PROJECT REPORT
Sudeep Mullaguri-12303483-50
Ch.arun-12322215-49
Rahul sharma-12323589-47
Tinashe Hando-12304367-51
Mulka praneeth kumar- 12323151-48
Astable Multivibrator Using Transistors
Introduction
An astable multivibrator is an electronic circuit that generates a continuous
square wave without requiring any external triggering. It is a type of oscillator
circuit that alternates between two unstable states, producing a periodic output
signal. This circuit is widely used in timing applications, pulse generation, and
waveform synthesis.
Astable multivibrators using transistors are simple, cost-effective, and highly
efficient in generating square waveforms with adjustable frequency and duty
cycles.
Working Principle
The astable multivibrator operates by repeatedly switching between two states:
ON and OFF. The circuit consists of:
• Two NPN transistors.
• Resistors and capacitors connected to control the timing of each state.
The transistors alternately turn ON and OFF due to the charging and discharging
of capacitors through resistors. When one transistor is ON, the other is OFF,
and vice versa. This toggling action produces a continuous square wave at the
output.
The frequency of oscillation is determined by the values of the resistors and
capacitors in the circuit: f=1.44(R1+2R2)C1f = \frac{1.44}{(R1 +
2R2)C1}f=(R1+2R2)C1
Circuit Diagram
Design Considerations
1. Transistor Selection: Choose transistors with suitable current and
voltage ratings.
2. Frequency Calculation: Select resistor and capacitor values based on the
desired oscillation frequency.
3. Power Supply: Ensure a stable DC power supply for consistent
performance.
4. Load Compatibility: The output should match the requirements of the
connected load, such as an LED or a timer circuit.
Applications
Astable multivibrators have numerous applications in electronics and
communication:
1. LED Blinkers: Used in decorative lighting and indicators.
2. Clock Pulses: Generate clock signals for digital circuits.
3. Tone Generation: Produce sound in buzzers and alarms.
4. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): Control motor speeds and dim LED
brightness.
5. Signal Generators: Create test signals for various electronic equipment.
