Linear Transformations.

A function L : V ! W is a linear transformation if

Examples:
1. Let L : Mnn ! Mnn
L(A) = AT
Is L a linear transformation?
(a) Check if L(A + B) = L(A) + L(B)
L(A + B) = (A + B)T = AT + B T = L(A) + L(B)
(b) Check if L(cA) = cL(A) for any c 2 R
L(cA) = (cA)T = cAT = cL(A)
Then L is a linear transformation.
3 3
1. 0
Consider
2 31the2function L : R 3 !R
a a + b + 2c
L @4 b 5A = 4 2c 5
c a+b+c
02 31 02 31 02 31
1 0 0
Compute L @4 2 5A ; L @4 3 5A ; L @4 0 5A
0 4 0
Is 0
L2a linear
31 transformation?
2 Explain.
3 2 3
1 1 + 2 + 2:0 3
L @4 2 5A = 4 2:0 5=4 0 5
02 0 31 2 1 + 2 + 0 3 32 3
0 0 + 3 + 2( 4) 5
L @4 3 5A = 4 2( 4) 5=4 8 5
02 431 2 0 + 3 + ( 4)
3 2 3 1
0 0 + 0 + 2:0 0
L @4 0 5A = 4 2:0 5=4 0 5
0 0+0+0 0
Check is L a2linear3transformation.
2 3 2 3
a1 a2 a1 + a2
(a) Let u = 4 b1 5 ; v = 4 b2 5 : Then u + v = 4 b1 + b2 5
c1 c2 c1 + c2
Is L(u + v) = 0L(u)
2 + L(v)? 31 2 3
a1 + a2 a1 + a2 + b1 + b2 + 2(c1 + c2 )
L(u + v) = L @4 b1 + b2 5A = 4 2(c1 + c2 ) 5
0c21 + c231 02 a1 +3a12 + b1 + b2 + c1 + c2
a1 a2
L(u) + L(v) = L @4 b1 5A + L @4 b2 5A
2 3 c2 1 c23 2 3
a1 + b1 + 2c1 a2 + b2 + 2c2 a1 + b1 + 2c1 + a2 + b2 + 2c2
=4 2c1 5+4 2c2 5=4 2c1 + 2c2 5
a1 + b1 + c1 a2 + b2 + c2 a1 + b1 + c1 + a2 + b2 + c2
Then L(u + v) = L(u) + L(v)

1
 (b) Is L(ku) 02= kL(u)? 31 2 3 2 3
ka1 ka1 + kb1 + 2kc1 a1 + b1 + 2c1
L(ku) = L @4 kb1 5A = 4 2kc1 5 = k4 2c1 5=
kc1 ka1 + kb1 + kc1 a1 + b1 + c1
kL(u)
Then L is a linear transformation. Also L is a linear operator.
2. Is the function L : R3 ! R2
L( u1 u2 u3 ) = u1 + 3 2u2
a linear transformation? Explain.
1st way : Use the de…nition
(a) Is L(u + v) = L(u) + L(v)
Let u = u1 u2 u3 ; v = v1 v2 v3 :
Then L(u+v) = L( u1 + v1 u2 + v2 u3 + v3 ) = u1 + v1 + 3 2(u2 + v2 )
L(u) + L(v) = L( u1 u2 u3 ) + L( v1 v2 v3 )
= u1 + 3 2u2 + v1 + 3 2v2 = u1 + v1 + 6 2u2 + 2v2
Clearly, L(u + v) 6= L(u) + L(v)
Then L is not a linear transformation.
2 nd. way: Check if L(0v ) = 0w :
L( 0 0 0 ) = 0 + 3 2:0 = 3 0 6= 0 0
Then L is not a linear transformation.
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Warning : If L(0v ) = 0w then we cannot say that L is a linear transformation.
We have to check the conditions of the De…nition.
If L(0v ) 6= 0w then we say that L is not a linear transformation.
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3.Consider the function L : P2 ! R2
p(1)
L(p(t)) =
p0 (0)
Compute L(3t2 t + 2); L(4t 1):
Is L a linear transformation? Explain.
Rewrite L as follows:
For p(t) = at2 + bt + c : p(1) = a + b + c; p0 (t) = 2at + b; p(0) = b
a+b+c p(1)
L(p(t)) = L(at2 + bt + c) = =
b p0 (0)
3 1+2 4
Then L(3t2 t + 2) = =
1 1
0+4 1 3
L(4t 1) = =
4 4
(a) Is L(p(t) + q(t)) = L(p(t)) + L(q(t))?
Let p(t) = a1 t2 + b1 t + c1 ; q(t) = a2 t2 + b2 t + c2
Then p(t) + q(t) = (a1 + a2 )t2 + (b1 + b2 )t + (c1 + c2 )
a1 + a2 + b1 + b2 + c1 + c2
L(p(t) + q(t)) =
b1 + b2
a1 + b1 + c1 a2 + b2 + c2
= + = L(p(t)) + L(q(t))
b1 b2

2
(b) Is L(kp(t)) = kL(p(t))?
ka1 + kb1 + kc1 a1 + b1 + c1
L(kp(t)) = =k = kL(pt))
kb1 b1
Then L is a linear transformation.

————————————————————-
Let L : Rn ! Rm be a linear transformation.
Let B = fe1 ; e2 ; :::en g be the standard basis for Rn :
The matrix with columns L(e1 ); L(e2 ); :::L(en )
is called the standard matrix representing L:
A = L(e1 ) L(e2 ) ::: L(en )
Then the linear transformation L can be given as L(u) = Au:
————————————————————–
Example:
Given
02 the31 linear transformation L : R4 ! R3
a 2 3
B6 b 7C a + b c + 2d
LB 6 7C 4 a c + 3d 5
@4 c 5A =
b c d
d
Write the standard matrix representing L:
Take the srandard basis 82for R34 : 2 3 2 3 2 39
>
> 1 0 0 0 > >
<6 7 6 1 7 6 0 7 6 0 7=
6 0 7 6 7 6 7 6 7
B = fe1 ; e2 ; e3 ; e4 g = 4 ; ; ;
>
> 0 5 4 0 5 4 1 5 4 0 5> >
: ;
0 0 0 1
Compute 02 31
1 2 3 2 3
B6 0 7C 1 + 0 0 + 2:0 1
L(e1 ) = L B 6 7C 4 1 0 + 3:0 5 = 4 1 5
@4 0 5A =
0 0 0 0
0
02 31
0 2 3 2 3
B6 1 7C 0 + 1 0 + 2:0 1
L(e2 ) = L B 6 7C 4 0 0 + 3:0 5 = 4 0 5
@4 0 5A =
1 0 0 1
0
02 31
0 2 3 2 3
B6 0 7C 0 + 0 1 + 2:0 1
L(e3 ) = L B 6 7C 4 0 1 + 3:0 5 = 4 1 5
@4 1 5A =
0 1 0 1
02 0 31
0 2 3 2 3
B6 0 7C 0 + 0 0 + 2:1 2
L(e4 ) = L B 6 7C 4 0 0 + 3:1 5 = 4 3 5
@4 0 5A =
0 0 1 1
1
2 3
1 1 1 2
The matrix A = [L(e1 ) L(e2 ) L(e3 ) L(e4 )] = 4 1 0 1 3 5
0 1 1 1
is the standard matrix representing L: