CHROMATOGRAPHY
SAFA ARSHAD
Subject: Analysis 30
Roll no:15 Zn
Zinc
12
Mg
agnesium
M
MgCl₂
Chromatography H₂O
Chromatography is a laboratory
technique that separates the
components of a mixture based on their 3+
interactions with two phases: Fe
1. A stationary phase (solid or liquid)
2. A mobile phase (liquid or gas)
C₄H₁₀
Main Components of
Chromatography
1 2 3
Stationary Phase: A Mobile Phase: A liquid or
solid or liquid phase that gas phase that moves Sample: The mixture of
remains fixed in place, through the stationary substances to be
such as silica gel, phase, such as a solvent separated and analyzed.
alumina, or paper. or gas.
Classifications
Chromatography can be classified Each symbol is made up
of one or two letters.
based on various criteria, including:
1. Mobile Phase:
Liquid Chromatography (LC)
Gas Chromatography (GC)
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Na
Sodium
(SFC) Always
2. Stationary Phase: capitalise the
first letter!
Adsorption Chromatography
Partition Chromatography
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Size Exclusion Chromatography
CNTD...
3. Affinity:
Adsorption Chromatography
Partition Chromatography
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Affinity Chromatography
Size Exclusion Chromatography
4:Column Type:
Open-column chromatography
Closed-column chromatography
(HPLC,
UHPLC)
Paper chromatography
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
CNTD...
5: Phase Type:
Normal phase
chromatography
Reversed phase
chromatography
Hydrophobic interaction
chromatography
Hydrophilic interaction 35
chromatography 2
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He ------
-----
Heliu
m
Molecular Mechanism of
Chromatography
1 2 3
Adsorption: The molecules Desorption: The
Sample introduction: A in the sample interact with
molecules are then
sample containing a the stationary phase (e.g.,
desorbed from the
mixture of molecules is silica gel, polymer)
stationary phase by the
introduced into the through intermolecular
forces (e.g., van der Waals, mobile phase (e.g.,
chromatography system.
hydrogen bonding). solvent).
CNTD...
4 5 6
Partitioning: The Separation: The
Detection: The
molecules partition molecules separate as
separated molecules are
between the stationary they travel through the
detected by a detector
and mobile phases based chromatography system
(e.g., UV, mass
on their relative due to differences in their
Spectrometer)
affinities. partitioning behavior.
Applications
Chromatography has numerous applications in H₂O
various fields
1.Pharmaceuticals: Analyzing pharmaceutical
compounds, detecting impurities, and
determining drug purity.
2. Environmental monitoring: Detecting
pollutants, pesticides, and industrial Na
contaminants in water, air, and soil. Cl
3: Biotechnology: Separating and analyzing ?
biomolecules like proteins, peptides, and DNA.
4: Forensic science: Analyzing evidence,
identifying substances, and detecting drugs of
abuse.
Applications H₂O
5: Cosmetics: Analyzing ingredients, detecting
impurities, and ensuring product quality
6: Petroleum industry: Analyzing petroleum
products, detecting impurities. Na
Cl
7: Quality control: Verifying product purity,
detecting contaminants. ?
8: Research and development: Separating and
analyzing complex mixtures, identifying new
compounds, and developing new products.
Thank You!
O₂
Mg
