20EC3190 BATCH ID - 08

A Project Report
On

“Voting Machine Using Image Processing”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering by
S.Manisharma -RO200007
D.Durga Prasad -RO200061
K.Venkata Siva Ganesh -RO200646
C.Harshitha -RO200739
B.Akshaya -RO200995

Under the Guidance of

Mr.N.Koteswarao
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE
TECHNOLOGIES
ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
ONGOLE CAMPUS
Kurnool Road, Ongole, Prakasam District
Andhra Pradesh - 523225 (AY
2024– 2025)

i
 Approval Sheet
This report entitled “Voting Machine Using Image Processing” by S.Manisharma
(RO200007), D.Durga Prasad (RO200061), K.Venkata Siva Ganesh (RO200646),C.Harshitha
(RO200739), and B.Akshaya (RO200995) is approved for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Examiner(s):

Name of Examiner -1 : _____________________________________

Designation of Examiner -1 : _____________________________________

Signature of Examiner -1 : ______________________________________

Name of Examiner -2 : _____________________________________

Designation of Examiner -2 : _____________________________________

Signature of Examiner -2 : ______________________________________

Supervisor:

Name of Supervisor : _____________________________________

Designation of Supervisor : _____________________________________

Signature of Supervisor : ______________________________________

Date of Submission:
______________
Stamp of the Department
Place of Submission: Mrs N Padmavathi Head
______________ of Department (i/c)
Department of
Electronics and Communication
Engineering

ii
 Candidate’s Declaration
I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others' ideas or words have been included. I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will
be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission had
not been taken when needed.

Name of the Candidate with ID Number Signature of the Candidate

S.Manisharma (RO200007) __________________________

D.Durga Prasad (RO200061) __________________________

K.Venkata Siva Ganesh (RO200646) _________________________

C.Harshitha (RO200739) _________________________

B.Akshaya (RO200995) ________________________

Date:
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING ©
iii
 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGIES

ONGOLE CAMPUS

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Voting Machine Using Image Processing” being
submitted S.Manisharma bearing ID Number RO200007 and

D.Durga Prasad bearing ID Number RO200061 and K.Venkata Siva Ganesh bearing
ID Number RO200646 and C.Harshitha bearing ID Number RO200739 and
B.Akshaya bearing ID Number RO200995 in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering is a bonafide work carried by them under my supervision and guidance.

Mrs N Padmavathi
Mr.N.Koteswarao Head of Department (i/c)
Assistant Professor Department of
Department of Electronics and
Electronics and Communication Engineering Communication
Engineering

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our privilege to express a profound sense of respect, gratitude and indebtedness to
our Mr.N.Koteswarao, Assistant Professor, Department. of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies –
Ongole Campus for his guidance, technical and moral support and for his efforts in
successful completion of our project.

We express our sincere gratitude to Mrs N. Padmavathi, Assistant Professor and

Head of Department (i/c) Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rajiv
Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies – Ongole Campus, for her suggestions
and co-operation for the successful completion of the work.

We extend our sincere thanks to Mr. M. Rupas Kumar, Dean Academics, Research and
Development, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies – Ongole Campus,
for his constant help and support in our academic activities.

We extend our sincere thanks Prof. Dr. Bhaskar Patel , Director, Rajiv Gandhi
University of Knowledge Technologies – Ongole Campus for his overall vision
and guidance.

S.Manisharma -RO200007
D.Durga Prasad -RO200061
K.Venkata Siva Ganesh -RO200646
C.Harshitha -RO200739
B.Akshaya -RO200995

v
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project work entitled “Voting Machine Using Image
Processing" submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University Of Knowledge Technologies
Ongole Campus in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in Electronics and Communication Engineering is a
record of an original work done by us under the guidance of Mr.N.Koteswarao,Assistant
Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering and this project
work have not been submitted to any university for the award of any other degree or
diploma. The copyright to this project belongs to us along with Rajiv Gandhi University
Of Knowledge Technologies Ongole Campus ©

S.Manisharma -RO200007
D.Durga Prasad -RO200061
K.Venkata Siva Ganesh -RO200646
C.Harshitha -RO200739
B.Akshaya -RO200995

vi
 ABSTRACT

The security and accuracy of voting systems are crucial for ensuring free and fair elections.
Traditional voting methods, both paper-based and electronic, are often prone to issues such as
voter fraud, impersonation, and tampering. This project proposes a biometric-based voting
machine leveraging image processing techniques to address these challenges. The system uses
biometric traits, such as fingerprints or facial recognition, for voter authentication. Image
processing methods, including preprocessing, feature extraction, and pattern matching, are
employed to ensure accurate and reliable identification.

The system is implemented using MATLAB, incorporating a user-friendly interface for voters
to cast their votes securely. Once authenticated, the voter can select their preferred candidate,
and the vote is securely stored in an encrypted database, ensuring data integrity. The proposed
system enhances voting efficiency, reduces the risk of fraud, and ensures a transparent election
process. With the growing importance of security and trust in democratic systems, this project
demonstrates how advanced biometric and image processing technologies can revolutionize
voting systems.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO:
Approval Sheet ii
Candidate’s Declaration iii
CERTIFICATE iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
DECLARATION vi
ABSTRACT vii

CHAPTER-1 INTODUCTION:

1.1 Overview Of The Project 1

1.2 Objectives 1
1.3 Importance Of Biometric In Voting 1
1.4 Key Features 2
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Existing Voting Systems 4
2.2 Role Of Image Processing In Security 4
2.3 Biometric Techniques and Applications 5
2.4 Research and Studies On Biometric Voting Systems 5
2.5 Gaps Identified In Existing Systems 6
2.6 Motivation 6
CHAPTER-3 INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE PROCESSING
3.1 Image 8
3.2 Purpose Of Image Processing 10
3.3 Block Daigram Of Image Processing 10
3.4 Approach 11
CHAPTER-4 FLOW CHART
4.1 Flow Chart 12
CHAPTER-5 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Matlab 14
5.2 Algorithms 16
CHAPTER-6 CODE IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 MATLAB code 17

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CHAPTER-7 RESULTS
7.1 Results 27
CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
8.1 Conclusion 29
8.2 Future Scope 30

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LIST OF FIGURES
Serial Name Source Page Number
Number
1 Fig 3.1: : Images and OpenAlr 8
corresponding pixels

2 Fig 3.2: Flow Chart of Getty Images 10

Digital Image Processing
3 Fig :4.1 flow chart Research 12

4 Fig 7.1: Result After Screenshot 27

Execution
5 Fig 7.2: Result After Screenshot 27
Execution
6 Fig 7.3: Result After Screenshot 28

Execution

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview of the Project

Voting is a fundamental process in any democratic system, ensuring that citizens can express their
preferences in governance. Over the years, voting methods have evolved from paper-based systems
to electronic voting machines, and now, towards advanced biometric systems. However, traditional
voting systems often face challenges such as voter fraud, impersonation, ballot tampering, and
logistical inefficiencies. These issues compromise the integrity of elections and erode public trust
in the electoral process.

To address these challenges, this project proposes a voting machine based on image processing
techniques. The system integrates biometric authentication, leveraging the unique physical traits
of voters, such as fingerprints or facial features, for secure and accurate voter verification. Image
processing plays a pivotal role in this system, as it enables the capture, analysis, and matching of
biometric data to ensure reliable voter identification.

This project focuses on implementing a prototype of the biometric voting system using MATLAB.
The proposed system ensures transparency, security, and efficiency in the voting process, making
it a robust alternative to traditional systems.

1.2 Objectives
The main objectives of this project are:
1. To design a secure and efficient voting system using biometric authentication.
2. To employ image processing techniques for real-time voter verification.
3. To eliminate common voting malpractices such as multiple voting and impersonation.
4. To develop a user-friendly interface that simplifies the voting process for voters and
administrators.

5. To ensure the confidentiality and integrity of votes through secure data storage and encryption.
These objectives aim to create a secure and transparent system that upholds the principles of
democracy and electoral integrity.

1.3 Importance of Biometrics in Voting

Biometrics refers to the use of unique physical or behavioral characteristics for identification and
authentication. In the context of voting, biometrics significantly enhances security by ensuring that
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only registered voters can participate, and each voter can cast only one vote. Biometric systems are
difficult to forge or bypass, making them highly effective in preventing voter fraud. Image
processing techniques further augment the reliability of biometric systems by enabling the accurate
capture, enhancement, and matching of biometric data. Common biometric modalities used in
voting systems include:

1. Fingerprint Recognition: Analyses ridge patterns unique to each individual.

2. Facial Recognition: Maps facial features such as the distance between eyes, nose, and mouth.
3. Iris Scanning: Examines the intricate patterns in the iris of the eye.
Countries like India, Ghana, and Estonia have implemented biometric-based voting systems to
address electoral challenges. These systems have shown significant improvements in voter
authentication accuracy, reduced fraud, and increased public trust.

This introduction provides a detailed background on the project, highlights its objectives, and
emphasizes the importance of biometrics in enhancing the security and efficiency of voting
systems.

1.4 Key Features

1.Biometric Authentication o The system uses unique biometric traits such as fingerprints or

facial features for voter identification.

o Prevents impersonation and ensures that only registered voters can participate in the
election.

2. Image Processing Techniques o Advanced image processing methods, including

preprocessing, feature extraction, and pattern matching, are employed for accurate voter
verification.

o Enhances the reliability and accuracy of the biometric data analysis.

3. User-Friendly Interface o A simple and intuitive graphical user interface (GUI) allows voters

to interact with the system seamlessly.

o Guides voters through the process of authentication and vote casting with minimal
technical knowledge required.

4. Real-Time Verification o Processes biometric data in real-time, enabling quick and efficient

voter authentication.

o Reduces wait times during elections and improves overall voting experience.

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5. Secure Data Storage o All biometric data and votes are stored securely using encryption

techniques. o Ensures the confidentiality and integrity of the votes, preventing tampering or
unauthorized access.

6. Fraud Prevention o Eliminates common electoral malpractices such as multiple voting, fake

registrations, and proxy voting.

o Ensures that each voter can cast only one vote.

7. Scalability o The system can be scaled to accommodate large voter populations, making it

suitable for local, national, or global elections.

8. Efficient Vote Counting o Automates the vote counting process, reducing human error and

delivering faster results.

9.Audit Trail o Maintains a secure log of voter authentication and vote casting for transparency

and accountability.

o Helps in post-election audits to verify the integrity of the election process.

10. Cost-Effective o Reduces the need for extensive manpower and physical resources

associated with traditional voting systems.

o Offers a long-term solution with minimal maintenance costs.

These key features make the proposed voting machine a secure, efficient, and reliable solution
for modern electoral challenges.

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 CHAPTER 2
Literature Survey

The literature survey highlights existing research and systems in the domain of voting
technologies, focusing on image processing and biometric authentication for secure and efficient
voting.

2.1 Existing Voting Systems

1. Paper-Based Voting o Paper ballots have been the traditional method of voting. o
Limitations: Prone to tampering, manual errors in counting, and logistical challenges
during transport and storage.

2.Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) o Widely adopted for faster vote counting

and reduced logistical efforts.

o Limitations: Vulnerable to hacking, lack of voter authentication mechanisms, and inability
to prevent impersonation.
3. Online Voting o Promises convenience, especially for remote voters. o Limitations: Concerns
about cybersecurity, voter authentication, and vote integrity.

4. Biometric-Based Voting o A more secure alternative that uses unique voter traits for
authentication. o Benefits: Reduces fraud, ensures one-person-one-vote, and integrates
seamlessly with digital systems.

2.2 Role of Image Processing in Security

Image processing is integral to biometric-based voting systems, ensuring accurate and efficient
voter authentication. It involves the following steps:
1. Image Acquisition o Capturing biometric data such as fingerprints or facial images using
scanners or cameras.

2. Preprocessing o Enhancing the quality of biometric images through noise removal,

normalization, and segmentation.

3. Feature Extraction o Extracting unique traits from the images, such as fingerprint ridges or

facial landmarks.

4. Pattern Matching o Comparing extracted features with stored templates to verify the

voter's identity.
These techniques ensure that the system is robust against variations in image quality,
lighting conditions, and user errors.

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2.3 Biometric Techniques and Applications
Biometric systems rely on the uniqueness and permanence of physical traits for identification.
The key techniques used in voting systems include:
1. Fingerprint Recognition
o Captures and analyzes ridge patterns unique to an individual. o Widely used due
to its high accuracy and availability of inexpensive scanners.
2. Facial Recognition o Uses facial landmarks such as the eyes, nose, and mouth for
identification. o Advantageous in scenarios where physical contact is not feasible.

3. Iris Scanning o Maps the intricate patterns in the iris, offering extremely high accuracy.
o Requires specialized hardware, making it less cost-effective for large-scale deployment.

4. Hybrid Systems o Combines multiple biometric modalities (e.g., fingerprint and facial
recognition) for enhanced security.

Applications of biometric systems extend beyond voting to areas like banking, border control,
and access management, showcasing their reliability and adaptability.

2.4 Research Studies on Biometric Voting Systems

1. Biometric Authentication in Voting o A study highlighted the efficiency of fingerprint
recognition systems in preventing multiple voting and impersonation. o Demonstrated a
False Acceptance Rate (FAR) of less than 2%.

2. Integration of Image Processing and Machine Learning o Research on facial recognition for
voting systems used image processing and machine learning algorithms to improve accuracy
and speed.

3.Global Implementations o India: The Aadhaar-based authentication system integrates

fingerprints for voter identification.
o Estonia: Combines online voting with secure biometric authentication.

4. Challenges Identified o Issues with poor-quality images, aging effects on biometrics, and
spoofing attempts were noted. o Proposed solutions include advanced preprocessing
techniques and multi-modal biometrics.

2.5 Gaps Identified in Existing Systems

1. Lack of robust security measures in traditional and electronic voting systems.
2. Limited implementation of image processing techniques in voter authentication.

3. Insufficient scalability of biometric systems for large-scale elections.

4. High costs of advanced biometric hardware.

By addressing these gaps, this project aims to create a cost-effective, scalable, and secure
biometric voting system using image processing techniques.
5
This literature review provides a foundation for understanding the limitations of existing systems
and the potential of biometric-based solutions.

2.6 Motivation

The motivation for developing a voting machine using image processing stems from the increasing
need for secure, accurate, and efficient voting systems in modern democracies. Elections are the
cornerstone of any democratic process, and the integrity of voting systems directly impacts public
trust and governance. However, traditional and even many electronic voting systems continue to
face significant challenges such as voter fraud, impersonation, and electoral manipulation. These
issues undermine the credibility of election results, potentially leading to political instability and
loss of public confidence in the democratic process.

This project is motivated by the following key factors:

1. Need for Enhanced Security

In many countries, the vulnerability of traditional voting methods to fraud, such as ballot stuffing,
multiple voting, and identity theft, remains a pressing issue. Image processing and biometric
systems provide a more secure way to authenticate voters, ensuring that each individual can cast
only one vote, thus eliminating the risk of impersonation or fraudulent voting.

2. Rising Threats to Election Integrity

With the rise of digital technologies, electronic voting systems have been adopted by various
nations. However, these systems are not immune to security breaches, including hacking and data
tampering. Biometric authentication offers a way to mitigate these threats, making it significantly
harder for unauthorized individuals to manipulate the election process. The integration of image
processing enhances the robustness of these biometric systems by ensuring accurate and reliable
voter identification.

3. Increasing Demand for Efficiency

Traditional voting methods are often slow and cumbersome, with manual counting and the
potential for human error. This can lead to delays in the announcement of results, which can create
confusion and discontent among voters. By incorporating image processing into biometric systems,
voting machines can ensure faster and more accurate verification of voters, leading to quicker
results and a more efficient election process.

4.Technological Advancements

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With advances in image processing algorithms, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, it has
become increasingly feasible to implement robust, high-accuracy biometric authentication systems
for voting. The ability to analyze fingerprints or facial features with high precision allows for the
development of cost-effective and scalable biometric systems. As a result, such technology can be
applied to large-scale elections, enhancing both security and efficiency.

5. Global Trends in Biometric Voting

Several countries, such as India with its Aadhaar system, and Estonia with its e-voting system,
have begun integrating biometric authentication into their electoral processes. These examples
demonstrate the growing acceptance of biometric systems for voting and highlight the potential for
widespread adoption. This project aims to contribute to this global trend by developing a voting
machine that combines image processing with biometric authentication to ensure a fair and
transparent voting process.

6. Transparency and Trust

A secure, efficient, and transparent voting system fosters trust among voters, which is essential
for a functioning democracy. Biometric-based voting machines, powered by image processing, can
increase transparency by providing accurate voter verification and an audit trail that ensures
accountability at every step of the voting process. This transparency helps build voter confidence,
reducing the likelihood of election-related disputes.

By addressing these critical issues, this project seeks to create a reliable, secure, and efficient
voting machine that leverages image processing techniques for biometric authentication.
Ultimately, the goal is to contribute to the development of a next-generation voting system that
upholds the principles of democracy, security, and trust.

This section outlines the driving forces behind the project, emphasizing the importance of
improving security, efficiency, and transparency in the electoral process.

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 CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE
PROCESSING
3.1 IMAGE

An image is defined as a two-dimensional function F(x,y), where x and y are spatial

coordinates, and the amplitude of F at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called the intensity of that
image at that point. When x,y, and amplitude values of F are finite, we call it a digital image.

In other words, an image can be defined by a two-dimensional array specifically arranged

in rows and columns.

Digital Image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of which elements have a
particular value at a particular location. These elements are referred to as picture elements,
image elements, and pixels. A Pixel is most widely used to denote the elements of a Digital
Image.

Fig3.1: Images and corresponding pixels

Image Processing

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Image processing is a method to convert an image into digital form and perform some
operations on it, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful information from
it. It is a type of signal dispensation in which input is image, like video frame or photograph and
output may be image or characteristics associated with that image. Usually, Image Processing
system includes treating images as two- dimensional signals while applying already set signal
processing methods to them. It is among rapidly growing technologies today, with its
applications in various aspects of a business. Image Processing forms core research area within
engineering and computer science disciplines too.

Image processing basically includes the following three steps:

i) Importing the image with optical scanner or by digital photography.

ii) Analyzing and manipulating the image which includes data compression and image
enhancement and spotting patterns that are not human eyes like satellite
photographs. iii) Output is the last stage in which results can be altered image or
report that is based on image analysis.

Image processing actions can be grouped into three sub-areas:

Image compression, which reduces the memory requirements by removing the redundancy
present in the image, that is, the image information which is not perceptible to the human
eye.

Image pre-processing which consists of improving the visual quality of the image by
reducing noise, pixel calibration and standardization, enhancing the edge detection, and
making the image analysis step more reliable based on objective and well-established
criteria. The term image pre-processing, in general, is referred to all manipulations on an
image, each of which produces a new imag

3.2 Purpose of Image processing

The purpose of image processing is divided into 5 groups.

Visualization – Observe the objects that are not visible.

Image sharpening and restoration – To create a better image.

Image retrieval – Seek for the image of interest.

Measurement of pattern – Measures various objects in an image.

Image Recognition – Distinguish the objects in an

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3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IMAGE PROCESSING

Fig 3.2: Flow Chart of Digital Image Processing

Detailed explain about flowchart:

o Problem Domain to Image Acquisition: This block represents the initial phase where a
problem is identified and an image is captured as data to address or analyze the problem.

o Image Acquisition to Image Enhancement: Indicates the process of improving the

quality of the acquired image, making it clearer and more defined for analysis.

o Image Enhancement to Image Restoration: Describes refining the enhanced image

further, correcting flaws and restoring its quality.

o Colour Image Processing: This dashed block signifies processing specifically tailored
for colour images, optimizing their quality and clarity.

o Image Compression: Indicates reducing the file size of images while maintaining their
quality, facilitating easier storage and sharing.

o Morphological Processing to Segmentation: Represents transforming an image into

segments making it easier for analysis or object recognition.

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 o Segmentation to Object Recognition: Denotes identifying distinct objects within
segmented parts of an image for further analysis or action.
Object Recognition to Representation & Description: Illustrates interpreting recognized
objects and describing them in understandable terms

3.4 Approach
Image processing is a method to convert an image into digital form and perform some
operations on it, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful information from
it. It is a type of signal dispensation in which input is image, like video frame or photograph and
output may be image or characteristics associated with that image. Usually, Image Processing
system includes treating images as two- dimensional signals while applying already set signal
processing methods set.

Image processing or pre-processing encompasses a broad range of operations, which may

be treated as an end in themselves, or are intended to simplify or enhance subsequent analysis.
Pre-processing improves the image data by removing unintended distortions or enhancing some
image features that are important for further processing and creating a more suitable image than
the original for specific application.

Benefits of Image Processing

Visualization helps in identification of the objects that are not visible.

Image processing is faster and cost effective, Noise free. Image sharpening and
restoration – To create a better image.

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 CHAPTER 4
FLOW CHART
4.1 Flow Chart

Fig :4.1 flow chart

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Flow chat description:
This flowchart illustrates the process of verifying and casting a vote in an election system.
Here’s the step-by-step explanation:
1. Start :
- The process begins at the starting point.
2. Capture User Data :
- The system collects the necessary information from the user, such as identification details
(e.g., voter ID or personal data).
3. Verify Voter:

- The system checks the validity of the user’s information against the voter database to confirm if
the person is an authorized voter.
- This step ensures that only eligible voters proceed to the next stage.
4. Decision Point (Already Voted):
- If the system detects that the voter has already cast their vote, it loops back, preventing
duplicate voting.

- If the voter hasn’t voted yet, the process moves forward.

5. Cast Your Vote:
- The voter is allowed to cast their vote once verification is successful.
6. Vote Successfully Cast:
- The system confirms that the vote has been successfully recorded.
7. End:
- The process concludes, ensuring the vote is securely and accurately registered.
This flowchart represents a typical voting system emphasizing voter authentication and
prevention of multiple votes.

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 CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 MATLAB:

MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is a high-level programming language and numerical

computing environment widely used in academia and industry. It offers a wide range of tools
for data analysis, visualization, and algorithm development. Some of its key features include:

Built-in mathematical functions: MATLAB provides a comprehensive set of mathematical

functions, including linear algebra, optimization, and statistics.

Interactive environment: The MATLAB environment allows users to interact with their data
and algorithms in an intuitive way, making it easy to test and debug code.

Visualization tools: MATLAB provides powerful tools for data visualization, including 2D and
3D plotting, and animations.

Toolboxes and add-ons: MATLAB offers a variety of toolboxes and add-ons for specific
domains such as signal processing, control systems, and image processing.

Integrations: MATLAB can integrate with other programming languages, such as C, C++, and
Java, allowing users to combine the best of both worlds. In conclusion, MATLAB is a versatile
tool for numerical computing and data analysis that can be applied to a wide range of
applications. Whether you are working in academia or industry MATLAB offers a
comprehensive and user-friendly environment for developing and testing your algorithms.

Uses of MATLAB:

• Performing numerical linear algebra

• Numerical computation of Matrices • Data analysis and visualization

• Plotting graphs for larger data sets

• Developing algorithms

• Creating interfaces for the user that is the GUI- Graphical User Interface and other
applications that is the API – Application Programming Interface.

14
Commands used in MATLAB:

Here are some common commands used in MATLAB:

1. disp - display a message or the value of a variable in the Command Window

2. clear - clear workspace variables and command history

3. clc - clear the Command Window

4. close all - close all figures

5. plot - plot data in a 2D line plot

6. xlabel and ylabel - add labels to the x-axis and y-axis, respectively

7. title - add a title to the plot

8. grid - display gridlines on the plot

9. legend - add a legend to the plot

10. subplot - divide the figure into multiple subplots

11. mean - compute the mean of a vector or matrix

12. median - compute the median of a vector or matrix

13. std - compute the standard deviation of a vector or matrix

14. var - compute the variance of a vector or matrix

15. sort - sort the elements of a vector or matrix in ascending or descending order

16. size - compute the size of a matrix

17. length - compute the length of a vector

18. sum - compute the sum of the elements of a vector or matrix

19. prod - compute the product of the elements of a vector or matrix

15
 20. find - find the indices of non-zero elements in a vector or matrix.
5.2 ALGORITHMS

Voter Verification and Voting Process

1. Initialization and Face Image Loading:

o Load the list of registered face images stored in a specified folder.
o If the folder is not found, prompt the user to select the folder containing the images.

2. Voter Verification: o Allow the user to load a test image for verification (e.g., using a webcam
or selecting a file). o Convert the test image to grayscale and resize it to a fixed size (e.g.,
100x100).
o Use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to compare the test image with registered face
images.
o If a match is found, verify the voter and proceed to the voting pad.
o If no match is found, notify the user that the voter was not recognized.

3. Voting Pad:
o If the voter is verified, show the voting interface. o Display a list of candidates along with
their images. o Allow the user to select a candidate from the displayed options. o Enable
the user to cast their vote by selecting the candidate and pressing a "Cast Vote" button. o If
the user has already voted, display a message saying "You have already voted" and disable
further voting.

4. Vote Casting and Status Update:

o After a vote is cast, record the vote status in a file (voted_status.txt). o If the user attempts
to vote again, the system will check the voted_status.txt file to ensure they cannot vote
multiple times.
o If the user has voted, display a message: "You have already voted.
5. Reset Voting Status:
o Provide an option for an administrator or user to reset the voting status (i.e., clear the
voted_status.txt file).
o The reset function allows the system to mark the voter as not having voted, allowing them
to vote again in a future session.

6. Handling User Interface and Interactions:

o Create a graphical user interface (GUI) that includes buttons for loading images, refreshing
the voting status, displaying the results, and casting votes. o The interface handles user
clicks, updates status, and shows appropriate messages based on the voting conditions
(e.g., "Please select a candidate" if no candidate is selected).

Workflow

1. Load Registered Faces:

o Check if the folder path for registered faces exists or prompt the user to select it.

16
 -

2. Voter Image Selection:

o Ask the user to load a test image for verification.

3. Face Recognition: o Use PCA to compare the test image with registered faces and
determine if there is a match.

4. Voting Interface:
o If the voter is verified, display the voting interface with candidate images and selection
options.
5. Cast Vote:
o If a candidate is selected, store the vote status and mark the voter as having voted.

6. Voting Status Management : o Create a graphical user interface (GUI) that includes
buttons for loading images, refreshing the voting status, displaying the results, and casting
votes.
o Optionally, reset the voting status by deleting the status file.

This algorithm encapsulates the full process of voter verification, voting, and status
management using face recognition and an interactive voting pad interface.

17
 CHAPTER 6

CODE IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 MATLAB Code:

% Main Script for Voter Verification and Voting

% Load registered face images
faceImages = load_registered_faces(); if
isempty(faceImages)
disp('No face images loaded. Exiting...');
return; end
% Allow user to select a test image
[testFile, testPath] = uigetfile({'.jpg;.png;*.bmp', 'Image Files'}, 'Select a test image'); if
isequal(testFile, 0)
disp('No test image selected. Exiting...');
return; end
% Read the test image
testImage = imread(fullfile(testPath, testFile));
% Recognize the test image
recognizedIndex = recognize_face(testImage, faceImages);
% Check if the voter is recognized if recognizedIndex
>0
disp(['Voter verified: Face index ', num2str(recognizedIndex)]);
figure;
imshow(faceImages(:,:,recognizedIndex));
title(['Recognized Face ', num2str(recognizedIndex)]);
voting_pad(); else
disp('Voter not recognized. Exiting...');
return; % Exit if the voter is not recognized end
function recognizedIndex = recognize_face(testImage, faceImages)
% Convert test image to grayscale and resize grayTestImage
= rgb2gray(testImage); resizedTestImage =
imresize(grayTestImage, [100, 100]); testVector =
resizedTestImage(:); % Flatten to a column vector
% Flatten registered images
[height, width, numImages] = size(faceImages); faceVectors = reshape(faceImages,
height * width, numImages); % Convert each image to a
column vector
% Apply PCA on the face image data (centered data)
[coeff, ~, ~] = pca(double(faceVectors')); % PCA on the data
% Project test image onto PCA space

18
 testProjection = coeff' * double(testVector);
% Compute distances
distances = sum((testProjection - coeff' * faceVectors).^2, 1);
disp('Distances to registered faces:');
disp(distances);
% Set a threshold for recognition
distanceThreshold = 150; % Adjust this value based on your testing
% Find the closest match
[minDistance, recognizedIndex] = min(distances);
% Check against the threshold if
minDistance > distanceThreshold
recognizedIndex = 0; % No close match
else
disp(['Recognized Index: ', num2str(recognizedIndex), ' with Distance: ',
num2str(minDistance)]);
end end function faceImages =
load_registered_faces() % Check if the folder path
for registered faces exists
if exist('faces_folder_path.txt', 'file')
% Read folder path from file fid =
fopen('faces_folder_path.txt', 'r');
facesFolder = fgetl(fid);
fclose(fid);
else
% Ask user to select the folder if not found facesFolder =
uigetdir('', 'Select the folder containing registered faces');
if facesFolder ~= 0
% Save the selected folder path for future
use fid = fopen('faces_folder_path.txt', 'w');
fprintf(fid, '%s', facesFolder); fclose(fid);
else
facesFolder = ''; % Return empty if no folder is selected
disp('No folder selected. Exiting...');
return; end end
% Initialize a 3D array to store face images (height x width x numImages) faceImages
= []
% Get a list of all image files in the folder (only .jpg files in this case)
imageFiles = dir(fullfile(facesFolder, '.jpg')); % Change to '.png' or '*.bmp' if needed
if isempty(imageFiles)
disp('No image files found in the folder.');
return; end
% Get the size of the first image to initialize faceImages matrix
firstImage = imread(fullfile(facesFolder, imageFiles(1).name));
grayFirstImage = rgb2gray(firstImage);
resizedFirstImage = imresize(grayFirstImage, [100, 100]);
% Resize for consistency
[height, width] = size(resizedFirstImage);

19
 % Get the dimensions of the resized image
% Initialize the faceImages matrix to store all face images faceImages = zeros(height,
width, length(imageFiles)); % 3D matrix to store each face as a
slice
% Process each registered face image
for i = 1:length(imageFiles)
% Read the image
img = imread(fullfile(facesFolder, imageFiles(i).name));
% Convert the image to grayscale (necessary for face recognition) grayImage
= rgb2gray(img)
% Resize the image to a standard size (e.g., 100x100 pixels) grayImage
= imresize(grayImage, [100, 100]); % Resize for consistency % Store the
preprocessed image in the 3D matrix (each image is a slice)
faceImages(:,:,i) = grayImage; end

% Display success message

disp(['Loaded ', num2str(length(imageFiles)), ' registered faces.']); end
function voter_interface()
% Check if the faces folder path exists, otherwise ask the user to select it
facesFolder = getFacesFolder(); if isempty(facesFolder)
disp('No faces folder selected. Exiting...');
return;
end

% Create a figure for the voter interface hFig = figure('Name', 'Voter

Verification', 'Position', [100, 100, 400, 300]);

% Create a button to load the test image uicontrol('Style',

'pushbutton', 'String', 'Load Test Image', ... 'Position', [100,
220, 200, 30], ...
'Callback', @loadImageCallback);

% Create a button to refresh voting status uicontrol('Style',

'pushbutton', 'String', 'Refresh Voting Status', ...
'Position', [100, 180, 200, 30], ...
'Callback', @resetVotingStatusCallback);

% Text field to display the result resultText = uicontrol('Style',

'text', 'Position', [50, 150, 300, 30], ... 'FontSize', 12,
'String', '');
% Callback function for loading and recognizing the image
function loadImageCallback(~, ~)
% Check if the voter has already voted if hasVoted()
resultText.String = 'You have already voted!';
return; % Exit if the voter has already voted end
% Load registered face images from the selected folder
faceImages = load_registered_faces(facesFolder);

20
 if isempty(faceImages) resultText.String
= 'No registered faces found.';
return;
end

% Allow user to select a test image

[testFile, testPath] = uigetfile({'.jpg;.png;*.bmp', 'Image Files'}, 'Select a test image');
if isequal(testFile, 0)
resultText.String = 'No test image selected.';
return;
end

% Read the test image testImage =

imread(fullfile(testPath, testFile));

% Recognize the test image recognizedIndex =

recognize_face(testImage, faceImages);

% Update the result text based on recognition

if recognizedIndex > 0
resultText.String = ['Voter verified: Face index ', num2str(recognizedIndex)];
voting_pad(); % Proceed to voting pad
% Mark as voted
writeStatusToFile('voted_status.txt', true); else
resultText.String = 'Voter not recognized.';
end
end

% Callback function to reset the voting status

function resetVotingStatusCallback(~, ~)
resetVotingStatus(); % Reset the voting status when clicked
resultText.String = 'Voting status has been reset. Voters can vote again.'; end
end

% Function to get the faces folder path from the file (or ask for input if not
present) function facesFolder = getFacesFolder() if exist('faces_folder_path.txt',
'file') % Read folder path from file fid = fopen('faces_folder_path.txt',
'r'); facesFolder = fgetl(fid); fclose(fid); else
% Ask user to select the folder if not found facesFolder =
uigetdir('', 'Select the folder containing registered faces');
if facesFolder ~= 0
% Save the selected folder path for future use
fid = fopen('faces_folder_path.txt', 'w');
fprintf(fid, '%s', facesFolder);
fclose(fid);
else

21
 facesFolder = ''; % Return empty if no folder is selected
end end end
% Function to load registered faces from the saved folder path function faceImages
= load_registered_faces(facesFolder)
% Initialize a 3D array to store face images (height x width x numImages)
faceImages = [];
% Get a list of all image files in the folder (only .jpg files in this case)
imageFiles = dir(fullfile(facesFolder, '.jpg')); % Change to '.png' or '*.bmp' if needed
if isempty(imageFiles)
disp('No image files found in the folder.');
return; end
% Get the size of the first image to initialize faceImages matrix firstImage =
imread(fullfile(facesFolder, imageFiles(1).name)); grayFirstImage =
rgb2gray(firstImage); resizedFirstImage = imresize(grayFirstImage, [100, 100]); %
Resize for consistency [height, width] = size(resizedFirstImage); % Get the
dimensions of the resized image
% Initialize the faceImages matrix to store all face images faceImages = zeros(height,
width, length(imageFiles)); % 3D matrix to store each face as a slice
% Process each registered face image
for i = 1:length(imageFiles)
% Read the image
img = imread(fullfile(facesFolder, imageFiles(i).name));
% Convert the image to grayscale (necessary for face recognition) grayImage
= rgb2gray(img);
% Resize the image to a standard size (e.g., 100x100 pixels)
grayImage = imresize(grayImage, [100, 100]); % Resize for consistency
% Store the preprocessed image in the 3D matrix (each image is a slice)
faceImages(:,:,i) = grayImage; end end % Function to check if the voter
has voted function status = hasVoted() statusFile = 'voted_status.txt'; if
exist(statusFile, 'file') status = readStatusFromFile(statusFile); else status
=
false; % If file doesn't exist, voter has not voted
end end

% Function to reset the "voted" status

function resetVotingStatus()
statusFile = 'voted_status.txt'; if
exist(statusFile, 'file')
delete(statusFile); % Delete the file to reset status
end end

% Function to write the voting status (true/false) to the file function

writeStatusToFile(fileName, status)
fileID = fopen(fileName, 'w');
fprintf(fileID, '%d', status); fclose(fileID);
end

22
% Function to read the status from the file function
status = readStatusFromFile(fileName)
fileID = fopen(fileName, 'r');
status = fscanf(fileID, '%d');
fclose(fileID); end
function voting_pad()
% Check if the voter has already voted
if hasVoted()
disp('You have already voted.');
return;
end

% Create a figure for the voting pad hFig = figure('Name',

'Voting Pad', 'Position', [100, 100, 500, 400]);

% Define candidate names and their image file paths

candidates = {'Candidate A', 'Candidate B', 'Candidate C'};
candidateImages = {'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\s.jpg',
'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\c.jpg', 'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\a.jpg'};

% Create a group for candidate selection

uicontrol('Style', 'text', 'String', 'Select a Candidate:', ...
'Position', [150, 330, 200, 20], 'FontSize', 12);

% Variable to store the selected candidate index selectedCandidateIndex

= 0;

% Display candidates with their images and radio buttons for

i = 1:length(candidates)
% Display the candidate image img
= imread(candidateImages{i});
subplot(3, 2, (i - 1) * 2 + 1); %
Position for the image
imshow(img);
title(candidates{i});

% Create a radio button for each candidate

uicontrol('Style', 'radiobutton', 'String', '', ...
'Position', [10, 240 - (70 * (i - 1)), 30, 30], ...
'FontSize', 12, 'Callback', @(src, event) selectCandidate(i));
end

% Create a button to cast the vote

uicontrol('Style', 'pushbutton', 'String', 'Cast Vote', ...
'Position', [200, 20, 100, 30], ...
'Callback', @castVoteCallback);

23
 % Result display text resultText = uicontrol('Style', 'text',
'Position', [50, 5, 400, 30], ... 'FontSize', 12,
'String', '');

% Callback function to handle candidate selection

function selectCandidate(index) selectedCandidateIndex = index;
% Store the selected candidate index
end

% Callback function to cast the vote

function castVoteCallback(~, ~) if
selectedCandidateIndex == 0
resultText.String = 'Please select a candidate!';
else
votedCandidate = candidates{selectedCandidateIndex};
resultText.String = ['You voted for: ', votedCandidate];
% Store the vote status (voted) in a file markAsVoted();
end
end end

% Function to check if the voter has already voted

function status = hasVoted()
% Check if a "voted" status file exists
statusFile = 'voted_status.txt'; if
exist(statusFile, 'file')
% If the file exists, read the status
status = readStatusFromFile(statusFile);
else
status = false; % If file doesn't exist, voter has not voted
end end

% Function to mark the voter as having voted function

markAsVoted()
% Write the "voted" status to a file statusFile
= 'voted_status.txt';
writeStatusToFile(statusFile, true); % Set status to true (voted) end

% Function to reset the voting status (for refresh button) function resetVotingStatus()
% Reset the "voted" status to false (or delete status file)
statusFile = 'voted_status.txt'; writeStatusToFile(statusFile, false); %
Set status to false (not voted) end

% Function to write the status (true/false) to a file function writeStatusToFile(fileName,

status)
fileID = fopen(fileName, 'w');
fprintf(fileID, '%d', status);
fclose(fileID); end

24
% Function to read the status from the file function
status = readStatusFromFile(fileName)
fileID = fopen(fileName, 'r');
status = fscanf(fileID, '%d');
fclose(fileID); end
function status = hasVoted()
% Check if a "voted" status file exists
statusFile = 'voted_status.txt'; if
exist(statusFile, 'file')
% If the file exists, read the status
status = readStatusFromFile(statusFile); else
status = false; % If file doesn't exist, voter has not voted end
end

function resetVotingStatus()
% Reset the "voted" status to false (or delete status file)
statusFile = 'voted_status.txt'; writeStatusToFile(statusFile, false) ; %
Set status to false (not voted) end

function writeStatusToFile(fileName, status)

% Write the status (true/false) to a file
fileID = fopen(fileName, 'w');
fprintf(fileID, '%d', status); fclose(fileID);
end

function status = readStatusFromFile(fileName)

% Read the status from the file
fileID = fopen(fileName, 'r'); status
= fscanf(fileID, '%d');
fclose(fileID);
end
function refresh_interface()
% Create a separate figure for the refresh interface hFig =
figure('Name', 'Refresh Voting Status', 'Position', [100, 100, 400, 200]);

% Create a button to refresh the voting status

uicontrol('Style', 'pushbutton', 'String', 'Reset Voting Status', ...
'Position', [100, 80, 200, 40], 'Callback', @resetVotingStatusCallback);

% Display status text statusText = uicontrol('Style', 'text',

'Position', [50, 40, 300, 30], ...
'FontSize', 12, 'String', 'Click the button to reset voting status.'); % Callback
function to reset the voting status function resetVotingStatusCallback(~, ~)
resetVotingStatus(); % Reset the "voted" status
statusText.String = 'Voting status has been reset. Voter can vote again.';
end end

25
% Function to reset the "voted" status
function resetVotingStatus()
% Reset the "voted" status by writing 'false' to the status file statusFile
= 'voted_status.txt';
writeStatusToFile(statusFile, false); % Set status to false (not voted) end

function writeStatusToFile(fileName, status)

% Write the status (true/false) to a file
fileID = fopen(fileName, 'w');
fprintf(fileID, '%d', status); fclose(fileID);
end

26
 CHAPTER 7

RESULTS
7.1 Results

Fig 7.1

Fig 7.2

27
 Fig 7.3

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
8.1 CONCLUSION:

28
This facial recognition-based voting system is a secure and efficient method for verifying voter
identity and ensuring the integrity of the voting process. The key features of the system are as
follows:

1. Facial Recognition for Voter Authentication: The system uses facial recognition to verify
the identity of the voter before allowing them to cast their vote. This ensures that only registered
voters can vote, reducing the risk of identity fraud.

2. Prevention of Multiple Voting: By tracking the voting status of each user (using a text
file to record whether the voter has voted), the system prevents voters from casting multiple
votes, thus maintaining the fairness of the election process.

3. User-Friendly Interface: The system provides an intuitive graphical user interface (GUI)
for the voter to interact with. It allows for easy selection of candidates and ensures a smooth
voting experience.

4. Modular Design: The code is modular, with distinct functions for face recognition,
managing voter status, and interacting with the GUI. This makes it easier to modify or extend
the system for additional features, such as adding more candidates or integrating with a database
for larger-scale applications.

5. Scalability and Security: While the current implementation is suitable for small-scale
usage with a limited number of registered voters, the system can be extended to accommodate
larger voter databases. Enhanced security measures, like encryption of voter data, could further
strengthen the system against potential security breaches.

In summary, this system demonstrates the potential of integrating biometric authentication with
digital voting processes, offering a more secure and reliable method of voting. It can be further
developed to support larger-scale elections, improve real-time face recognition accuracy, and
integrate with modern databases for voter registration and results management.

8.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

The facial recognition-based voting system can be further enhanced and scaled up for broader
adoption. Here are some potential areas for future development:

29
1. Scalability and Database Integration:
Larger Voter Databases: Integrating the system with a centralized database for storing voter
information (e.g., names, photographs, and voting records) would allow the system to handle a
larger number of voters. This would be essential for implementing the system in national or state-
level elections.
Distributed System: The system could be expanded to work in a distributed architecture,
allowing for real-time voting data synchronization across multiple locations.

2.Election Integrity and Monitoring:

Real-Time Monitoring: Introducing features for real-time election monitoring, such as
tracking the total number of votes cast and ensuring no multiple votes are cast by the same
person, could increase the transparency of the election process.
Audit Trails: Maintaining a secure and immutable audit trail of each vote cast will increase
transparency and allow for post-election audits.

REFERENCES
Books:
1. "Biometrics: Personal Identification in Networked Society" by Julian Ashbourn - This
book provides a comprehensive understanding of biometric technologies, including facial
recognition, and discusses their use in security systems, which could be applied to voting
systems.

2. "Deep Learning with Python" by François Chollet

- A great resource for learning about deep learning techniques, which are fundamental to facial
recognition technologies.

Research Papers and Articles:

1. "Face Recognition Technology: A Survey" by Sudeep Tanwar, Sandeep Gaur, et al.
- This paper offers an in-depth survey of various face recognition techniques and their
application in security, including for online and biometric authentication systems.

30
2. "Biometric Voting: Enhancing the Security of Elections" by S.M. Ibrahim and B. U. Idris -
This paper explores the use of biometric technologies, including facial recognition, in
securing the voting process.

3. "A Survey on Face Recognition and Its Applications" by Shih-Hsuan Lin et al.
- This paper offers a review of face recognition algorithms and their potential application in
fields like secure authentication and voting.

4. "Security Issues in Biometric Voting Systems" by R. S. L. S. H. Gurumoorthy, et al. - This

research focuses on the security challenges in implementing biometric voting systems,
including vulnerabilities and possible solutions.

5. "Facial Recognition Technology in Voting Systems: A Review of Security and Privacy

Concerns" by Kevin L. Williams
- This paper looks at the intersection of facial recognition technology and the privacy/security
concerns that arise in the context of voting.

Websites and Online Resources:

1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) – Biometric Recognition
- The NIST provides in-depth resources on biometric standards, including facial recognition,
which are essential for designing secure and reliable voting systems. - Website:
https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/biometric-recognition

2. IEEE Xplore – Journals and Conference Papers

- A leading digital library for research papers and articles on machine learning, AI, and biometric
systems, including applications in voting.
- Website: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/

3. "Facial Recognition: The Technology Behind It" by TechCrunch

- A comprehensive guide to the current state of facial recognition technology, including how it's
used in security and potential ethical concerns.
- Website: https://techcrunch.com/

4. "Biometric Voting Systems: Benefits and Challenges" by SANS Institute

- This article discusses the implementation and potential challenges of using biometric systems
for elections.
- Website: https://www.sans.org/

Standards and Frameworks:

1. ISO/IEC 30107-3:2017 – Biometric presentation attack detection
- An international standard for biometric systems and their ability to detect and prevent
spoofing attacks, which is crucial for secure facial recognition-based voting systems. -
Website: https://www.iso.org/standard/64043.html

2. FIDO Alliance – Fast Identity Online (FIDO) Standards

31
- FIDO Alliance focuses on standards for secure authentication. Their work is relevant for
integrating advanced authentication methods like facial recognition in secure systems such as
voting.
- Website: https://fidoalliance.org/

32