global light-duty electric vehicle sales (2010–2018)
 Electrification of Transportation
▪ Initial purchase price of conventional cars and electric cars for 2020–2030

150-mile (BEV150), 200-mile (BEV200), and 250-mile (BEV250), 50-mile PHEV (PHEV50)
 Thank you

A. Hasib Chowdhury, PhD

Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET
e: [email protected]
m: +880 1711 901568