SmartSkills Sanskriti School

GEOGRAPHY

CLASS 12 (2020-21)

Page no. 1 Class XII Geography

SmartSkills Sanskriti School

GEOGRAPHY (029)
CLASS XII (2020-21)

One Theory Paper

70 Marks 3 Hours
A Fundamentals of Human Geography 35 Marks

Unit 1: Human Geography

Unit 2: People

Unit 3: Human Activities 30

Unit 4: Transport, Communication and Trade

Unit 5: Human settlements

Map Work 5

B India: People and Economy 35 Marks

Unit 6: People

Unit 7: Human Settlements

Unit 8: Resources and Development 30

Unit 9: Transport, Communication and International Trade

Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems

Map Work 5

C Practical Work 30 Marks

Unit 1: Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping 15

Unit 2: Field study or Spatial Information Technology 10

Unit 3: Practical Record Book and Viva Voce 5

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QUESTION PAPER DESIGN 2020-21

GEOGRAPHY (Theory) Code No. 029 CLASS-XII
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70
S. Typology of Questions Learning V. Short Long Map Marks %
No. Outcomes Short Answer - Answer I Skills
& Testing Answer (3 Marks) (5 Marks) based
Skills (1 (5 Marks)
Mark)
1 Remembering- (Knowledge Reasoning
based Simple recall questions, Analytical
to know specific facts, terms, Skills
concepts, principles, or 1
Critical 3 1 1 (identify 16 23%
theories; Identify, define, or
thinking location)
recite, information), Map skill
based questions
(Identification, location)

2 Understanding-
(Comprehension –to be familiar
with meaning and to
understand conceptually, 1 1 2 - 14 20%
interpret, compare, contrast,
explain, paraphrase
information)

3 Application (Use abstract

information in concrete
situation, to apply knowledge
to new situations; Use given - 1 2 - 13 19%
content to interpret a
situation, provide an example,
or solve a problem)
4 High Order Thinking Skills
(Analysis & Synthesis- Classify,
compare, contrast, or
differentiate between 1
different pieces of (Map
information; Organize and/or 2 1 2 20 28%
interpret
integrate unique pieces of ation)
information from a variety of
sources) (includes Map
interpretation)

5 Evaluation- (Appraise, judge,

and/or justify the value or 1+
worth of a decision or 1 1(values - - 7 10%
outcome, or to predict based)
outcomes based on values)
70 (22)
Total 7x1 =7 6x3=18 7x5=35 2x5=10 Practical 100%
30
15 165+15 = 180
Time Estimated 60 min. 70 min. 20 min.
min. min

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CLASS XII
BOOK I – FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY.

CHAPTER 1
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: NATURE AND SCOPE

1. „Neo Determinism is the middle path between Determinism and Possibilism‟. Explain.
2. Explain how human geography in the early 20th century has become more integrative
3. Elaborate the contribution of two French and two American geographers towards the
development of human geography.
4. Describe the two recent developments or changes in human geography.
5. Discuss the fields and sub fields of human geography.
6. Explain the dichotomy between physical geography and human beings.
7. Mention any two grounds on which environmental determinism is criticized.
8. Explain how technological development indicates cultural development in society.
9. Describe Geography.
10. Define human geography. Write down any two definitions of Human geography.
NOTES
1. What is human geography?
 Human geography studies the inter-relationship between the physical environment
and man and the actions of man on environment.
2. Name some fields, subfields of human geography and its interface with sister disciplines of
social sciences?

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Field s of Sub fields Interface with sister disciplines of social
human sciences
geography
Social Behavioural geography psychology
geography geography for social wellbeing Welfare economics
Geography for leisure sociology
Cultural geography anthropology
Gender geography Sociology, anthropology, women studies
Historical geography history
Medical geography Epidemiology
Urban Urban studies and planning
geography
Political Electoral geography psephology
geography
Military geography Military sciences
Population Demography
geography
Settlement Urban/ rural planning
geography
Economic Geography of resources Resource economics
geography
Geography of agriculture Agriculture sciences
Geography of industries Industrial economics
Geography of marketing Business studies, economics, commerce
Geography of tourism Tourism, travel management
Geography of international trade International trade

3. Explain naturalisation of humans/ environmental determinism.

 Man is passive and environment decides. Humans are naturalised and merged
with nature. Here, environment determines the existence of human. Hence, also
called as environmental determinism
 Humans are in harmonious existence with nature. They understood their
dependence on nature, and worshipped and conserved the nature.
 For example, in case of forest tribal dwellers, people get their food, fuel shelter
from the nature surrounding them. They sell the minor forest produce such as
medicinal herbs, mahua etc. in the local haat/ local bazaar to buy the required
daily necessities. They practice shifting cultivation.
4. Explain humanisation of nature or Possibilism
 Humans started understanding nature and started making use of the natural resources.
Nature is tamed
 Nature provides opportunities and human begin to use them for their benefit and slowly
nature gets humanised - Humanisation of nature

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 Eg: health resorts on highlands, huge urban sprawls, fields, orchards and pastures in
plains and rolling hills, ports on the coasts, oceanic routes on the oceanic surface and
satellites in the space.
5. What is neo determinism or stop and go determinism:
 Excessive exploitation of nature may lead to global warming, depletion of ozone layer,
melting of ice caps, pollution etc.
 Humans need to understand these red signals and stop exploiting the nature at that point
and should only proceeds when nature allows.
 Therefore, development should not damage the environment
6. Write a note on the scope of human geography.
 It is the interactions of humans with environment
 Human geography dwells upon the basic issues of distribution of people, density and
pattern of growth, migration, human development
 Physical or environment- human activities or occupations, human settlements, trade ,
transport, communication etc.
 Cultural or manmade environment-environmental pollution, slums, urbanisation,
migration, land degradation etc.

Probable questions:
 There is a direct dependence of human beings on nature for resources which sustain them”. Justify
the statement by giving any three points in the light of environmental determinism.
 Differentiate between determinism and possibilism
 State 6 different fields of human Geography

CHAPTER 2
THE WORLD POPULATION: DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY AND GROWTH

1. Define Migration. Differentiate the Pull and the Push factors of migration.
2. What is population distribution? Name the areas of low population density and why are they so?
3. Write down any four consequences of high population growth in developing countries of the world.
4. Explain the statement „Asia has many places where people are few and few places where people are
very many‟.
5. Give reasons for high density of population in Monsoon Asia.
6. What are the three components of population change? Define population growth.
7. How do physical factors play a dominant role in the distribution of population on the earth‟s
surface? Explain any five factors with suitable examples.

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8. Describe in brief any five trends of population growth in the world.
9. Elaborate any five factors which were responsible for the rapid population growth after the industrial
revolution.
10. Discuss the three stages of the model of the „Demographic Transition Theory‟ with a diagram.

NOTES

1. India‟s population as per 2001 census is :1.2 billion

2. Discuss the spatial pattern of density of population in India.
 The density of population in India (2001) is 313 persons per sq km
 population densities in the country varies.
 States with highest density of population in north India-West Bengal, Bihar and
Uttar
 Southern states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu have higher densities among the
peninsular Indian states.
 Lowest density- The hill states of the Himalayan region and North eastern states of
India (excluding Assam) have relatively low densities
 Union Territories (excluding Andaman and Nicobar islands) have very high
densities of population
3. Which states has the highest/ lowest density of population in India?
Highest: Bihar
Lowest: Arunachal Pradesh
4. What is population growth? Factors effecting population growth?
 Growth of population is the change in the number of people living in a particular
area between two points of time.
 Growth rate= crude birth rate- Crude Death rate +in- migration- out-migration
 Factors- natural ( crude birth rate. Crude death rate)and induced ( in and out
migration

5. Phases of growth of population in India

Phase Name Period Reasons
s
1 stationary or stagnant 1901-1921 High Birth rate and high death rate due to
phase Poor health and medical services, illiteracy
of people,
during 1911-21 – negative growth rate due
to more deaths due to epidemic of
influenza disease
2 period of study 1921-1951 improvement in health and sanitation

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population brought down the mortality rate. The

crude birth rate remained high
3 Period of population 1951-1981 More birth rate than death rate. Economy
explosion started improving. Immigrants from
Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh added to the
population growth
4 Present period of post 1981 Growth of population started decreasing.
decreasing growth Control of birth rate through family
planning measures is the reason for
slowing down.
6. What is population composition?
Dividing the population based on sex, occupation, age, religion, place of residence is called
population composition.
7. Which states has the highest proportion of urban population in India according to 2001
Census?- Maharashtra
8. What are the linguistic groups of India? Which one is the largest? - Indo – Aryan, Sino-
Tibetan, Austric and Dravidian. Indo-Aryan is the largest linguistic group.

9. What are the major religious groups? Which is the largest minority group?

Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and others; Muslims are the largest
minority community in India.

10. Very hot and dry and very cold and wet regions of India have low density of population.
In this light, explain the role of climate on the distribution of population.
 Population lives in moderate climatic regions.
 Less population density is seen in hot desert areas of Rajasthan, cold desert areas
of leh- ladakh
11. Which states have large rural population in India? Give one reason for such large rural
population.
Bihar, - Agriculture is the primary activity; lack of industrial development
12. Why do some states of India have higher rates of work participation than others?
 Limited land for agriculture
 Industrialization
 urbanisation
13. The agricultural sector has the largest share of Indian workers.‟ – Explain.
India is a country where agriculture is the primary economic activity. More than half of
the population in India is involved in agriculture as cultivators or agriculture labourers.
14. Give an account of the occupational structure of India‟s population

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 The proportional distribution of population under different economic activities is

known as occupational structure.
 India has more population involved in primary activities
 Male work more than females. Females participate more in primary activities i.e.
Agriculture
 Occupational structure:
o Cultivators and agricultural labourers- About 58.2%
o workers engaged in household industries- 4.2%

workers in non- household industries, trade, commerce, services etc- 37.6 %

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CHAPTER 3
POPULATION COMPOSITION
1. Define the term „Occupational structure‟. Explain with suitable examples the four major groups of
occupational structure found in the world.
2. Describe any five features of the increasing trend of urban population in the world.
3. What is Literacy? Describe any four factors affecting literacy rate in the world.
4. Explain Sex ratio. Give four reasons why sex ratio is imbalanced in the world?
5. Discuss the patterns of rural-urban population in the world.
6. Elaborate the main features of the Age structure of the world population.
7. Give three points of differences between Rural and Urban population.
8. Discuss the three major problems of high population growth in mega cities in the developing
countries of the world.
9. What are the three kinds of shapes of age pyramids associated with the three kinds of population
situations? Explain them with examples.
10. The rural-urban variation in the sex-ratio of the USA and western Europe is just the opposite of
those in Asia. Give any one reason for each.

NOTES

1. What do you understand by population composition?

 People can be distinguished by their age, sex and their place of residence. Some of the
other distinguishing attributes of the population are occupation, education and life
expectancy. These attribute the composition of the population under sex ratio, age
structure, rural –urban population and literacy etc.

2. What is the significance of age-structure?

 Age structure represents the number of people of different age groups. This is an
important indicator of population composition..
 A large size of population in the age group of 15-59 indicates a large working
population that can bring demographic dividends.
 A greater proportion of population above 60 years represents an ageing population
which requires more expenditure on health care facilities.
3. How is sex-ratio measured?
 The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called the Sex Ratio.
In some countries it is calculated by using the formula: (Male Population/ female
population)× 1000
 Number of females per 1000 males is also called as sex ratio.

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 Highest sex ratio in the world- Latvia - 1187 females per 1000 males.
 Lowest sex ratio is in U.A.E. which is 468 females per 1000 males.

4. Describe the rural-urban composition of the population

 rural areas are those where people are engaged in primary activities and urban areas
are those when majority of the working population is engaged in non-primary
activities
 In Western countries, males outnumber females in rural areas and females outnumber
the males in urban areas. This is because farming is mechanized and male dominated
and females go to urban areas due to job opportunities.
 By contrast the sex ratio in Asian urban areas remains male dominated due to the
predominance of male migration. Female participation in farming activity in rural area
is fairly high in Asian countries. Shortage of housing, high cost of living, paucity of job
opportunities and lack of security in cities, discourage women to migrate from rural to
urban areas.

5. Discuss the factors responsible for imbalances in the sex-age found in different parts of the
world and occupational structure.
 Reasons for imbalances in sex ratio: mainly low female population are -
o gender discrimination
o Maternal mortality,
o female infanticide and female-foeticide after sex determination
o domestic violence
o Women have lower socio-economic status, this discrimination is more.
 Reasons for imbalances in age structure:
o Economic development influences the population growth and structure.
o In less developed countries, the age sex pyramid shows broad base and tapering
top, indicates more births and young population - Expanding Populations Nigeria,
Mexico, Bangladesh
o In developed countries, age sex pyramid is bell shaped tapering at th end. birth and
death rates are equal, so constant population- Australia
o - age sex pyramid has narrow base and tapering top. Due to low birth and death
rates- Declining population- Japan

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 Reasons for imbalances in occupational structure:

o In under developed countries where economy is in primitive stage, the proportion
of people engaged in primary activities world be high as it involves extraction of
natural resources
o developed economy with industries and infrastructure can accommodate more
workers in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary sector
6. What are primary, secondary and tertiary occupational activities?
 Primary- Agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining
 Secondary- manufacturing
 Tertiary- transport, communication and other services
 Quaternary- jobs related to research and developing id

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CHAPTER 4
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Write down the major causes responsible for the low HDI of many African countries.
2. How are the countries classified on the basis of human development index? And how many
countries come under in each category?
3. Discuss the concept of Human Development as defined by the UNDP.
4. What is the concept of human development? Describe the three indicators used in computing the
Human Development Index (HDI).
5. What is human development? Which are the three indicators used in computing Human
Development Index (HDI)? Name the two countries which rank at the top on the HDI and two
countries which rank at the bottom.
6. How „attainments and shortfall‟ in human development are important for measuring human
development?
7. “Economic well-being of the people is the true representation of human development”.
Discuss the statement with examples.
8. What could be the reasons for India to be behind 126 countries in HDI? Explain.
9. Describe the three basic areas of human development and compare it with reference to the
developed and developing countries.
10. Describe the five pillars of human development and differentiate between development and growth.

NOTES

1. What are the three basic areas of human development?

Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq has described human development as development that enlarges people‟s
choices and improves their lives. Leading a long and healthy life, being able to gain knowledge
and having enough means to be able to live a decent life are the most important aspects of human
development.

Access to resources, health and education are the key areas in human development
2. Name the four main components of human development? equity, sustainability,
productivity and empowerment.
 Equity- refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The
opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and
in the Indian case, caste ex: school drop out from socially, economically backward classes
women

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 Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable

human development, each generation must have the same opportunities.ex: education of girl
child
 Productivity here means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work.
Such productivity must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people.
 Empowerment means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing
freedom and capability. Good governance and people-oriented policies are required
3. How are countries classified on the basis of human development index?
Countries can be classified into three groups on the basis of the human development scores
earned by them-
 Countries with High Index Value- score of over 0.8- 57 countries- Norway, Sweden,
Iceland, Switzerland, Australia, Ireland,. Luxembourg,. Belgium, Canada , United
States spend more on social sectors, stability is seen, equitable distribution of resources
 Countries with medium Index Value- between 0.5 up to 0.799- 88 countries -
countries which have emerged in the period after the Second World War; have a much
higher social diversity
 Countries with low Index Value-32 countries- political turmoil and social instability
in the form of civil war, famine or a high incidence of diseases.spend more money on
defence, unequal distribution of resources

4. What do you understand by the term human development?

The human development index (HDI) ranks the countries based on their performance in the key
areas of health, education and access to resources. These rankings are based on a score between 0
to 1 that a country earns from its record in the key areas of human development.
 Health- life expectancy
 Access to knowledge- adult literacy rate- number of adults who are able to read and write
and the number of children enrolled in schools
 Access to resources is measured in terms of purchasing power
5. What do equity and sustainability refer to within the concept of human development?
 Equity- refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The
opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race,
income and in the Indian case, caste ex: school drop out from socially, economically
backward classes women

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 Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable

human development, each generation must have the same opportunities .ex:
education of girl child
6. What is the difference between growth and development?
growth Development
- growth is quantitative - Qualitative change which is
and value neutral; it always value positive.
may be positive or
negative.

7. What are the approaches for measuring human development?

 Income approach – high income leads to high human development
 Welfare approach –more expenditure by Government in social sector- education,
health etc.
 Basic needs approach –basic needs of health, education, food, water supply, sanitation,
and housing are fulfilled.
 Capability approach - Building human capabilities in the areas of health, education
and access to resources
8. What are the human development indicators used by UNDP?
 Human Development Index (HDI)
 Poverty Index- This index measures the shortfall in human development. the number
of people die before life expectancy, number of people not attain literacy rate, children
not having access to school etc.
Probable questions:
 Explain one reason for Kerala‟s highest value in HDI.- high literacy rate, high income
by NRI( 1 mark)
 Find out the reasons for the countries with low Human Development Index value.
Give three reasons.
 Country with high human index- Norway)
1. Define Human Development.
“Human development is a process of enlarging the range of people‟s choices, increasing
their opportunities for education, health care, income and empowerment.
2. Give two reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the Northern States of
India.
 low economic growth, poverty,
 gender disparities

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 low general health conditions

3. Give two reasons for declining child sex ratio in India
 Female infanticide
 Female Foeticide
4. Which Union Territories of India has the highest literacy rate?
 Mizoram
5. India‟s rank in terms of Human Development Index among the countries of the world in
2005?
HDI world ranks HDI India ranks
Prepared by UNDP Prepared by planning commission of India
Ist- Norway Ist rank – kerala ;
Last – Niger- Nigeria Last states - Bihar
India- 127 position

6. Which one of the following states of India has the highest/ lowest rank in the Human
Development Index?
Highest- Kerala followed by Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat
Lowest- Chattisghar, Jharkhand, Orissa, U.P, BiharM.P
7. Which state of India has the highest/ lowest female literacy?
Kerala/ Bihar
8. Which one of the following states of India has the highest/ lowest female child sex ratio 0-6
years?
Highest- Kerala
Lowest- Punjab, Haryana-reasons-Female foeticide, female infanticide
9. Discuss the spatial patterns of female literacy in India in 2001 and bring out the reasons
responsible for it.
 Literacy increased in India
 Females are more literate than males
 highest female literacy rate is in Kerala‟ lowest in – Bihar
 reasons for low literacy- economic development, poverty, regional disparities, high
population, social structures
10. Which factors have caused spatial variations in the levels of Human Development among
the 15 major states in India?
Factors for spatial variation in the levels of HD among 15 major states in India are -
 Economic indicators-variations in per capita income/year

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 Indicators of healthy life-variations in life expectancy rate ,Availability of pre and

post natal health care facilities in order to reduce infant mortality and post-delivery
deaths among mothers, old age health care, decline in death rates, adequate
nutrition, safety of individual
 Literacy rate including female literacy rate.

CHAPTER 5
PRIMARY ACTIVITIES

1. State any six characteristics of pastoral nomadism in the world.

2. Define the term „foraging‟. Write its four main features.
3. How has the nature of mining undergone changes overtime? Explain it with three suitable examples.
4. Iron is the most widely used metal in the world. Support this statement with its suitable
characteristics.
5. Describe four features of intensive subsistence agriculture.
6. Why is agriculture still an important primary activity in the world? Give three reasons.
7. What is transhumance? State four features of commercial livestock rearing.
8. Future of shifting culture is bleak. Discuss.
9. Define Mixed farming. Write down its four features.
10. What is extensive agriculture? Discuss its main characteristics and also explain commercial grain
farming in the middle latitudes.

NOTES

9. What are the three basic areas of human development?

Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq has described human development as development that enlarges people‟s
choices and improves their lives. Leading a long and healthy life, being able to gain knowledge
and having enough means to be able to live a decent life are the most important aspects of human
development.

Access to resources, health and education are the key areas in human development
10. Name the four main components of human development?
equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment.
 Equity- refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The
opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and
in the Indian case, caste ex: school drop out from socially, economically backward classes
women

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 Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable

human development, each generation must have the same opportunities.ex: education of girl
child
 Productivity here means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work.
Such productivity must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people.
 Empowerment means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing
freedom and capability. Good governance and people-oriented policies are required
11. How are countries classified on the basis of human development index?
Countries can be classified into three groups on the basis of the human development scores
earned by them-
 Countries with High Index Value- score of over 0.8- 57 countries- Norway, Sweden,
Iceland, Switzerland, Australia, Ireland,. Luxembourg,. Belgium, Canada , United
States spend more on social sectors, stability is seen, equitable distribution of resources
 Countries with medium Index Value- between 0.5 up to 0.799- 88 countries - countries
which have emerged in the period after the Second World War; have a much higher
social diversity
 Countries with low Index Value-32 countries- political turmoil and social instability in
the form of civil war, famine or a high incidence of diseases.spend more money on
defence, unequal distribution of resources

12. What do you understand by the term human development?

The human development index (HDI) ranks the countries based on their performance in the key
areas of health, education and access to resources. These rankings are based on a score between 0
to 1 that a country earns from its record in the key areas of human development
 Health- life expectancy
 Access to knowledge- adult literacy rate- number of adults who are able to read and write
and the number of children enrolled in schools
 Access to resources is measured in terms of purchasing power
13. What do equity and sustainability refer to within the concept of human development?
 Equity- refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The
opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race,
income and in the Indian case, caste ex: school drop out from socially, economically
backward classes women

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 Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable

human development, each generation must have the same opportunities .ex:
education of girl child

14. What is the difference between growth and development?

growth Development
- growth is quantitative - Qualitative change which is
and value neutral; it always value positive.
may be positive or
negative.

15. What are the approaches for measuring human development?

 Income approach – high income leads to high human development
 Welfare approach –more expenditure by Government in social sector- education,
health etc.
 Basic needs approach –basic needs of health, education, food, water supply, sanitation,
and housing are fulfilled.
 Capability approach - Building human capabilities in the areas of health, education
and access to resources
16. What are the human development indicators used by UNDP?
 Human Development Index (HDI)
 Poverty Index- This index measures the shortfall in human development. the number
of people die before life expectancy, number of people not attain literacy rate, children
not having access to school etc.
Probable questions:
 Explain one reason for Kerala‟s highest value in HDI.- high literacy rate, high income
by NRI( 1 mark)
 Find out the reasons for the countries with low Human Development Index value.
Give three reasons.
 Country with high human index- Norway)

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CHAPTER 6
SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

1. Explain the role of raw material, labour and energy sources in the location of industries in the world.
2. Name the three groups of industries of the world classified on the basis of their size and write down
characteristics of each group.
3. Define the term manufacturing.
4. Write a short note on foot-loose industries.
5. Describe in brief the „Silicon Valley‟ and „Technopoles‟.
6. Why are high-tech industries in many countries attracted to the peripheral areas of major
metropolitan cities? Explain any four reasons.
7. Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is the most backward continent.
Comment.
8. Write an account of Iron and Steel industry in Europe.
9. Discuss the major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries of the
world.
10. Describe in brief the cotton textile industry of the world.

1. Notes
Write a short note on the following in about 30 words.
 High-Tech industry- pt includes application of intensive research and development
(R and D) efforts to manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and
engineering character. Neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office-plant-lab
buildings mark the high-tech industrial landscape. High-tech industries which are
regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised are called
technopolies ex: silicon valley

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 Manufacturing- it involves the application of power, mass production of identical

products and specialised labour in factory settings for the production of
standardised commodities
 Footloose industries-aces. They are not dependent on any specific raw material,
weight losing or otherwise. They largely depend on component parts which can be
obtained anywhere. They produce in small quantity and also employ a small labour
force. These are generally not polluting industries. The important factor in their
location is accessibility by road network.
2. What are secondary activities?
 Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials
into valuable products. ex: cotton to yarn, iron to steel,
 Secondary activities, therefore, are concerned with manufacturing, processing and
construction (infrastructure) industries
3. Differentiate between primary and secondary activities.
Primary activities Secondary activities
directly dependent on environment as these add value to natural resources by transforming
refer to utilization of earth‟s resources such as raw materials into valuable products
land, water, vegetation, building materials and
minerals
Concerned with agriculture, forestry, fisheries, concerned with manufacturing, processing and
mining construction (infrastructure) industries

4. Discuss the major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed
countries of the world.
5. Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral
areas of major metropolitan centres
6. Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward
continent. Comment

7. What are the Characteristics of Modern Large Scale Manufacturing

 Specialisation of Skills/Methods of Production – mass production involves
production of large quantities of standardised parts by each worker performing
only one task repeatedly
 Mechanisation- Automation (without aid of human thinking during the
manufacturing process) is the advanced stage of mechanisation. Automatic
factories with feedback and closed loop computer control systems where machines
are developed to „think‟

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 Technological Innovation- Technological innovations through research and

development strategy are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality
control, eliminating waste and inefficiency, and combating pollution
 Organisational Structure and Stratification- Modern manufacturing is characterised
by: a complex machine technology; extreme specialisation and division of labour
for producing more goods with less effort, and low costs ; vast capital ; large
organizations ; executive bureaucracy
 Uneven Geographic Distribution- Industries maximize profits by reducing costs.
Are located at points where the production costs are minimum. The factors for
establishing the industries at various locations is based on -Access to Market,
Access to Raw Material ; Access to Labour Supply ; Access to Sources of Energy;
Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities; Access to Agglomeration
Economies/Links between Industries
8. Classify Manufacturing Industries
 Manufacturing industries are classified based on- size, inputs/raw materials,
output/products and ownership
 Size- cottage, small, large scale
 Inputs/ raw materials-
o agro based- sugar, oil , textiles
o mineral based- metallic ( iron, copper, steel industries) and non metallic
(cement , pottery)
o forest based- Timber, lac, terpentine, paper
o chemical, - Petrochemical,plastic,synthetic,fibre,salts,chemicalsfertilisers
o animal based- Leather, wool
 Output/ product: basic- steel ; consumer goods – biscuits, textiles, vehicles
 Ownership- public, private, joint sector
9. Write about household manufacturing / cottage industries
 It is the smallest manufacturing unit. The craftsmen or artisans use local raw
materials and simple hand tools to produce everyday goods in their homes with
the help of their family members or part-time labour.
 Finished products may be for consumption in the same household or, for sale in
local village) markets, or, for barter.
 Capital and transportation do not wield much influence as this type of
manufacturing has low commercial significance

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 Ex: foodstuffs, fabrics, mats, containers, tools, furniture, shoes, and figurines from
wood lot and forest, shoes, thongs and other articles from leather; pottery and
bricks from clays and stones. Goldsmith
10. Write about small scale manufacturing
This type of manufacturing uses local raw material, simple power-driven machines and
semi-skilled labour. It provides employment and raises local purchasing power. Therefore,
countries like India, China, Indonesia and Brazil, etc. have developed labour-intensive
small scale manufacturing in order to provide employment to their population
11. Write about Large Scale Manufacturing
It involves a large market, various raw materials, enormous energy, specialised workers,
advanced technology, assembly-line mass production and large capital.

12. What are the world‟s most industrial regions.

 traditional large-scale industrial regions which are thickly clustered in a few more
developed countries.
 high-technology large scale industrial regions which have diffused to less
developed countries
13. write about agro based industries
It involves processing of raw materials from the field and the farm into finished products for rural
and urban markets. Major agro-processing industries are food processing (canning, producing
cream, fruit processing and confectionery) sugar, pickles, fruits juices, beverages (tea, coffee and
cocoa), spices and oils fats and textiles (cotton, jute, silk), rubber, etc.
14. write about mineral based industries
Some industries use ferrous metallic minerals which contain ferrous (iron), such as iron
and steel industries but some use non-ferrous metallic minerals, such as aluminum, copper
and jewellary industries. Many industries use non-metallic minerals such as cement and
pottery industries.
15. write about chemical based industries
Use natural chemical minerals, e.g. mineral-oil (petroleum) is used in petrochemical
industry. Salts sulphur and potash industries also use natural minerals. Chemical
industries are also based on raw materials obtained from wood and coal. Synthetic fibre,
plastic, etc. are other examples of chemical based industries.
16. write about forest raw material based industries
Timber for furniture industry, wood, bamboo and grass for paper industry, lac for lac
industries come from forests.

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17. write about animal based industries.
Leather for leather industry and wool for woolen textiles are obtained from animals.
Besides, ivory is also obtained from elephant‟s tusks.
18. Write about Industries Based On Output/Product
 Basic industries- The industry whose products are used to make other goods by
using themselves called as raw materials are basic industries. ex: iron and steel
machinery used for manufacture of steel
 Non- basic industries- industries producing breads and biscuits, tea, soaps and
toiletries, paper for writing, televisions, etc. are consumer goods or non-basic
industries.
19. Write about Iron and steel industry
 Iron is extracted from iron ore by smelting in a blast furnace with carbon (coke) and
limestone. The molten iron is cooled and moulded to form pig iron which is used
for converting into steel by adding strengthening materials like manganese
 These are less expensive to build and operate and can be located near markets
because of the abundance of scrap metal, which is the main input
 Imp steel production areas- Jamshedpur, Kulti-Burnpur, Durgapur, Rourkela,
Bhilai, Bokaro, Salem, Visakhapatnam and Bhadravati in India

20. Write a short note on cotton industry

 Cotton textile industry has three sub-sectors i.e. handloom, power loom and mill
sectors.
 Handloom sector is labour-intensive and provides employment to semi-skilled
workers. It requires small capital investment. Ex: spinning, weaving and finishing of
the fabrics.
 Power loom sector introduces machines and becomes less labour intensive and the
volume of production increases.
 Cotton textile mill sector is highly capital intensive and produces fine clothes in bulk
 Earlier well developed in developed countries but now shifted to third world countries
due to low labour cost.

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CHAPTER 7
TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES

1. Why is service sector known as a productive sector in the world? Explain any three major
components of service sector.
2. Define the term „Information Technology‟. How it has helped in the development of
Quaternary Activities? Explain any three points.
3. Explain the importance of service sector in the economic development of a country by giving three
suitable examples from the parts of the world.
4. How are Quaternary services different from Tertiary services? Explain with suitable example of
each.
5. Describe three advantages of Internet in the field of communication.
6. Distinguish between Urban and Rural marketing centers.
7. How has modern communication system converted the whole world into a global village? Explain
with four suitable examples.
8. Define „Quinary Activities‟. Write down its main features.
9. Explain, how „outsourcing‟ has resulted in the opening of employment opportunities in developing
countries?
10. Write in brief about the „Low Order Services‟, and „High Order Services‟.

TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES

Notes:

Transnational Corporations – They are the Business centers that create opportunities for
interaction through political connections and cultural activities.

Quinary Activities – These are highly specific group of economic activities. These include high
level of decision makers, ie. , managers, administrators, researchers, scientists, financial and law
advisors of public and private sectors. These people are highly paid. These jobs are also called
„Gold Collar Jobs‟.

Role of Information Technology in Quaternary Activities – Information Technology is the

synthesis of computer and telecommunication where transmission of stored and processed
information takes place. The IT sector acts as a boon in the development of quaternary activities.
IT brought the major breakthrough in Genetic engineering which can be applied in various fields
such as energy, medicines, healthcare and manufacturing.
One of the most important repercussions of the IT is the global cities to act as the control and
command centers of the world systems by providing home to massive complexes of financial firms.

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Digitalization of IT has merged with telecommunication to form integrated network through
internet. It helps professionals to move away from the congested cities to their homes where they
conduct business online.

Significance and growth of service sector – Services form an important constituent of modern
economic development which includes finance, insurance, public relations, transport,
communication, etc.

1. The service sector provides more job opportunities and employment. This sector is steadily
increasing . The competitive advantage of some countries such as Switzerland and the UK
is in service provision. Educated skilled youth from developing countries constantly move
to these countries for jobs.
2. People in the service sector earn more income specially in services like health care,
entertainment, transport, etc. Eg. Medical services as a proportion of GNP have increased
in Europe, North America and Japan.
3. Services are traded extensively on global scale. The developing countries with poor service
sector and low economic development import services of experts like insurance, finance,
public relation, advertisement, etc. from developing countries where this sector is highly
developed.

Concentration of service sector in developed countries –

1. Since developed countries have a very high level of education and their population is low,
so there are more job opportunities in the service sector and less in manufacturing.
2. Manufacturing is highly mechanized in developed countries. This shows increasing
proportion of non direct production workers to help in administration, data collection,
processing and decision making.
3. In developed countries, advertising and marketing cater to needs of industrial structures.
People employed in these services earn more as industries are highly developed and these
services have a huge demand in the developed countries of Europe and the USA.

Largest electronic network in the field of communication – Internet is the largest electronic
network in the field of communication connecting more than 100 million people across the world.
It has helped in stretching the economic activities over large distances across different countries. It
has helped professionals to move away from the congested city centre or offices. It has helped
people to work at home and carry out their business in any part of the world without direct face to

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face contact. It has helped in making every product and service known globally. It has greatly
helped students in their education.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION MASS COMMUNICATION

Personal communication is handled by computers, Mass communication is handled by Electronic
telecommunication, post and telegraph. (Audio-visual) and print media.
E-mail, e-commerce and e-governance provide It creates mass awareness and national integration
access to information all over the world at low cost. all over the world.
The messages and information passed by this is The messages and information passed is for the
confined to few people and kept secret. public.

Tourism – Tourism is travel undertaken the purpose of recreation rather than business. It has been
termed as the world‟s single largest tertiary activity.

Factors affecting Tourism –

1. Climate – It enhances tourism. Eg, people from colder areas prefer to have a holiday in
sunnier and warmer regions. The Mediterranean sea coast are major tourist point for the
people of North Europe.
2. Landscape – Mass tourism often transforms the entire landscape. Multistorey hotel are
constructed along beaches, dunes, lakes, lagoons or mountains.
3. History and art – The pyramids of Egypt, the great wall of China, The Taj Mahal and the
statue of liberty have great potential to influence tourism.
4. Culture and economy – The palaces built on the lakes of Brunei, the Bodhgaya , Mysore ,
Laddakh and Istanbul attract tourists globally for penchant for experiencing ethnic culture.

Assignment :

Explain how outsourcing has resulted in the opening of employment opportunities in developing
countries?

1. Define tertiary activities t

 TA are related to the service sector that requires special professional skills
 Services provided in exchange of money
 Involves- production i.e.-provision of service; exchange- skill exchanged with money
 Eg: plumber, electrician, technician, launderer, barber, shopkeeper, driver, cashier,
teacher, doctor, lawyer and publisher
2. What is the difference between secondary and tertiary activities?

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secondary tertiary activities

production techniques, machinery and factory relies more heavily on specialised skills,
processes are more important experience and knowledge of the workers
ex: sugar, cotton industry etc, ex: lawyer, plumber. doctor

3. What are different types of tertiary activities

trade, transport, communication, and services
4. Explain trading service.
 Trade is essentially buying and selling of items produced elsewhere for profit.
 It takes place at certain places known as trading centres which are rural or urban. Rural
marketing centres provide services to rural folk as per their needs- local mandis or Periodic
markets in rural areas, haats; urban marketing centres- big bazaar, polyclinics, etc.
 Trading is –whole sale or retail
 Retail trading : Goods are sold to consumers either in shops – store retail – local
departmental stores, chain stores ( big bazaar) or through non- store retail-e commerce,
telephones, mail order or door to door services, street vendors
 Whole sale trading- goods procured in bulk from the producers/ manufacturers on low
rates and supplied to retailers. Also provide credit to retailers. Some big chains also
procure on goods on wholesale rates and sell to consumers directly

5. Explain in detail the significance of transport and communication services( LA)

Transport system:
 Transport is a service or facility by which persons, manufactured goods, and property are
physically carried from one location to another
 Transport services for both passengers and cargo- Rail network, water( in land and
oceanic) , road network, air,
 Except railways all other transport services are maintained by both government and
private sectors. Railways- government
 It ensures timely delivery of goods present at long distance in cost efficient manner- km
distance, time distance and cost distance
 Factors Affecting Transport Services -
o Demand for transport is influenced by the size of population. The larger the
population size, the greater is the demand for transport.
o Routes depend on: location of cities, towns, villages, industrial centres and raw
materials, pattern of trade between them, nature of the landscape between them,

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type of climate, and funds available for overcoming obstacles along the length of
the route.
Communication services:
 Communication services involve the transmission of words and messages, facts and ideas.
Advertisements, - letters, fax, telegram, print media
 Where the transport network is efficient, communications are easily disseminated
 Mobile telephony and satellites, e-papers. Internet ( e-mail) have made communications
independent of transport
 But old system of posts, survive due to their cheap and economical nature
 Telecommunications: telegram, fax, landline telephone, mobile phones - The use of
telecommunications is linked to the development of electrical technology. It has
revolutionized communications because of the speed with which messages are sent
 audiovisual: films, radio, TV, print media- (news paper , magazines) ; satellite
communication, internet ( social networking, Google, e mail)
 both private and government agencies and NGOs are involved in communication services
6. Discuss the significance and growth of the service sector in modern economic
development.(LA)
 Services are provided to individual consumers who can afford to pay.
 It could be banking and financial services, insurance, real estate, personal and
professional services
 It could be in the form of primary physical labour or mental labour. Physical labour-
gardener, domestic servant, gardener; mental labour- professional service – doctors,
lawyers etc.
 Low-order services- grocery shops and laundries, are more common and widespread
than high-order services or more specialised ones like those of accountants, consultants
and physicians
 Government and private sectors both are involved in providing services. Govt, is
mainly involved in providing services such as transport, education, health,
development etc. private sector is involved mainly maintenance an consumer goods
supply
 corporations are established by states and national government to supervise and
control the services such as transport, telecommunication, energy and water supply
 recreational and entertainment services- multiplexes, restaurants in central business
district ( CBD) malls; golf course in areas where land is cheap
7. write about informal sector

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Personal services are made available to the people to facilitate their work in daily life. The
workers migrate from rural areas in search of employment and are unskilled. They are
employed in domestic services as housekeepers, cooks, and gardeners. This segment of
workers is unorganised. One such example in India is Mumbai‟s dabbawala (Tiffin) service
provided to about 1,75,000 customers all over the city
8. explain tourism as a tertiary sector service
 Tourism is travel undertaken for purposes of recreation rather than business. It is the
world‟s single largest tertiary activity
 Tourist Regions: The warmer places around the Mediterranean Coast and the West
Coast of India; winter sports in mountainous areas, scenic landscapes and national
parks, historic monuments, towns, heritage sites
 Factors Affecting Tourism: increased awareness, improvement in transport services-
easy reachability by car, air; improvement in living standards, increased knowledge of
destinations through print media, internet, tourist organizations etc; leisure time
 Tourist attractions:
o climate- people from cold areas to hot areas- Europeans to Mediterranean areas
due to long sunshine , low rainfall; people go to cols rgions- to avoid heat,
skiing etc
o landscapes -mountains, lakes, spectacular sea coasts
o history and arts - ancient or picturesque towns and archaeological sites, and
enjoy exploring castles, palaces and churches
o culture and economy; -ethnic and local customs; economic staying- bed and
breakfast
9. Describe quaternary services.
 Quaternary activities involve - collection, production and dissemination of information
or even the production of information.
 Quaternary activities centre around research, development and may be seen as an
advanced form of services involving specialised knowledge, technical skills, and
administrative competence.
 Eg: mutual fund managers to tax consultants, software developers and statisticians, etc.
Like some of the tertiary functions, quaternary activities can also be outsourced.
10. What are quinary activities?
 Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and
interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation
of new technologies. Often referred to as „gold collar‟ professions Eg: special and

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highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research
scientists, financial and legal consultants
11. Name the fast emerging countries of medical tourism in the world.
 Medical tourism - Medical tourism (MT) is patient movement from highly developed
nations to other areas of the world for medical care, usually to find treatment at a lower
cost. Medical tourism is different from the traditional model of international medical
travel where patients generally journey from less developed nations to major medical
centers in highly developed countries for medical treatment that is unavailable in their
own communities. India has been becoming a favorite destination for medical tourism.
12. Write about outsourcing – BPO, KPO and home shoring.
 Outsourcing - is the contracting out of an internal business process to a third-party
organization. has resulted in the opening up of a large number of call centres in India,
China, Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and Costa Rica. It has created new jobs in
these countries. Outsourcing is coming to those countries where cheap and skilled
workers are available.

 Business process outsourcing(BPO) :

o outsourcing that involves the contracting of the operations and responsibilities

of specific business functions to a third-party service provider.

o BPO – has 2 divisions- back office outsourcing – which includes internal

business functions such as human resources or finance and accounting, and front
office outsourcing - which includes customer-related services such as contact
centre services.

o BPO that is contracted outside a company's country is called offshore

outsourcing. BPO that is contracted to a company's neighboring (or nearby)
country is called near shore outsourcing.

 knowledge processing outsourcing (KPO) –

o new trend in quaternary service;
o advanced information and requires technical skills
o The KPO industry is distinct from Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) as it
involves more high skilled workers. It is information driven knowledge
outsourcing. KPO enables companies to create additional business
opportunities. Examples of KPOs include research and development activities,

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e-learning, business research, intellectual property research, legal profession
and the banking sector.

 Home shoring –
o New trend in quaternary service
o Working from home.
o More convenient for working mothers with small children etc.
o flexibility of timings
13. What is digital divide
 There is a wide divide existing between different countries regarding the accessibility to
ICT. While developed countries in general have surged forward, the developing countries
have lagged behind and this is known as the digital divide.
 Similarly digital divides exist within countries. For example, in a large country like India or
Russia, metropolitan centres possess better connectivity and access to the digital world
versus peripheral rural areas.

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CHAPTER 8
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

1. How are trans-continental railways playing an important role in the economic development of their
regions? Explain with two examples of trans-continental railways.
2. Explain three factors which are responsible for the development of inland waterways.
3. Define highways. Write four characteristics of modern highways of the world.
4. Write six advantages of oceanic transport.
5. Why is air transport becoming more popular in the world day by day inspite of its high cost?
6. What are the advantages of rail transport? Write four main features of “Trans-Siberian
Railway”.
7. State any four features water transport. Write four main features of Panama canal.
8. “Different modes of transport are used in different parts of the world”. Support the statement by
giving three examples of different modes of transport.
9. Write down some disadvantages of air transport.
10. Why has the North-Atlantic ocean route become the busiest one in the world? Give four reasons.

Short Questions:

1 How do Transport, Communication and trade establish links between producing and
consuming centers of the world?
2 What is Transport? How does it promote cooperation and unity?
3 What is Transport Network? What are the four modes of transportation?
4 Give two merits and two demerits each of Roadways, Railways, Waterways and
Pipeways.
5 What are Pack animals?
6 Give two points of differences between Metalled and Unmetalled roads.
7 Why does the quality of roads vary between the developed and the developing
countries.
8 Define Road Density. What is world‟s total motorable road length?
9 Explain the „peaks‟ and „Troughs‟ of traffic flow.
10 What are Highways? Name the longest National Highway of India and also name it‟s
two terminals.
11 What is the „Golden Quadrilateral‟ of India?
12 State the importance of Border roads.
13 What are the three different kinds of Railway Gauges?
14 Why have the Trans Continental Railways lost their importance?
15 Which are the four most important rail routes in Africa?

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16 What are the Trans Continental Railways? Why were they constructed?
17 Give the main features of the following Trans Continental Railways of the world:
a. Trans Siberian Railways
b. Trans Canadian Railways
c. The Union and Pacific Railways
d. Australian Trans Continental Railways
e. The Orient Express
18 Examine the role played by Sea routes.
19 Write down the main features of the following important Sea routes:
a. North Atlantic Sea route
b. Mediterranean-Indian ocean sea route
c. Cape of Good Hope sea route
d. North Pacific sea route
e. South Pacific sea route
20 Discuss the two most important Shipping canals of the world.
21 What is an Inland Waterway? Examine the three factors on which the waterways are
developed.
22 Why have the Inland Waterways lost their importance in India?
23 What efforts have to be made to enhance or to improve the navigability of Inland
Waterways.
24 Explain the Rhine, Volga, Danube, Mississippi and the Great Lakes-St Lawrence
waterways on the basis of their navigable area, important cities, important trade items
and the important rivers and canals connecting them.
25 What kind of infrastructure is needed by aircraft manufacturing industry?
26 What are Air route Nodal Points? Why is air service limited between 10ᵒ-35ᵒ South
latitudes.
27 What is transported through Pipelines? Name the famous pipeline of the US that
carries oil.
28 Why are the Optic Fibre Cables (OFC) preferred over the Copper cables.
29 Discuss the role played by Internet in today‟s world.
30 Practice map work that is given in the chapter.

NOTES

1. What are the problems of road transport in mountainous, desert and flood prone regions?
 The road transport is highly influenced by the physiographic structure

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 Construction and maintenance of roads in hilly, mountainous and deserts is very difficult
 Lower economic development of these regions also restrict development of roads in this
region
 Roads are not constructed in flood prone area because the floods washes away the bridges
and roads every year.
2. What is a trans–continental railway?
Trans–continental railways run across the continent and link its two ends. They were
constructed for economic and political reasons to facilitate long runs in different directions.
 Trans–Siberian Railway
 Trans–Canadian Railways
 The Union and Pacific Railway
 The Australian Trans–Continental Railway
 The Orient Express
3. What are the advantages of water transport?
 There is no expenditure on laying a of pucca ways like roads and railway lines
 Very heavy cargo like coal, cement etc. are transported at cheaper rates
 Rivers are only means of transport in forest areas
 There is no maintenance cost
4. Elucidate the statement– “In a well managed transport system, various modes complement
each other”.
 It is true that in well managed transport system, various modes of transport would
complement each other.
 For example, for short distance domestic travel and travel to interior villages, road
transport is the best option for transporting people and goods.
 Similarly, for comfortable, economic long distance travel , and transport of goods
railway transport is the best option
 The trade of a country with outside world is basically dependent on how good the
water and air transport systems are developed.
 Transport of passengers across continents is possible due to water ways although it
is time consuming and economical.
 Transport of perishable goods from long distances could only be possible with
good airways
 Good passenger travel facilities to outside countries in a quicker manner is possible
due to airways

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5. Which are the major regions of the world having a dense network of airways?
 U.K. pioneered the use of commercial jet transport, U.S.A. developed largely post-
War international civil aviation.
 Dense network exists in Eastern U.S.A., Western Europe and Southeast Asia. U.S.A.
alone accounts for 60 per cent of the airways of the world.
 Today, more than 250 commercial airlines offer regular services to different parts of
the world.
 Africa, Asiatic part of Russia and South America lack air services.
6. What are the modes by which cyber space will expand the contemporary economic and
social space of humans?
 Cyber space for expansion of economic space of humans:
o E-commerce through cyber space is the revolutionary thing that has been changing
the definition of trade
o As a buyer, one can sit at the comfort of his/ her home and buy things online based
on the needs ranging from cosmetics to cars. Information on markets, shares,
investment, real estate are available and there are sites for advising about right
investments
o One can book railway, flight tickets, book holidays at distant places, book hotels
and get directions of reaching the new place within seconds
o As a seller, one need not have a elaborate system set up for selling things, one can
have their own websites for selling their products
 Cyber space for expansion of social space of humans
o Facebook, email, blog spots etc. have become interphase for human interactions,
making friendships, discussions on important issues
o People across the world are interconnected through these websites.
o Matrimonial alliances are arranged through these websites
o Sharing of hobbies, culinary skills , etc are shared through the cyber space
o Long distance chats with relatives is possible through Skype, Google videos et

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CHAPTER 9
INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1. Explain the three components of the International trade which set the trade pattern in the
world.
2. What is „international trade‟? Which are the two types of international trade? Give one
characteristic of each.
3. How does the composition of trade set the pattern of international trade in the world?
Explain with examples.
4. Discuss the major changes in the sectoral composition of trade in the present day world.
5. Discuss in brief „slave trade‟ and when was trade in slaves abolished in European
countries.
6. Why did the USA, Columbia and Brazil destroy or dump their surplus production?
7. Explain the growing importance of regional trade blocs in international trade with
reference to OPEC, ASEAN, EU and SAARC.
8. “Trade is the base of the world economy in the modern times.” Justify the statement with
four arguments.
9. What is balance of trade? Distinguish between positive balance of trade and negative
balance of trade.
10. Describe the role of World Trade Organisation (WTO) in international trade.

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CHAPTER 10
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

1. Distinguish between site and situation.

2. Discuss three characteristics of squatter settlement.
3. Describe five main problems associated with the urban settlements in the developing countries of
the world.
4. “The temporal and spatial distribution of large cities of the world has changed rapidly”.
Support this statement with five suitable examples.
5. Describe five types of towns classified on the basis of their functions. Also give one example of
each type of towns from different parts of the world.
6. “Cities of the developed and developing countries reflect marked differences in their planning and
development.” Support the statement with five suitable examples.
7. Distinguish between compact settlements and scattered settlements.
8. Discuss the inter-relationship between rural and urban settlements.
9. Explain the types of urban settlements depending on the size and service available.
10. Explain the factors that influenced rural settlement.

NOTES
1. How would you define a settlement?
A human settlement is defined as a place inhabited by people together with buildings,
roads etc. A settlement could be temporary or permanent. Houses may be altered but the
Settlement continues in time and space.
2. Distinguish between site and situation.
Site situation
Actual piece of land on which the Location of the village or town in relation to
settlement is built surrounding areas
Site for settlement may be hill top, river Situation may be studied in relation to the physical
bank or coast of sea environment and cultural heritage

3. What are the bases of classifying settlements?

Settlements can be classified based on size and form
 Size: on the basis of size settlements can be cluster of few hamlets, huts or it may be
very large in size where lakhs of people live together in large buildings
 Functions: the settlements in which main function of human are related to primary
activates are rural settlements. on the other hand where more than 75% of people
are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities are called urban settlements.

4. How would you justify the study of human settlements in human geography?

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The study of settlement is essential and basic to human geography because the form of
settlement in any particular region reflects human relationship with the environment.
5. What are rural and urban settlements? Give differences.

Rural settlements Urban settlements

Small settlements. People are involved in Large settlements. People are involved in
primary activities secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities
Low economic standard of living High economic standard of living
Villages are small in size Urban centres are large in size
Villages supply raw material and food grains Urban centres produce finished goods
Rural people less mobile. have close People are more mobile. People are not
relationships among the villages close contact
Less built up area , more open spaces, farms More built up area , less open space
barns etc.
Infrastructure – less developed Infrastructure well developed
Low health and education facilities more health and education facilities

6. How urban settlements are classified?

Urban areas are classified based on size of population, occupational structure and administrative
setup

 Based on population Size: varies from country to country; in India, 6 classes of cities i.e.
Class 1 to Class 6 is seen. types- town, city, conurbation, megalopolis, million city, mega
city
 Occupational Structure: in urban areas, most people are in non-agricultural activities Ex:
India.
 On the basis of form /shape: An urban settlement may be linear, square, star or crescent
shape. Most towns and cities in developed countries are planned whereas they are of
irregular shapes in developing counties.. Chandigarh and Canberra are planned cities,
 On the basis of function- administration, education, trade, transport, religious cities,
tourism towns, cantonment/ defence towns, minining , mufacturing etc.
7. Define the following
 Town: Population size is more than villages. The main functional occupations of the people
are manufacturing, retail and wholesale trade, and professional services.
 City: Cities are much larger than towns and have a greater number of economic functions.
They tend to have transport terminals, major financial institutions and regional
administrative offices.

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 Conurbation: It applied to a large area of urban development that resulted from the
merging of originally separate towns or cities. Greater London, Manchester, Chicago and
Tokyo are examples.
 Megalopolis: The word typically means great city and is defined as a chain of roughly
adjacent metropolitan areas. It indicates „super- metropolitan‟ region extending as union of
conurbations. The urban landscape stretching from Boston in the north to south of
Washington in U.S.A. is the best known example of a megalopolis.
 Million City: city in which the population has crossed 1 million. London is the first million
city followed by Paris, New York. there are 438 million cities in the world; Asia highest
with 206 million cities by 2000
 Mega city : is a general term for cities together with their suburbs with a population of
more than 10 million people. New York was the first to attain the status of a mega city. The
number of mega cities is now 25. The number of mega cities has increased in the
developing countries during the last 50 years vis-à-vis the developed countries. Tokyo ,
Mumbai, Delhi ,Kolkata .
8. What are the functions of urban centres? What is the functional classification of towns in
India
 Administrative towns and cities: Towns supporting administrative headquarters of
higher order are administrative towns, such as Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, etc.
 Industrial towns: Industries constitute prime motive force of these cities such as
Mumbai, Salem, Coimbatore, Hugli, Bhilai, etc.
 Transport Cities : They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import activities
such as Kandla, Kochchi, Kozhikode, Vishakhapatnam, etc
 Commercial towns: Towns and cities specializing in trade and commerce are kept in
this class. Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc. are some examples.
 Mining towns. These towns have developed in mineral rich areas such as Raniganj,
Jharia, Digboi, Ankaleshwar, Singrauli, etc.
 Garrisson Cantonment towns: These towns emerged as garrisson towns such as
Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Babina, Udhampur, etc.
 Educational towns : Starting as centres of education, some of the towns have grown
into major campus towns such as Roorki, Varanasi, Aligarh, Pilani, Allahabad etc.
 Religious and cultural towns: Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, Madurai, Puri, Ajmer,
Pushkar, Tirupati, Kurukshetra, Haridwar, Ujjain came to prominence due to their
religious/cultural significance.

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 Tourist/ recreational towns :Nainital, Mussoorie, Shimla, Pachmarhi,Jodhpur,

Jaisalmer, Udagamandalam (Ooty),Mount Abu
9. Can one imagine the presence of only one-function town? Why do the cities become multi-
functional?
The cities are not static in their function. The functions change due to their dynamic nature
. Even specialised cities, as they grow into metropolises become multifunctional wherein
industry, business, administration, transport, etc. become important. The functions get so
intertwined that the city cannot be categorized in a particular functional class

10. Discuss the problems associated with urban settlements in developing countries.
 Most cities in developing countries are unplanned, it creates severe congestion.
 Shortage of housing, infrastructure
 growth of unauthorised Substandard and illegal housing
 Growth of un-authorised unhygienic slums and squatter settlements
 migration of more people resulting in competition and lack of jobs
 Socio-cultural Problems: inadequate jobs, lack of facilities leading to drug abuse,
theft, increase in crime
 Environmental Problems : problem of waste disposal; pollution( air, water, noise),
improper sewage system for domestic and industrial waste, huge concrete
structures creates heat islands;
11. How rural settlements are classified?
 On the basis of setting: The main types are plain villages, plateau villages, coastal
villages, forest villages and desert villages.
 On the basis of functions: There may be farming villages, fishermen‟s villages,
lumberjack villages, pastoral villages etc
 On the basis of forms or shapes of the settlements: These may be a number Of
geometrical forms and shapes such as Linear, rectangular, circular star like, T-shaped
village, double village, cross-shaped village etc.
o Linear pattern: In such settlements houses are located along a road, railway
line, river, canal edge of a valley or along a levee.
o Rectangular pattern: Such patterns of rural settlements are found in plain
areas or wide inter Montane valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each
other at right angles.

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o Circular pattern: Circular villages develop around lakes, tanks and
sometimes the village is planned in such a way that the central part remains
open and is used for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals.
o Star like pattern: Where several roads converge, star shaped settlements
develop by the houses built along the roads.
o T-shaped, Y-shaped, Cross-shaped or cruciform settlements:
 T -shaped settlements develop at tri-junctions of the roads
 Y shaped settlements - where two roads converge on the third one
and houses are built along these roads.
 Cruciform settlements develop on the cross-roads and houses
extend in all the four direction.
o Double village: These settlements extend on both sides of a river where
there is a bridge or a ferry.
 What are the problems of rural settlements- Supply of water to rural settlements in
developing countries is not adequate. People in villages, particularly in
mountainous and arid areas have to walk long distances to fetch drinking water.
Water borne diseases such as cholera and jaundice tend to be a common problem.
 The general absence of toilet and garbage disposal facilities cause health related
problems.
 he houses made up of mud, wood and thatch, remain susceptible to damage
 during heavy rains and floods, requires proper maintenance every year
 poor ventilation
 Unmetalled roads and lack of modern communication network creates a unique
problem.
 Lack of health and educational infrastructure
 Number of million cities- 438; first million city- London, followed by Paris. New
York
 Number of mega cities- 25; Tokyo highest population
 Dharavi is the Asia‟s largest slum in central Mumbai.

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BOOK 2 – INDIA : PEOPLE AND ECONOMY

CHAPTER 1

POPULATION: DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY, GROWTH AND COMPOSITION

1. Explain the causes of concentration of dense population in the Satluj - Ganga plains.
2. “The boundary of a linguistic region is not a demarked line but a transition zone.”
Discuss the statement with examples.
3. What is the meaning of population growth? Describe two main features of each of the four phases of
Indian demographic history.
4. Which are the two major families of languages in India? Write four characteristics of each of these
language families.
5. The districts having high density of population in India are the largest in number.
Support the statement with five suitable examples.
6. “There are wide variations in the sex-ratio among the states of India.” Support the statement with
five suitable examples.
7. What are the three broad age groups of population on the basis of age in India? Which is the
working age group? Describe the three characteristics of this age group.
8. What is the meaning of the growth rate of population? “The growth rate of population in India
differs both at the state and urban-rural levels.” Explain this statement with suitable examples of
each.
9. Describe in brief the distribution of five major religious groups of India‟s population.
10. Distinguish between productive and dependent population.

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CHAPTER 2
MIGRATION: TYPES, CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

1. What is the impact of rural-urban migration on the age and sex-structure of the place of origin and
destination?
2. Distinguish between In migration and Outmigration.
3. Distinguish between intra-state and inter-state migration.
4. Explain the waves of Indian diaspora or migration during the colonial period.
5. Explain the three waves of migration of Indian population.
6. What are the major causes of migration of population in India?
7. Define the term „migration of population‟. Describe any four types of migration on the basis of
direction of movements in India.
8. What are the socio-demographic consequences of migration?
9. Write down positive and negative consequences of economic factor of migration.
10. Why is the female marriage migration law in Meghalaya different?

NOTES
1. How migration is enumerated? Differentiate between life time migrant and migrant by
residence
place of birth - if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration -
known as life-time migrant
 place of residence-if the place of last residence is different from the place of
enumeration- migrant by last residence
2. What are different streams/ types of migration?
 Rural to urban
 Urban to rural
 Rural to rural
 Urban to urban
3. What are the reasons for differences in male, female migration in India?
 Males mostly migrate from rural to urban areas in search of job, work and
economic reasons.
 Females migrate to short distances from rural to rural due to marriage.
4. What are immigration and emigration?
 Immigration- Immigration is the act of entering a new country. Immigrants are the
people who enter another country. Eg: Bangladesh, Nepal, Tibet immigrants
coming to India.
 Emigration- it‟s the act of leaving one‟s country of birth. Emigrants are what we call
the people who do the leaving. Eg: Indian emigrating to western countries like
USA, Canada, England and Arab countries

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5. What is the spatial variation in migration in India?
People from U.P, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa (less developed states) migrate to
states of Delhi, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat in search of jobs. City of Mumbai
attracts maximum immigrants followed by Delhi.
6. What are the push and pull factors of migration? Or what are the causes of migration?
 push factors- cause people to leave their place of residence or origin
o poverty, high population, pressure on the land,
o lack of basic infrastructural facilities like health care, education
o natural disasters such as flood, drought, cyclonic storms, earthquake tsunami, etc.
o wars and local conflicts
 pull factors- which attract the people from different places to a place
o better opportunities,
o better infrastructure
o Availability of regular work and relatively higher wages.
o Better opportunities for education,
o better health facilities and
o Entertainment
o Anonymity
7. What are the consequences of migration?
 Economic Consequences - Positive:
o Migrants send money to their home place. The place of origin becomes rich and
economy grows
o Money sent - used for food, repayment of debts, treatment, marriages, children‟s
education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses
o Eg: poor villages of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal
Pradesh, etc. remittance works as life blood for their economy
o Poor migrants from Orissa, Bihar, west Bengal to Punjab, Haryana, western U.P
made the green revolution a bid success
 Demographic Consequences
o redistribution of the population within a country
o Increase in population in the cities
o Migration of young, skilled, males from rural to urban led to age and sex
imbalances– more young males in urban areas i.e. place of destination and less in
rural areas i.e. place of origin.
 Social Consequences

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o evolution of composite culture doe to mixing of people of different cultures
at a place
o new ideas related to new technologies, family planning, girl‟s education
have emerged
o Negative consequence: anonymity and dejection may lead to antisocial
activities such as crime and drug abuse.
 Environmental Consequences
o Increased pressure on the existing natural resources and infrastructure in
the urban areas.
o Exploitation of resources
o Air, groundwater pollution
o Poor disposal of sewage and management of solid wastes.
o Development of overcrowded Unauthorized slums- with unhygienic
conditions and filthy environment
 Others
o In rural areas, male selective out migration leaving their wives behind puts
extra physical as well mental pressure on the women
o Migration of women leads to autonomy but beome vulnerable
o Lack of skilled workers at the place of origin due to out migration of skilled
people
8. What is the impact of rural-urban migration on the age and sex structure of the place of
origin and destination?
 redistribution of the population within a country
 Increase in population in the cities
 Migration of young, skilled, males from rural to urban led to serious age and sex
imbalances– more young males in urban areas i.e. place of destination and less in
rural areas i.e. place of origin.
9. Discuss the consequences of international migration in India.
 Many people from India emigrated to U.K, USA, Canada, Arab countries for jobs
and business.
 Mostly these immigrants are from the states of Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh. Money sent by these emigrants is the major source of foreign exchange. It
makes those states prosperous.

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CHAPTER 3
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Briefly describe the importance of health in human development.

2. Give two reasons for low levels of human development in most of the northern states of India.
3. Describe the inequalities with regard to poverty in different states of India.
4. Assess the global position of India in respect of human development.
5. Why Kerala ranks high in the Human Development Index?
6. Why is human development necessary in India? Explain any five reasons.
7. What is the concept of human development? Describe the three main indicators used in computing
the Human Development Index.
8. Discuss the special patterns of female literacy in India in 2001 and bring out the reason responsible
for it.
9. Describe the factors influencing human impact on environment.
10. Write down the five main reasons for the declining sex ratio in India.

NOTES

11. Define Human Development.

“Human development is a process of enlarging the range of people‟s choices, increasing
their opportunities for education, health care, income and empowerment.
12. Give two reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the Northern States of
India.
 low economic growth, poverty,
 gender disparities
 low general health conditions
13. Give two reasons for declining child sex ratio in India
 Female infanticide
 Female Foeticide
14. Which Union Territories of India has the highest literacy rate?
Mizoram
15. India‟s rank in terms of Human Development Index among the countries of the world in
2005?
HDI world ranks HDI India ranks
Prepared by UNDP Prepared by planning commission of India
Ist- Norway Ist rank – kerala ;
Last – Niger- Nigeria Last states - Bihar
India- 127 position

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16. Which one of the following states of India has the highest/ lowest rank in the Human
Development Index?
Highest- Kerala followed by Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat
Lowest- Chattisghar, Jharkhand, Orissa, U.P, BiharM.P
17. Which state of India has the highest/ lowest female literacy?
Kerala/ Bihar
18. Which one of the following states of India has the highest/ lowest female child sex ratio 0-6
years?
Highest- Kerala
Lowest- Punjab, Haryana-reasons-Female foeticide, female infanticide
19. Discuss the spatial patterns of female literacy in India in 2001 and bring out the reasons
responsible for it.
 Literacy increased in India
 Females are more literate than males
 highest female literacy rate is in Kerala‟ lowest in – Bihar
 reasons for low literacy- economic development, poverty, regional disparities, high
population, social structures
20. Which factors have caused spatial variations in the levels of Human Development among
the 15 major states in India?
Factors for spatial variation in the levels of HD among 15 major states in India are -
 Economic indicators-variations in per capita income/year
 Indicators of healthy life-variations in life expectancy rate ,Availability of pre and
post natal health care facilities in order to reduce infant mortality and post-delivery
deaths among mothers, old age health care, decline in death rates, adequate
nutrition, safety of individual
 Literacy rate including female literacy rate.

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CHAPTER 4

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

1. Explain any four differences between rural and urban settlements in India.
2. “Most of the towns of India perform a number of functions”. Justify this statement by four
arguments with suitable examples.
3. Explain two main features each of the four types of rural settlements found in India.
4. “Indian rural house types and their building materials show regional distinctions and local
influences”. Support this statement with any four examples.
5. Explain any four salient features of Indian cities.
6. Explain any four types of rural settlement patterns found in India.
7. Explain four types of cities based on functions by giving specific examples from India.
8. Explain four main differences between clustered rural settlements and dispersed rural settlements in
India.
9. What are urban settlements? Classify Indian towns into three categories according to urban
historians and write the main characteristics of each category.
10. Define „Town‟, „City‟, „Metropolitan City‟ and „Mega City‟ according to the census of
India. Give one example of each.

NOTES

1. What is Human settlement? give the meaning of human settlement ( 2012 Delhi, 2011 DB
)-1 mark
Human settlement means cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live.
It includes houses, roads, other buildings, economic activity areas. They may vary from
hamlet to metropolitan cities.
2. Explain any three factors that determine the type of rural settlements in India – 2011 Delhi-
3 marks
 Physical features – nature of terrain, altitude, climate, availability of water-
o Ex1: alluvial plains are fertile. So More production of food grains, therefore
density of population is more. So. More settlements
o Ex 2: Rajasthan, due to scarcity of water, the settlements are compactly
placed for maximum utilization of available water
 Cultural and ethnic factors- Social structure, caste, religion, - In villages people of
lower caste live in separate hamlets
 Security factors- defence against theft, robberies and wild animals

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o Ex1: people like to live in close clusters due to security reasons. In
Bundelkhand region of central India people live in cluster due to the threat
of robbers etc.,
3. What is a rural settlement? What are the types of rural settlements?
Rural settlements are small in size where in Primary activities are the major economic
activity. Infrastructure is less developed. Seen in villages.
Types- clustered, semi clustered, Hamleted and dispersed settlements
 Clustered rural settlements:
o Cluster rural settlement is a compact or closely built up area of houses
o Living areas are distinct from the surrounding farms, barns, pastures
o They are found in fertile alluvial plains in the northern India
o They are of different shapes- rectangular, radial, linear etc.
 semi clustered rural settlements
o they may result from tendency of clustering in a restricted area of dispersed
settlements
o may also be formed due to segregation of a large compact village
o one or more sections of the village society choose or is forced to live away
from the the village
o land owning dominant community lives in central part of the village
o people of lower strata / caste live outer flanks of the village
o seen in Gujarat, Rajasthan etc.
 Dispersed settlements :
o Appear in the form of isolated houses
o Found in remote jungles, hills
o Poor land resource base results in dispersed settlements
o Settlements are formed due to fragmented nature of terrain
 Hamleted Settlements
o Sometimes settlement is fragmented into several
o Units physically separated from each other bearing a common name. These
units are locally called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani, etc.
o Seen in various parts of the country- Chattisgarh, lower Himalayas
Write evolution of urban towns/ Classify Indian towns on the basis of their
evolution in 3 different periods. Name any town of each period. Ancient towns-
towns in India having historical background spanning over 2000 years. Most of

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them developed as religious and cultural centres. Ex: Varanasi, prayag, pataliputra,
Madurai
 Medieval towns- Most of them developed as headquarters of principalities and
kingdoms in medieval times. Ex: Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra and
Nagpur
 Modern towns- British and other Europeans have developed a number of towns in
India for trade and development of industries. Ex: Surat, Daman, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chandigarh, Gandhinagar etc.
4. Explain any 3 characters of clustered rural settlements in India
5. Mention any 3 characteristics of semi clustered rural settlements in India What type of
rural settlements are found in fertile alluvial plains in India? mention any 2 features of
such settlements-2010, ODB, 3 marks –
 Cluster settlements/ agglomerated settlements are found in fertile alluvial plains

6. Distinguish between clustered and dispersed rural settlements in India

clustered rural settlements dispersed rural settlements
Compact and closely built up area. Appear in the form of isolated houses.
Found in fertile alluvial plains Found in remote jungles, hills
People live in compact villages for security, Poor land resource base results in dispersed
defence reasons settlements
Scarcity of water in deserts results in compact Settlements are formed due to fragmented
settlements nature of terrain

7. Explain differences between rural and urban settlements in India

Rural settlements Urban settlements
Small settlements. People are involved in Large settlements. People are involved in
primary activities secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities
Low economic and low standard of living High economic and high standard of living
Villages are small in size Urban centres are large in size
Villages supply raw material and food grains Urban centres produce finished goods
Rural people less mobile. have close People are more mobile. People are not close
relationships among the villages contact

Less built up area , more open spaces, farms More built up area , less open space
barns etc.
Infrastructure – less developed Infrastructure well developed
Low health and education facilities more health and education facilities

8. Classification of Towns on the basis of Population Size by Census

o Class I- population of 1,00,000 and more-61% population lives
o Class II – population of 50,000 – 99,999 -12.3 % population lives

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o Class III- population of 20,000 – 49,999 - 15% population lives
o Class IV – population of 10,000 – 9,999 -*% population lives
o Class V – population of 5,000 – 9,999 - 2.85 % population lives
o Class VI- population of Less than 5,000- 0.29 % population lives
o Six mega cities with population over five million each. More than one-fifth (21.0%)
of urban population lives in these mega cities.
o Greater Mumbai is the largest agglomeration with 16.4 million people. Kolkata,
Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad
9. Explain the following :
10. Define the term metropolitan city – City which has a million population or more than a
million population is called a metropolitan city
11. Which state in India has largest number of metropolitan cities - U.P
12. Name any 2 northern states with no metropolitan cities: J&K, Uttaranchal, Haryana, HP
13. Which class of cities have highest urban population in India class 1 cities
14. What are ancient towns? give 4 examples of ancient towns in Towns which have historical
background spanning over 2000 years in india are known as Ancient towns. Ex: Varanasi,
Prayag (Allahabad), Pataliputra( Patna), Madurai
15. Name any metropolitan cities in Andhra Pradesh - Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada.
Text book questions:
16. What are Garrison towns? What is their function?

Cantonment towns or military town ships are called garrison towns.

17. How can one identify an urban agglomeration?

Population size and economic activity of people
18. What are the main factors for the location of villages in desert regions?
Water resource, land for agriculture
19. What are metropolitan cities? How are they different from urban agglomerations
 Cities accommodating population size between one to five million are called
metropolitan cities and more than five million are mega cities
 Urban agglomeration: Majority of metropolitan and mega cities are urban
agglomerations. An urban agglomeration may consist of any one of the following
three combinations:
o a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths,
o (ii) two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths, and
o (iii) a city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths together
forming a contiguous spread.

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CHAPTER 5
LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE

1. Explain any three major problems faced by Indian farmers in dry lands.
2. Explain any three features of intensive agricultural development programme adopted
to reduce regional disparities in India.
3. Describe three major components of Green Revolution in India.
4. Define the term „Intensity of Cropping‟. Explain two reasons with suitable examples
for the uneven distribution of intensity of cropping in India.
5. Explain the meaning of „Food Security‟. Suggest two effective measures of food security.
6. What is the meaning of „dry land farming‟? State any two problems which are being
faced by the dry land farmers.
7. Why is India called an agricultural country? Explain any three reasons.
8. “Rice and wheat producing traditional areas presently overlap each other.” Justify
this statement with three suitable arguments.
9. What is globalization? What is its impact on Indian agriculture?
10. Write down the main features of rain fed crops.
11. Define the term land use pattern. Mention the factors affecting it.
12. Why is the net sown area over 80% in states like Punjab and Haryana and less than 10% in
states like Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram?
13. Explain the human activities which are responsible for land degradation in India and also
write against each activity the names of states where it is the main cause of land
degradation.
NOTES

1. What are land use categories in India?2011 Db 3 marks

 Forest lands
 Land put to Non-agricultural Uses: Land under settlements (rural and urban),
infrastructure (roads, canals, etc.), industries, shops, etc.
 Barren and Wastelands: The land which may be classified as a wasteland such as
barren hilly terrains, desert lands, ravines, etc.
 Area under Permanent Pastures and Grazing Lands- land is owned by the village
„Panchayat‟ or the Government. common property resource
 Area under Miscellaneous Tree Crops and Groves-The land under orchards and
fruit trees
 Cultivable Waste-Land-Any land which is left fallow (uncultivated) for more than
five years is included in this category

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 Current fallow- This is the land which is left without cultivation for one or less
than one agricultural year
 Fallow Other than current fallow-This is also a cultivable land which is left
uncultivated for more than a year but less than five years
 Net area sown – crops are grown
2. How the land use pattern in India has changed from 1960s to 1990s?
 Pressure on land has increased. The area under non-agricultural uses is increasing
at the expense of wastelands and agricultural land.
 Forest land has increased due to the efforts of the government in increasing forest
cover
 The area under barren, cultivable waste land has decreased due to increase of
pressure on land for non-agricultural use.
 Slight decrease in net sown area due to pressure on land for non-agriculture use.
3. Differentiate between barren and wasteland and culturable wasteland.
Barren and wasteland: land normally cannot be brought under cultivation with the
available technology Ex: barren hilly terrains, desert lands, ravines
Cultivable wasteland: Any land which is left fallow (uncultivated) for more than five years
is included in this category. It can be brought under cultivation after improving it through
reclamation practices
4. How would you distinguish between net sown area and gross cropped area?
Net Area Sown: This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sown
more than once in the same year is counted only once.
Gross Cropped Area: This represents the total area sown once and/or more than once in a
particular year, i.e. the area is counted as many times as there are sowings in a year. This
total area is also known as total cropped area or total area sown
5. What are common property resources (CPR)?
 CPRs are community‟s property. Every member of the community can use it but
don‟t have property right. Ex: Community forests, pasture lands, village water
bodies and other public spaces
 CPRs provide fodder for the livestock and fuel and other minor forest products
like fruits, nuts, fibre, medicinal plants, etc.
6. Why is the strategy of increasing cropping intensity important in country like India?
The scope for bringing in additional land under net sown area in India is limited. There is,
thus, an urgent need to evolve and adopt land-saving technologies to increase food grain
production

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7. How do you measure total cultivable land?
Total cultivable land can be arrived at by adding up net sown Area, all fallow lands and
culturable wasteland
8. What are the types of farming? Classify Indian farming into 2 groups on the basis of
main source of moisture for the crops. Write 2 features of each -2010 DB 3 marks
 Irrigation farming-
o Agriculture is done by irrigation through canals.
o irrigation is done for protection of crop and production increase
o increases cropping area
 Rainfed farming –
o No irrigation.
o Agriculture based on rains
o It has 2 types- Dry land farming and Wetland farming
9. What is the difference between dry land and wetland farming?
Dry land farming Wetland farming
Seen in low rainfall areas having less than 75 cm Rainfall is excess in rainy season
rainfall
Dry areas – prone to drought Prone to floods and soil erosion
drought resistant crops such as ragi, bajra, water intensive crops such as rice, jute and
moong, gram and guar (fodder crops) are grown sugarcane are grown . Aquaculture practiced

10. What are the different types of environmental problems of land resources in India?
 Soil erosion
 Floods, drought
 Soil pollution due to excessive use of chemicals
11. What are the important strategies for agricultural development followed in the post-
independence period in India?
 Indian agricultural economy was largely subsistence in nature before Independence
 Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) and Intensive Agricultural Area
Programme (IAAP) were launched after independence for increasing food grain
production
 Green revolution: in 1960s high yielding varieties (HYVs), new technologies
including fertilisers, insecticides helped in increasing foodgrains production. EX:
irrigated areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and
Gujarat developed well due to green revolution
 Green revolution helped in increasing food grain production and India became self-
reliant.

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 Planning commission introduced agro-climatic planning in 1988 to induce

regionally balanced agricultural development in the country.
 Government of India is providing subsidies to farmers through various
programmes.

12. What are cropping seasons

Season Period Crops
Kharif season June-September Rice, Cotton, Bajra, Rice, Maize, Ragi, Maize, Jowar,
Tur, Jowar, Groundnut
Rabi season October – March Wheat, Gram, Rapeseeds Rice, Maize, Ragi,
Mustard, Barley Groundnut, Jowar
Zaid April–June Vegetables, Fruits, Rice, Vegetables Fodder

13. How is the cropping intensity calculated in India? 2009 DB 1 mark

Crop intensity= Gross cropped area/ noet sown area * 100
14. Land resource is more crucial to the livelihood of the people depending on Agriculture.
support the statement with 3 arguments.-2012 OD – 3 marks
 Agriculture is a land based primary activity of rural people. Growing crops cannot
be done without land.
 The farmers get income by selling the food grains/ fruits / vegetables grown on
land .
 Agriculture on fertile land leads to good production and feeds the nation. Ex:
agriculture on indo- gangetic plains
 Agriculture labourers‟ livelihood also depends on land.
15. What are the major problems of Indian Agriculture?2011 DB 5 marks


 Technology problems- lack of mechanisation, hyv and hybrid seed use, non
judicious use of fertlilisers
 Dependence on Erratic Monsoon- irrigation covers only 33% of cultivated land.
Other lands are dependent on rainfall. Irregular rainfall leads to droughts and
floods that adversely impact the crop production.
 Small Farm Size and Fragmentation of Landholdings- most of the Indian farmers
are small and marginal with very small land holdings.
 Low productivity- production per acre is less compared to other countries.
 Constraints of Financial Resources and Indebtedness- modern inputs of agriculture
such as HYV seeds, manures are costly and small and marginal farmers cannot

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afford them. So, they take loans from money lenders and banks. However, Crop
failure and low returns from agriculture pulls the poor farmer to indebtedness.
 Lack of Land Reforms- Land reforms like Zamindari abolition act could not be
implemented properly resulted in unequal distribution of land.
 Lack of Commercialisation- most of the small and marginal farmers produce
foodgrains for their own consumption. Production to sell in market is lacking in
many places.
 Vast Under-employment-in un-irrigated areas there is a seasonal unemployment
ranging from 4 to 8 months in a year
 Degradation of Cultivable Land- agricultural land has lost its fertility due to
alkalisation and salinisation of soils and waterlogging. Moreover, Excessive use of
chemicals such as insecticides and pesticides has led to their concentration in toxic
amounts. soil erosion by water and wind erosion also leads to land degradation.
16. “Land use in a region to a large extent is influenced by the nature of economic activities
carried out in that region”. Support the statement giving examples.
 India is a country where agriculture is the primary activity. Most of the land is
used for agriculture purpose.
 With increase in economic development, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
activities are increasing in the country. This lead to requirement of land for non-
agriculture purpose such as construction of roads, industries, buildings, dams,
houses etc.
 Recently, increase in software sector and industrial sectors lead to more pressure on
agriculture land for non-agriculture purpose. Ex: development of satellites towns of
Noida, Gurgaon
17. How the small land holding and degradation of cultivable land are the 2 major problems
of Indian Agriculture. Explain

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CHAPTER 6
WATER RESOURCES

1. Explain any three problems of water resources in India.

2. What is rain water harvesting? State its four main objectives.
3. What is ground water? State four features of ground water distribution in India.
4. Explain any three factors responsible for increasing demand of irrigation in India.
5. “Watershed unit is an ideal site for all round development”. Justify this statement with three suitable
arguments.
6. Explain any three methods of conservation of water resources in India.
7. Why is the conservation of water necessary in India? Explain any three reasons for it.
8. Differentiate between surface water and groundwater.
9. What points should be kept in mind for efficient management of water.
10. Write a note on growth and distribution of different sources of irrigation in India.

NOTES

1. It is said that the water resources in India have been depleting very fast. Discuss the factors
responsible for depletion of water resources?
 Over use of ground water for agriculture resulted in ground water depletion in
states like Punjab, Haryana, and western U.P.
 Fluoride concentration in ground-water increased due to over withdrawals of
ground in Rajasthan, Maharashtra.
 Arsenic concentration increased in parts of West Bengal and Bihar due to over use
of ground water.
2. What factors are responsible for the highest groundwater development in the states of
Punjab, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu?
Over utilization of water for irrigation since 85% of land are irrigated
3. Why the share of agricultural sector in total water used in the country is expected to
decline?
Increasing population and development more water is required for domestic and
industrial uses.
4. What can be possible impacts of consumption of contaminated/unclean water on the
people?
Water borne diseases
5. Discuss the availability of water resources in the country and factors that determine its
spatial distribution?
 Surface water- rivers, lakes, ponds, and tanks

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 Ground water- river basins.

 Lagoons and backwaters- Kerala, Orissa and West Bengal
6. Water utilsation pattern. Explain
 Agriculture- 89%
 Industrial-2 %
 Domestic-9%
7. What impact has irrigation on agriculture
 Protects crops from moisture stress
 Production of the crop increases
 Multiple cropping system could be followed
8. The depleting water resources may lead to social conflicts and disputes. Elaborate it with
suitable examples?
9. What is watershed management? What is its aim ? Do you think it can play an important
role in sustainable development?2012 DB, 3 marks , 2009 3 marks
 It includes efficient management and conservation of surface and groundwater
resource
 It involves prevention of runoff and storage and recharge of groundwater by
construction of water-harvesting structures such as percolation tanks, dug out
ponds, check dams, etc. through people‟s participation.
 Examples: Neeru-Meeru (A.P) and Arvary Pani Sansad (Alwar, Rajasthan) and
Hariyali, Ralegan Siddhi of Maharashtra are the successful watershed
programmes.
 Watershed programmes are successful at some places. However, there is a need to
generate awareness regarding benefits of watershed development among people in
the country
 If implemented properly this can play an important role in sustainable water
management.
10. Explain national water policy
 Providing drinking water to all human beings and animals should be the first
priority.
 Ground water exploitation should be regulated
 Both surface and groundwater should be regularly monitored and quality should
be increased.
 Water is a scarce resource. People should be made aware of the fact.

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 Conservation of water should be promoted through education, regulation,

incentives and disincentives.
 Irrigation and multi-purpose projects should include drinking water component,
11. Describe any 3 problems of water in India
 Pollution of water with industrial wastes
 Pollution water due to washing of excessive fertilisers, insecticides of agriculture
 Domestic effluents are also causing pollution of surface water bodies.
 Depleting ground water resource due to Over exploitation of ground water
 Over exploitation of ground water is resulting in increase in concentration of
poisonous elements such as arsenic and fluoride.
12. Mention most polluted rivers
Yamuna, Ganga, Sabarmati, Gomti, Kali
13. How water pollution is controlled
 Strict Implementation of policies - The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has
been monitoring water quality of national aquatic resources
 Implementation of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974,
 Environment Protection Act 1986
 public awareness about importance of water and impacts of water pollution
 treating of industrial and domestic wastes before releasing into watter
 Use of recycled water –Example: urban areas water after bathing and washing
utensils can be used for gardening.
14. Which river basin in India has the highest %of replenishable utilization of ground water?
Ganga river basin
15. Mention 2 cultural activities responsible for water pollution in India
 Leaving the dead bodies into the river water
 Leaving Ganesh idols made of metals into rivers after vinayakchaturdi.
16. What is the main source of water borne diseases. Name the diseases

Pollution is the source of diseases. Diarrhea, intestinal worms, hepatitis

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CHAPTER 7
MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES

1. Distinguish between thermal electricity and hydro-electricity by stating three points.

2. Describe any three commercial production regions of petroleum in India.
3. Why is hydro power generation far below its potential in India? Explain any three
reasons for it.
4. What are known conventional sources of energy? Why do you think that India has
vast potential of solar energy in future?
5. Explain important measures taken for power conservation.
6. “India has three dominant electricity regions, based on various sources of electricity.”
Support this statement with three suitable examples.
7. Define minerals and write down its significance.
8. Describe the importance of natural gas as a source of energy.
9. Differentiate between Tertiary and Gondwana coal.
10. Discuss the production and distribution of iron-ore in India.
NOTES

1. What is a mineral? Write characteristics of minerals?

 Mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite physical and
chemical properties.
 Characteristics:
o Minerals are unevenly distributed
o Good quality minerals occur in small quantities
o Minerals take long to form. Minerals are non- renewable, they get exhausted if not
judiciously used and conserved
2. Classify minerals?

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3. Write about uneven distribution of minerals in India giving examples. Describe the broad
belts of minerals in India.

Most of the minerals occur in peninsular plateau region. Coal reserves in Damodar valley, and
petroleum in east and west coast regions. Minerals are generally concentrated in three broad belts
in India-

 The North-Eastern Plateau Region

o This belt covers Chotanagpur (Jharkhand),Orissa Plateau, West Bengal and parts of
Chhattisgarh
o Iron ore coal, manganese, bauxite, mica.
 The South-Western Plateau Region
o Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala.
o rich in ferrous metals and bauxite, manganese, and limestone
 The North-Western Region
o Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat
o Copper, zinc -Rajasthan is rich in building stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble,
Gypsum ; Gujarat- petroleum
4. Conservation of minerals is important than other resources. Explain how and why
mineral resources should be conserved. Explain 3 methods of conserving minerals.

Need for mineral conservation:

o Minerals are exhaustible resources and are limited. If wasted, cannot be renewed
o Economic and industrial development depends on minerals

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o For Sustainable development, minerals should be conserved

Methods of mineral conservation:

o The alternative inexhaustible energy sources like solar power, wind, wave,
geothermal energy should be promoted
o use of scrap metals of copper, lead, Zinc will enable recycling of metals
o Use of substitutes for scarce metals
o Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced
5. What are non-conventional sources of energy?
Non-conventional energy sources are renewable i.e. cannot be exhausted.

Solar energy:
o Sun rays tapped in photovoltaic cells can be converted into energy, known as solar energy;
alternately solar thermal technology is used for tapping solar energy.
o Used for heaters, crop dryers, cookers, etc.
o It is cheap, inexpensive, easy to install, renewable and environmental friendly
o It is effective than coal, oil etc.
o potential areas for the development of solar energy -Gujarat and Rajasthan

Wind energy
o Through windmills the kinetic energy of wind is converted into electrical energy using
turbines
o India started producing energy through windmills. Potential states- Rajasthan, Gujarat ,
Maharashtra and Karnataka
o Wind power plant at Lamba in Gujarat in Kachchh is the largest in Asia

Tidal and wave energy :

o Ocean currents and tidal waves have potential for energy production
o West coast of India has potential. Yet to be explored

Geothermal Energy
o The heat generated while magma comes out on the surface, can successfully be tapped
and converted to electrical energy
o Heat from hot water springs, geysers is also used in the generation of geo thermal energy.
Geothermal plant at Manikaran, H.P.

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Biomass energy:
o Bio energy is derived from biological products which includes agricultural residues,
municipal, industrial and other wastes
o It reduces environmental pollution, enhance self-reliance and reduce pressure on fuel
wood. Energy Plant in Okhla, Delhi
6. What is nuclear power? Why nuclear energy is the future? Mention the important nuclear
power stations in India.
 Nuclear technology uses the energy released by splitting the atoms of uranium and
thorium elements
 Used for generation of electricity without carbon emissions – environmental
friendly. India has proposed to produce 25% of total electric energy by 2050.
 India has large deposits of thorium (about 13% of world production). Uranium
deposits are found in cudappa in Andhra Pradesh.
 The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near
Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga
(Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat)
7. What are mineral fuels?
o Mineral fuels are essential for generation of power, required by agriculture,
industry, transport and other sectors of the economy.
o Mineral fuels- 2types-conventional fossil fuels ( coal, petroleum and natural gas)
and non-conventional energy sources(nuclear , wind, tidal , biomass energy)
8. Write about coal
o Mainly used in the generation of thermal power and smelting of iron ore.
o About 80 per cent of the coal deposits in India is of bituminous type and is of non-
coking grade. The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in
Damodar Valley
o Coal fields- between Jharkhand and west Bengal - Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro,
Giridih, Karanpura
9. Write a detailed note on the Petroleum and natural gas resources of India.
 Crude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states and occurs
in sedimentary rocks
 It is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in
automobiles, railways and aircraft
 Oil and Natural Gas Commission explores the petroleum reserves in the coastal
areas

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 The Gas Authority of India Limited – looks after transport and market natural gas.
 Oil extracted from the wells is crude oil and contains many impurities and
purified in field based and market based refineries.
 Oil fields- Digboi in Assam; west coast- Mehsana, Ankaleswar in Gujarat;
Mumbai High; east coast- Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basin
 Oil refineries- Digboi (Assam) - field based and Barauni (Bihar)-market based
refinery.
 by-products of petrochemical industries are- fertiliser, synthetic rubber, synthetic
fibre, medicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and cosmetics
10. What is the importance of copper?
 Used in electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers and
generators
 Mixed with gold to make it strong
 Seen in Singhbhum in Jharkhand, Balaghat in M.P.
11. What is the importance of mica?
 Occurs in the form of thin sheets
 Used in electrical and electronics industries
 Nellore in A.P, M.P
12. What is the importance of Bauxite?
 Ore of Aluminum
 Used for CDs, cars, refrigerators, kitchenware, electric power lines, packaging for
food and medicine, computers, furniture and aircrafts
 Found in rocks of peninsular India. Orissa has large deposits
13. What is the importance of manganese?
 Importance in iron and steel production. Used a s raw material for smelting of iron
in iron and steel industry
 Used for production of ferro alloys
 Orissa leading producer of manganese
14. What is the importance of iron ore?
 Ferrous metal. hematite and magnetite are the ores
 Used in steel industry as raw material
 Cutlery, bicycles, machines, cans, gates etc
 Abundant deposits of iron are there in India
 Mostly In Orissa, Jharkhand etc.

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CHAPTER 8
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

1. State any six liberalisation measures announced by the Government of India under the
New Industrial Policy.
2. Explain any three factors which have contributed to the industrial development of
Hugli Industrial Region.
3. Name any three industries which were established in India in the pre-independence period.
4. Distinguish between cottage industries and small scale industries in three points each.
5. Explain three main factors responsible for dispersal of cotton textile industry in India.
6. Why do you think that the Iron and Steel Industry is basic to the industrial development of any
country?
7. Explain factors responsible for the localisation of knowledge based industries.
8. Why has sugar industry decentralised from Northern plains to Peninsular India.
9. Describe the reason responsible for the growth of Mumbai-Pune industrial region.
10. Describe the reasons for the growth of Gurgaon -Delhi-Meerut industrial region.
NOTES

1. How industries are classified based on ownership?

3 types based on ownership
 Public sector- owned by government. Eg: Defence related,
 Private sector- owned by private individuals or organizations
Eg: reliance, TATA
 Joint sector – joint ownership of government and private people.
2. How industries are classified based on manufactured products?
 Metallurgical Industries
 Mechanical Engineering Industries
 Chemical and Allied Industries
 Textile Industries
 Food Processing Industries
 Electricity Generation
 Electronics
 Communication Industries.
3. What are the geographical factors influencing the location of industries?
 Location- industries are located in places close to raw materials, where cheap
labour, transport and market facilities are available.

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 Raw materials-sugar mills are developed near sugarcane growing areas as sugar
cane is a weight loosing crop; iron and steel near iron ore , coal belt as they are also
weight loosing raw materials
 Power- machines movement requires power. Eg: aluminum industry requires lot
of electricity
 Market-Markets provide the outlets for manufactured products .Ex: Cotton textile
industry uses a non-weight-losing raw material and is generally located in large
urban centre, e.g. Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, etc. Petroleum refineries are also
located near the markets as the transport of crude oil is easier and several products
derived from them are used as raw material in other industries.
 Capital- important input for establishing an industry
 Transport-movement of finished products to markets requires transport facilities.
All major industrial plants are located on the trunk rail routes.
 Labour- Industries require both skilled and un-skilled labour.
4. Why iron and steel industry is located near coal or iron ore fields?
5. The raw materials of iron and steel industry- iron ore , fire clay, manganese- are weight-
losing raw materials. Therefore, an optimum location for iron and steel industries should
be near raw material sources. This is why most of the iron and steel industries are located
either near coalfields (Bokaro, Durgapur, etc.) or near sources of iron ore (Bhadravati,
Bhilai, and Rourkela
6. Why do you think that the iron and steel industry is basic to the industrial development of
any country? The development of the iron and steel industry opened the doors to rapid
industrial development in India. Almost all sectors of development depends on iron and
steel for basic infrastructure.

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 Rourkela - Orissa
 Bhilai, Jamshedpur -
Chattisghar
 Durgapur , asansol-
West Bengal
 Bokaro -Jharkhand
 Visakhapatnam steel
plant- Andhra Pradesh
 Bhadravati- Karnataka
 Salem Steel Plant-
Tamilnadu

Eg: provides raw materials for machine tool industry, rail wagons, steel furniture, etc.
7. Name the two sectors of the cottage textile industries. How are they different?
 the organized sector – mills – more machinery, less labour
 Decentralised sector- handlooms (including Khadi) – (hand woven) and power
looms- both machines and labour
8. Why is the sugar industry a seasonal industry? What is the share of sugar produced in
India to the world production?
 Sugar industry depends on sugar cane crop which grows in Kharif season only.
 The sugar industry is the second most important agro-based industry in the
country.
 India is the largest producer of both sugarcane and cane sugar and contributes
about 8 per cent of the total sugar production in the world. Highest production-
Maharashtra, U.P

9. What is the raw material base for the petrochemical industry? Name some of the products
of this industry.
Raw material base for petro chemical industry is crude petroleum. some of the products
are- (i) polymers, (ii) synthetic fibre (iii) elastomers, and (iv) surfactant intermediate
10. What is the major impact of Information Technology (IT) revolution in India?

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 IT is a knowledge based industry

 Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the
economy- accounts for 2% GDP
 Impact of IT - fast communication , e-commerce, social networking system and
employment creation
11. How cotton industry developed in India? Why cotton industry was established at Mumbai
initially?
 India is a tropical country and cotton is the most comfortable fabric for a hot and
humid climate.
 Large quantity of cotton was grown in India.
 Abundant skilled labour required for this industry was available in this country.
 Mumbai is close to cotton growing areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat
 Port city- import of mill machinery and export of cloth is easy
 Cheap labour is available
12. How did the Swadeshi movement give a major impetus to the cotton textiles industry?
 The Swadeshi movement gave a major impetus to the industry as there was a call
for boycotting all British made goods in favour of Indian goods.
 After 1921, with the development of the railway network other cotton textile
centres expanded.TN has most cotton mills.
.
13. Write about Industrial Policy 1991. 2011
Or
What do you understand by liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation?
How have they helped industrial development in India

The industrial policy has three main dimensions: liberalisation, privatization and
globalisation.
 Liberalisation- abolition of industrial licensing for most of the industries except that
of strategic importance. government permission not required for setting up de-
licensed industries
 Foreign investment policy-Foreign Direct investment is allowed to supplement the
domestic investment. free entry to foreign technology
 privatisation- both domestic and multinational private investors were allowed in
sectors such as mining, telecommunications, highway construction

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 Globalisation- goods and services along with capital, labour and resources can
move freely from one nation to another. In India, foreign companies, multinational
companies were allowed to invest. India invested in other countries. foreign goods
are freely available in Indian markets. Ex: Chinese goods
 Liberalized industrial location programme - new industrial locations near major
cities are discouraged.
 This policy has helped in attracting foreign investment thereby boosting the
economy
14. What is the result of new industrial liberalised policy?
 (positive)This policy has helped in attracting foreign investment thereby boosting
the economy
 (negative) Regional disparities between states increased. States like A.P, TN,
Gujarat, Karnataka could attract foreign investment but certain economically
weaker states like north eastern states lagged behind due to poor infrastructure,
law and order problems
15. What are major industrial regions?
 Mumbai-Pune Region
 Hugli Region
 Bangalore-Tamil Nadu Region
 Gujarat Region
 Chotanagpur Region
 Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region
 Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Region
 Kollam-Tiruvantapuram Region.
16. Three reasons for development of Hugli industrial area
 River port on Hugli river
 Tea plantations in Assam, ne states
 Jute, indigo processing in WB
 Open coal fields in Damodar valley
 Kolkata was capital of British India

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CHAPTER 9
PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

1. What are the social benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region?
2. Describe in brief about the Indira Gandhi Canal Project.
3. What is a planning region? Discuss the various requisites of a planning region.
4. Define Sectoral and Regional planning.
5. When was the Hill Area Development Programme initiated? Write down the major
areas undertaken for the programme.
6. What is the significance of planning for drought prone areas?
7. Describe the major strategy of command area development programmes.
8. Write down five suggestions for tribal sub-plan approach.
9. What is sustainable development?
10. What is the occupation of Gaddi tribal group? Which river drains Bharmaur tribal
region? What social changes have taken place in this region?

NOTES

1. What are the benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region?

Social benefits:
 In Himachal Pradesh. tribes- gaddis
 tremendous increase in literacy rate especially of women
 improvement in sex ratio
 Decline in child marriage.
 Increase in gender equality

Economic benefits:

 Apart from sustenance agriculture, tribals started growing pulses and other cash
crops
 Decreased pastoralism
2. Define the concept of sustainable development.

Sustainable development is the “Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (as per United
Nations appointed Brundtland commission Report entitled „Our Common Future‟ in 1987)

3. Write short notes on drought-prone area programme and agro-climatic planning. How do
these programmes help in the development of dryland agriculture in India?
4. What are the positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?

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Or
How has the introduction of Indira Gandhi canal irrigation in the dry lands of Rajasthan
influenced the environmental conditions of the region positively? Explain
 Soil moisture content has increased
 Good afforestation activity has resulted in good tree cover
 Tree belts have resulted in reduced soil erosion
 Water for irrigation has increased.
 More production of food grains.
5. Explain 5 measures for necessary for promotion of sustainable development in Indira
Gandhi Canal
 No water intensive crops should e grown
 Loss of water should be reduced by strictly following lining of canal, land
development, leveling and warabandi
 Reclamation of waterlogged areas
 Eco developemnt through afforestation, shelterbelt plantations
 Strict implementation of water management policy
 Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal
Command Area.
 Strict implementation of water management policy.

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CHAPTER 10
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

1. Why do people in India prefer to travel by railways? Give three reasons.

2. What is “Open Sky Policy for Cargo” of India? Name the four important airports developed in India.
3. What is road density? Give three factors responsible for effecting road density in India.
4. Explain any four factors which have influenced the distribution pattern of railway network in India.
5. Distinguish between Personal Communication and Mass Communication in three points each.
6. Why is road transport more important than rail transport in India?
7. State two main features of major sea ports of India. Name any two states which have two major sea
ports in India.
8. What is „Golden Quadrangle‟? State four features of these highways.
9. State the difference between National Highways and State Highways of India in three points each.
10. How would you differentiate between Transport and Communication?

India : Transport and communication

Short Questions
1. Define Transport and Communication.
2. How has Economy and Technology helped in the development of various modes of
Transport?
3. Give two merits and two demerits of Roadways.
4. Write a short note on the Grand Trunk (GT) road.
5. Why was Nagpur plan not successful?
6. What is NHAI ? Explain any two major projects undertaken by NHAI.
7. Write two features each of State Highways, District roads and Rural roads.
8. Which roads are included in the “Other Roads“? Write a note on these roads.
9. Write the National average of density of roads in India. Why does the density of roads
vary from region to region in India.
10. Give two merits and two demerits of Railways in India.
11. Why and from where was Indian Railways first introduced? Explain the three types
railway tracks based on their width.
12. What steps have been taken up by the Indian government to improve Railways?
13. Give two merits and two demerits of Waterways in India.
14. Explain the two types of Water transport. Why are the Inland waterways not navigable in
large parts of India?
15. What is the total coastline of India including the island group?

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16. Give the stretch and specifications of the three National Waterways declared by the Water
Authority of India.
17. Give two merits and two demerits of Air transport in India.
18. Name the two Corporations which manage air transport in India. What is the “Open Air
Policy”?
19. Give two merits and two demerits of Pipelines.
20. Name any three Cross Country Oil Pipelines in India.

NOTES

1. What is the Importance of transport and communication:

Transport is a service or facility for the carriage of persons and goods from one place to the other
using humans, animals and different kinds of vehicles.
2. What are different modes/ types of transport?
Land- Roads and railways
Water- Ocean ways, canals, inland waterways
Air- airways
Pipelines - carry materials like petroleum, natural gas, and ores in liquid form.
3. What are types of roads? How road transport is useful
Road transport is a cheaper, convenient way of transport for passengers and goods with in
a country. Plays Major role in trade and commerce of a country. Roads are 2 types-
 Non-metalled roads- kacha roads- simple in construction, are not effective and
serviceable for all seasons.
 Metalled roads-highways-difficult to construct, withstand to seasonal variations
4. What are the problems of road transport in mountainous, desert and flood prone
regions?
 Construction and maintenance of roads is difficult in mountainous and desert
areas due to their terrains
 These areas in general are less developed. Sp, it restricts roads construction
 Flood plains are not suitable for roads because floods may wash away bridges and
roads
5. what is the solution for protecting roads from heavy rains and flood
 high embankment of rail-tracks
 efficient maintenance of railway transport service

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6. What are the differences in road transport system between developed and
developing nations?
 In developed countries- good quality roads are universal and provide long-distance
link in the form of motorways, autobahns (Germany), and inter– state highways for
speedy movement.
 Lorries, of increasing size and power to carry heavy loads are common.
 Highest road density- north America
7. What are the reasons for traffic congestion in cities?
8. Reasons for traffic congestion in urban areas :
 Increase in number of cars due to affordability and EMI
 Roads unable take traffic demand during certain period- Peak congestion during
morning office going time and after office rush
Solutions:
 Sharing of private transport by group of people
 Use of public transport like metro
 Higher Parking Fee
 Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
 Improved Public Bus Service
 Expressways
9. What are high ways? Mention some important highways in the world
 Highways are metalled roads connecting distant places for unobstructed vehicular
movement.
80 m wide, with separate traffic lanes, bridges, flyovers and dual carriageways to facilitate
uninterrupted traffic flow. Important highways:
Continent/ region Name of high way From To
North America Trans-Canadian Highway Vancouver in British St. John’s City in Newfoundland
Columbia(west coast) (east coast)

North America Alaskan Highway Edmonton (Canada) Anchorage (Alaska).

America Pan-American Highway Connects countries of South America, Central America and
U.S.A.-Canada
Australia Trans-Continental Stuart Highway Darwin (north coast) Melbourne via Tennant Creek
and Alice Springs
Russia Moscow-Vladivostok Highway Railways are most important due to vast nature of the country
India National Highways Connects major cities .NH -7: longest varanasi- to kanyakumari

Planned- connect the four metropolitan cities — New Delhi,

Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) or Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and, Bangalore Hyderabad
Super Expressway
China Major cities such as Tsungtso (near Vietnam boundary), Shanghai (central China), Guangzhou (south)
and Beijing (north).are connected. new highway links Chengdu with Lhasa in Tibet

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Europe Good network exists. Tough competition from railways
Africa a highway joins Algiers in the north to Conakry in Guinea.
Cairo is also connected to Cape Town.

10. What are boarder roads?

Roads laid along international boundaries are called border roads. They play an important
role in integrating people in remote areas with major cities and providing defence.
11. What are types of railway gauges?
The railway gauges vary in different countries and are roughly classified as broad (more than 1.5
m), standard (1.44 m), metre gauge (1 m) and smaller gauges.
Length of railways highest in – USA, Russia, India
12. Write about railway network in the world
Continent particulars
Europe  4,40,000 km of railways, ; double or multiple-tracked
 Belgium has the highest density ,
 Passenger transport is more important than freight
 Underground railways are important in London and Paris
 Channel Tunnel, operated by Euro Tunnel Group through England, connects London
with Paris
Russia  Accounts for 90% of transport. More dense near west of urals
 Underground railways, commuter trains are important
North  Accounts for 40% transport
america  Mostly used for heavy freight transport (ores, grains, timber and machinery etc) than
passengers
 Dense at east central USA
canada  Mostly used for freight – transport of wheat, coal
Australia west-east Australian National Railway line runs across the country
from Perth to Sydney
South Dense in Pampas of Argentina and the coffee growing region of
America Brazil which together account for 40 per cent
Asia Most dense network in densely populated areas of Japan, China, India. West Asia has less
network due to deserts and sparsely populated regions
Africa  Benguela Railway through Angola to Katanga-Zambia Copper Belt;
 Tanzania Railway from the Zambian Copper Belt to Dar-es-Salaam on the coast;
 Railway through Botswana and Zimbabwe linking the landlocked states to the South
African network;
 Blue Train - from Cape Town to Pretoria in the Republic of South Africa.

13. What is a trans–continental railway?

Trans–continental railways run across the continent and link its two ends. They were
constructed for economic and political reasons to facilitate long runs in different directions.
 Trans–Siberian Railway
 Trans–Canadian Railways

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 The Union and Pacific Railway

 The Australian Trans–Continental Railway
 The Orient Express

Transcontinent From To Other particulars Economic importance

al railway
Trans- Halifax in the Vancouver on 7,050 km long and passes through- Economic artery of Canada. Wheat,
Canadian east the Pacific Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg and meat are exported. connects qubec-
railway Coast Calgary montrel industrial region with the
wheat belt of prairies region and
coniferous forest regions of north
trans Siberian St. Petersburg Vladivostok on major route in Russia It is the most It has helped in opening up its Asian
railway in the west the Pacific important route in Asia and the region to West European markets.
Coast in the longest (9,332km) double-tracked connects agro-centres and fur
east and electrified trans–continental centres – helpful in trade.
railway in the world Has connections to Ukraine,
Passing through Moscow, Ufa, Mongolia, Uzbekistan , China etc.
Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chita and
Khabarovsk.
The Union and New York on San Francisco passing through Cleveland, Chicago, The most valuable exports on this
Pacific Railway the Atlantic on the Pacific Omaha, route are ores, grain, paper,
Coast Coast Evans, Ogden and Sacramento. chemicals and machinery.

The Australian Perth on the Sydney on the passing Trade and transport
Trans– west east coast through Kalgoorlie, Broken Hill and
Continental coast, Port
Railway Augusta
The Orient Paris Istanbul Passing through Strasbourg, The chief exports on this rail-route
Express Munich, Vienna, are cheese, bacon, oats, wine, fruits,
Budapest and Belgrade and machinery.

journey time from London to

Istanbul- 96 hours

7. What are the advantages of water transport?

 Requires no cost for construction and maintenance
 Transport of heavy and bulky goods is easy and cheap
 Experiences comparatively low accidents
 Good means of transport where good inland water sources and oceans are
available.
8. What is the importance of ocean routes?
 ocean transport is a cheaper means of haulage (carrying of load) of bulky material
over long distances from one continent to another.
 Modern passenger liners (ships) and cargo ships are equipped with radar, wireless
and other navigation aids. The development of refrigerated chambers for perishable
goods, tankers and specialised ships has also improved cargo transport.

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9. What are the important ocean routes /canals/ water ways

Ocean route
The Northern Atlantic  Called big trunk route
Sea Route  Connects North-eastern U.S.A. and Northwestern Europe,
 One fourth of the world’s foreign trade moves on this route
 Port Said, Aden, Mumbai, Colombo and Singapore are some of the important ports
The Mediterranean–  connects the highly industrialised Western European region with West Africa, South Africa, South-
Indian Ocean Route east Asia and the commercial agriculture and livestock economies of Australia and New Zealand
 trade is more due to rich natural resources such as gold, diamond, copper, tin, groundnut, oil
palm, coffee and fruits
The Cape of Good Hope Connects West European and West African countries with Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay in South
Sea Route America.
The North Atlantic Sea links the ports on the west-coast of North America with those of Asia. These are
Route Vancouver, Seattle, Portland, San Francisco and Los Angeles on the American side and Yokohama,
Kobe, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Manila
and Singapore on the Asian side.
The South Pacific Sea connects Western Europe and North America with Australia, New Zealand and
Route the scattered Pacific islands via the Panama Canal.
Canal transport
The Suez Canal constructed in 1869 in Egypt between Port Said in the north and Port Suez in the south linking the
Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
gives Europe a new
gateway to the Indian Ocean
It is a sea-level canal without locks which is about 160 km and 11 to 15 m deep. About 100 ships travel
daily and each ship takes 10-12 hours to cross this canal

The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west
constructed across the Panama Isthmus between Panama City and Colon by the U.S.
The Canal is about 72 km. long and involves a very deep cutting for a length of 12 km. It has a six lock
system and ships cross the different levels (26 m up and down) through these locks before entering
the Gulf of Panama.
it is vital to the economies of Latin America.
Inland water ways ( through rivers)
The Rhine Waterways The Rhine flows through Germany and the Netherlands.
It is navigable for 700 km from Rotterdam, at its mouth in the Netherlands to Basel in Switzerland
Each year more than 20,000 ocean-going ships and 2,00,000 inland vessels exchange their cargoes
It connects the industrial areas of Switzerland, Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands with
the North Atlantic Sea Route.
The Danube Waterway The Danube river rises in the Black Forest and flows eastwards through many Countries
The chief export items are wheat, maize, timber, and machinery
The Volga Waterway In Russia. It provides a navigable waterway of 11,200 km and drains into the Caspian Sea.
The Great Lakes – St. The estuary of St. Lawrence River, along with the Great Lakes, forms a unique commercial waterway in
Lawrence Seaway the northern part of North America
Here, goods have to be trans-shipped to smaller vessels due to the presence of rapids

10. What is the importance of air transport?

 Air transport is the fastest and costliest.
 it is preferred by passengers for long-distance travel.
 Valuable cargo can be moved rapidly on a world-wide scale.
 It is often the only means to reach inaccessible areas. - - by mountainous snow
fields, inhospitable desert terrains etc.

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 Air transport has brought about a connectivity revolution in the world.

11. Why air transport is not developed in certain part of the world
 manufacturing of aircrafts and their operations require elaborate infrastructure like
hangars, landing, fuelling, and maintenance facilities for the aircrafts
 Construction of airports is also very expensive and has developed more in highly
industrialized countries where there is a large volume of traffic.

12. Which are the major regions of the world having a dense network of airways?
 Dense network exists in Eastern U.S.A., Western Europe and Southeast Asia.
 U.S.A. alone accounts for 60 per cent of the airways of the world.
 more than 250 commercial airlines offer regular services to different parts of the
world
 New York, London, Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfurt Rome, Moscow, Karachi, New
Delhi, Mumbai, Bangkok, Singapore, Tokyo, San Francisco, Los Angeles and
Chicago are the nodal points where air routes converge or radiate to all continents

13. Elucidate the statement– “In a well managed transport system, various modes
complement each other”.
 Each means of transport has its own utility in a country. There should be a network
of all transports based on the requirement.
 Road transport is cheaper and suitable for passenger transport to interior areas.
Essential day to day Goods for door to door services, and commercial and
industrial goods (machines etc) can also be transported on regular basis by road
transport.
 Water transport is cheaper and suitable for transport of heavy goods, oil etc and
international transport. Similarly, inaccessible areas with water network could be
connected by water transport for passengers. In Kerala, water transport from one
village to other is common.
 Rail transport is cheaper and comfortable for passengers and goods to reach far off
places . Metro train eases out the traffic and allows easy commutation in big cities.
 Air transport allows for quick transport of passengers and goods to different
countries. Although costly, it allows in globalisation of goods and services in a
quick succession. High value, perishable goods can be transported .

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14. Write about pipeline transport

 Pipelines are used extensively to transport liquids and gases such as water,
petroleum and natural gas , liquefied coal for an uninterrupted flow
 USA- oil pipeline,
 New Zealand- milk from farms to factories
 Big Inch is one such famous pipeline, which carries petroleum from the oil wells of
the Gulf of Mexico to the North-eastern States.
 In Europe, Russia, West Asia and India pipelines are used to connect oil wells to
refineries, and to ports or domestic markets
15. what are different means of communication in modern world
 Telecommunications-telephones, - telephones through optic fibres cables that allow
large quantities of data to be transmitted rapidly, sand are virtually error-free
 Satellite communication- mobiles, SMS, programmes on TV channels, weather
forecast,
 Cyber space- it is the electronic digital world for communicating or accessing
information over computer networks without physical movement of the sender and
the receiver Ex: internet- email, chats, video, e-commerce, blogs, e-learning, e-
governance
16. What are the modes by which cyber space will expand the contemporary economic and
social space of humans? How cyber space use ensures a global village.
Expansion of Cyber space into economic space of humans:
 E-commerce sites: Trade through e-commerce is developing fast. One can sell or
buy any goods across the countries and continents through particular websites
developed for the purpose Ex: e-bay, Zapota.com, snap deal, naptol etc.
 E-learning –allows to learn one sitting at home
 E-governance- obtaining information about government policies, licenses, passport
etc. are easier.
 Reservations: Booking of railway, air tickets, hotel bookings, movie reservations
have become possible with a click of a button
 Shares: Venturing into Real estates, shares, trading has become common. Eg:
NASDAQ, 100 acres.com etc.
Expansion of Cyber space into social space of humans:

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 Social networking sites such as face book etc have become very common to bring
friends together. It allows to connect to a friend in virtual world with a click of a
button
 Blog spots, discussion forums allow to bring like minded people to a platform to
share their interests, opinions etc. cutting across the countries
 Social networking sites are also generating data for study of several issues.
Other interesting Points:
 first public railway line was opened in 1825 between Stockton and Darlington in northern
England
 cable cars- transport means on steep mountains, mining areas
 human porter, pack animal, cart or wagon are the most expensive means of transport
 Pack Animals -Horses are used as a draught animal even in the Western countries. Dogs
and reindeer are used in North America, North Europe and Siberia to draw sledges over
snow-covered ground. Mules are preferred in the mountainous regions; while camels are
used for caravan movement in deserts. In India, bullocks are used for pulling carts
 proposed Iran-India via Pakistan international oil and natural gas pipeline will be the
longest in the world

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CHAPTER 11
INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1. Explain four important features of India‟s foreign trade with reference to major trading partners.
2. Explain any three major changes in the export composition of India‟s foreign trade since 1960-61.
3. What is the role of ports in India? Give a brief account of the ports of Mumbai, Kolkata and
Chennai.
4. Explain the changing scenario of India‟s import trade composition with four examples.
5. Mention the characteristics of India‟s foreign trade.
6. What is balance of trade? Why is balance of trade favourable or unfavourable?
7. Why are ports called as the gateways of the world trade? Explain it with examples.
8. State two characteristics of Kandla port.
9. Differentiate between Mumbai and Kolkata port.
10. Write down three main features regarding the „direction of trade‟.

NOTES

1. What is the basic function of the World Trade Organisation?

 To look after the promotion of free and fair trade amongst nations
 It sets rules for the global trading system and resolves disputes between the
member nations
 It deals with global rule of trade between nations
 It also covers trade in telecommunications, banking etc.
2. What are the criticisms about WTO?
 Members of Developed nations of WTO influence the decisions of WTO based on
their commercial interests
 issues of health, worker‟s rights, child labour and environment are ignored
3. What is balance of trade? Why is it detrimental for a nation to have negative balance of
payments?
 Balance of trade records the volume of goods and services imported as well as
exported by a country to other countries.
 A negative balance means that the country spends more on buying goods than can
it earn by selling its goods. This would ultimately lead to exhaustion of financial
reserves.
4. What benefits do nations get by forming trading blocs?
They encourage trading between countries with geographical proximity in trading items. It
also helps in curbing restriction on trade of the developing countries. Now a days 20
regional trade blocs generate 52% of the world trade.
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 ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations)

 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)
 EU (European Union)
 LAIA (Latin American Integration Association)
 SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Agreement )
5. How are ports helpful for trade? Give a classification of ports on the basis of their location
Use of Ports:
 The chief aim of port is to import and export commodities in and out of its
hinterland.
 They provide facilities for loading, unloading. Docking and storage facilities for
cargo.
 The port authorities make arrangements for maintaining the navigable channels
and provide labour and other services.
6. How do nations gain from International Trade?
 All countries are not endowed with similar natural resources. If a country has a
resource more than its need, while others may lack that resource
 The surplus countries export and deficit countries import the resources
 Some countries produce more than their requirement for consumption due to
advanced technology. the countries with marketable surplus of food grains export
them to deficit countries. Thus both countries get benefited
 Thus exporting countries earn money by selling goods and importing countries get
benefited by using the imported goods
 A country which exports her surplus good also import the goods in which it is
deficit
7. Write about trade in olden days?
 barter system, where direct exchange of goods takes place- seen in Jon Beel Mela in
Jagirod, 35 km away from Guwahati lace - trade fair for tribal communities.
 The Silk Route – long distance trade connecting Rome to China –along the 6,000 km
route. Chinese silk, Roman wool and precious metals and many other high value
commodities from intermediate points in India, Persia and Central Asia
 15th century slave trade: slave trade. The Portuguese, Dutch, Spaniards, and British
captured African natives and forcefully transported them to the newly discovered
Americas for their labour in the plantations.
 After industrialisation- developed nations got raw materials from developing nations and
exported finished goods to developing nations
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8. What is the basis for international trade?
 Differences in national resources- resources like minerals are unevenly distributed
among various countries.
o Geological structure-topography determines minerals and type of
occupation- agriculture in low lands, tourism in mountains
o Mineral resources- more minerals , more industries , so more
industrialisation
o Climate- determines flora and fauna at a place. Wool production in cold
regions; banana in tropical etc.
 Population factors – size, distribution, diversity determines trade
o Cultural factors-goods/ crafts produced as per culture. Eg: China -
porcelains and brocades; Carpets - Iran ; North African- leather work ;
Indonesian batik cloth
o Size of population- Densely populated countries have more internal
consumption of agriculture and industrial products in the internal markets.
High standard of living- can afford costly imported goods (USA)
 Stage of economic development: At different stages of economic development of
countries, the nature of items traded undergoes changes. Eg: In agriculturally
important countries, agro products are exchanged for manufactured goods whereas
industrialised nations export machinery and finished products and import food
grains and other raw materials.
 Extent of foreign investment: Foreign investment can boost trade in developing
countries which lack in capital( money) required for the development of mining,
oil drilling, heavy engineering, lumbering and plantation agriculture.
 Transport: With expansions of rail, ocean and air transport, better means of
refrigeration and preservation, trade has increased.
9. What are important aspects of international trade?
3 important aspects of international trade are - volume, sectoral composition, and direction
of trade.
 Volume: the total value of goods and services traded is considered to be the volume
of trade. Total volume of world trade has been steadily rising over the past decades.
 Sectoral composition: The nature of goods and services imported and exported by
countries have undergone changes during the last century. initially primary
products, next manufactured goods, now travel, communication are increasing

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 Direction of trade: Europe, U.S.A., Japan ( developed countries) were leaders in

trade of manufactured goods. Now, China, India and other developing countries
started competing with these developed countries.
10. What are the types of international trade?
 Bilateral trade: Bilateral trade is done by two countries with each other. They enter
into agreement to trade specified commodities amongst them. For example, country
A may agree to trade some raw material with agreement to purchase some other
specified item to country B or vice versa.
 Multi-lateral trade: Multi-lateral trade is conducted with many trading countries.
The same country can trade with a number of other countries. The country may
also grant the status of the “Most Favoured Nation” (MFN) on some of the trading
partners.
11. What is free trade?
The act of opening up economies for trading is known as free trade or trade liberalisation.
This is done by bringing down trade barriers like tariffs. Trade liberalisation allows goods
and services from everywhere to compete with domestic products and services.
12. What is dumping?
 The practice of selling a commodity in two countries at a price that differs for
reasons not related to costs is called dumping
 Countries also need to be cautious about dumped goods; as along with free trade
dumped goods of cheaper prices can harm the domestic producers.
13. What was GATT?
 To liberalise the world from high customs tariffs and various other types of
restrictions, General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed by some
countries.
 GATT was changed to permanent WTO-World Trade Organisation in 1995
14. What are different types of ports?
Based on cargo handled:
 Industrial Ports: These ports specialise in bulk cargo-like grain, sugar, ore, oil,
chemicals and similar materials.
 Commercial Ports: These ports handle general cargo-packaged products and
manufactured good. These ports also handle passenger traffic
 Comprehensive Ports: Such ports handle bulk and general cargo in large volumes

Based on location:

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 Inland Ports: These ports are located away from the sea coast. They are linked to the sea
through a river or a canal. Such ports are accessible to flat bottom ships or barges. Ex;
Manchester is linked with a canal; Memphis is located on the river Mississippi; Rhine has
several ports like Mannheim and Duisburg; and Kolkata is located on the river Hoogli, a
branch of the river Ganga.
 Out Ports: These are deep water ports built away from the actual ports. These serve the
parent ports by receiving those ships which are unable to approach them due to their large
size. Classic combination, for example, is Athens and its out port Piraeus in Greece.

Types of port on the basis of specialised functions:

 Oil Ports: These ports deal in the processing and shipping of oil. Some of these are tanker
ports and some are refinery ports. Maracaibo in Venezuela, Esskhira in Tunisia, and
Tripoli in Lebanon are tanker ports. Abadan on the Gulf of Persia is a refinery port.
 Ports of Call: These are the ports which originally developed as calling points on main sea
routes where ships used to anchor for refuelling, watering and taking food items. Later on,
they developed into commercial ports. Aden, Honolulu and Singapore are good examples.
 Packet Station: These are also known as ferry ports. These packet stations are exclusively
concerned with the transportation of passengers and mail across water bodies covering
short distances. These stations occur in pairs located in such a way that they face each
other across the water body, e.g. Dover in England and Calais in France across the English
Channel.
 Entrepot Ports: These are collection centres where the goods are brought from different
countries for export. Singapore is an entrepot for Asia. Rotterdam for Europe, and
Copenhagen for the Baltic region.
 Naval Ports: These are ports which have only strategic importance. These ports serve
warships and have repair workshops for them. Kochi and Karwar are examples of such
ports in India.

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CHAPTER 12
GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SELECTED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

1. Describe any four major human made sources of air pollution in India.
2. What is Land pollution? State any six human factors causing the land pollution in
India.
3. Explain any four urban waste disposal problems in India.
4. State any eight effects of air pollution on environment in India.
5. Explain any four sources of water pollution in India.
6. What is soil pollution? State six causes of soil pollution.
7. What is the difference between pollution and pollutants?
8. What is migration? Write down the main features of rural migrants.
9. Name Asia‟s largest slum and write down the main features of this slum.
10. What are the major causes of rapid urban migration to the urban areas?

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Board Examination
Subject: Geography (Blue Print)
Class: XII

Time: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 70

The weightage or the distribution of marks over the different dimensions of the question paper shall
be as follows :-

Form of No. of Marks for Total Estimated time (in

questions Questions each marks minutes)
question
7 5 35
Long 55 minutes
answer
(L.A)
6 3 18
Short 70 minutes
answer
(S.A)
7 1 7
Very short 20 minutes
answer
(V.S.A)
2 5 10
Map 15 minutes
question
22 - 70
Total 160 minutes + 20 minutes
for revision

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Academic Session 2016-17
Second Term Examination
Subject: Geography
M/2/1

Time: 3 hrs. Max.Marks: 70

General Instructions:

i. There are 22 questions on 4 printed sides. All questions are compulsory.

ii. Questions carrying 1 mark should be answered in a sentence each.
iii. Questions carrying 3 marks should not exceed 80 words
iv. Questions carrying 5 marks should be answered in about 120-150 words.
v. Maps should be done with pencils only and should be attached in between.

Q1 Why is Aluminium industry located close to the source of energy? 1

Q2 Give the meaning of „Port of call‟ with a suitable example. 1
Q3 What is Bilateral trade? How is it different from Multilateral trade? 1
Q4 Which parts of USA and Europe have density more than 200 persons/sq. km? 1
Q5 Name the terminal stations of the Orient Express Railway. 1
Q6 Explain the term Neo Determinism with a suitable example. 3
Q7 Discuss the Geographical factors that influence the population distribution. 3
Q8 Why are the concepts of Equity and Sustainability referred as the pillars of 3
human development?
Q9 What is Subsistence agriculture? Mention any four characteristics of Primitive 3
Subsistence agriculture.
Q10 How are Technological innovations important aspect of modern 3
manufacturing industries. Explain with suitable examples.
Q11 Explain any three characteristics of Quinary activities. 3
Q12 Conservation of water is more important than other resource. Explain giving 3
three arguments.
Q13 Degradation of cultivable land is one of the most serious problems that arise out 3
of faulty strategy of irrigation and agricultural development in India. Support
this statement with three faulty agricultural methods.
Q14 Write a short note on Suez Canal. 3
Q15 Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follow. 3

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Surface Water Withdrawals

Domestic – 9% Industrial – 2%

Agriculture-89%

1) Why is the share of surface water very limited to the industrial sector in
India?
2) Which sector accounts for most of the surface water withdrawals and
why? Give one reason.
Q16 Examine the five bases of international trade which are responsible for 5
promoting trade all over the world.
Q17 Road transport plays a vital role in promotion of trade and tourism. Justify. 1X5
Q18 Study the diagram given below, showing the location of a major steel plant of 5
India and answer the questions that follow:

1) Name the state in which this steel plant is located.

2) Name one source each of coal and Iron ore for this plant.
3) Mention the source of water for this plant.
4) Mention the Thermal Power plant which supplies power to it.
5) Name the important railway line passing through this region.
Q19 When was Bharmaur region of Himachal Pradesh notified as a tribal area? 5
What developments took place in this region after that?
Q20 Describe any five characteristics of Commercial livestock rearing practiced in 5

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different parts of the world.
Q21 What is Water shed management? Explain its various objectives. 5
Q22 A. On the given map of India, locate the following: 3+2
a) State with Highest density of population
b) Software technology park in Punjab
c) Major sea port in Tamil Nadu.

A.

B. On the given world map, four features are shown as A, B, C and D. Identify the features with
the help of the key given below and name them on the blanks provided on the map.
a) A mega city
b) An OPEC country
c) An airport
d) A railway line

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B.

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Academic Session 2016-17
Pre Board Examination
Subject: Geography

Time: 3 hrs. Max.Marks: 70

General Instructions:

vi. There are 22 questions on 4 printed sides. All questions are compulsory.
vii. Questions carrying 1 mark should be answered in a sentence each.
viii. Questions carrying 3 marks should not exceed 80 words
ix. Questions carrying 5 marks should be answered in about 120-150 words.
x. Maps should be done with pencils only and should be attached in between.

Q1 Why is the age structure considered an important indicator of population 1

composition? Give one reason.
Q2 Explain how development has direct bearings on the deteriorating human 1
conditions.
Q3 “There is low yield per acre but high yield per person in the interior parts of 1
semi arid lands of the mid latitudes in the world”. Why?
Q4 Give the function of World Trade Organisation. (WTO) 1
Q5 Name the state of India with highest literacy rate as per 2011 census. 1
Q6 Name the biggest port of India. 1
Q7 Name the two countries which are the largest trading partners of India as per 1
economic survey report 2011-12.
Q8 How does technology loosen the shackles of environment on human beings? 3
Explain with examples.
Q9 Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follow. 3

a) Identify & name the given rural settlement pattern.

b) Which types of activities are related to such a settlement pattern?
c) Give an important feature of this rural settlement pattern.

Q10 Study the table carefully and answer the questions. 3

CONTINENTS EARLY 1950 MID 1970s MID 2000
Europe 23 30 58
Asia 32 69 206

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North & Central America 16 36 79

South America 08 17 43
Africa 03 08 46
Australia 02 02 06
World Total 84 162 438

a. Name the two continents which have shown the highest growth rate of
million cities from 1950 to 2000.
b. What could have been the reason for such a growth of million cities?
c. Give the meaning of a million city.
Q11 Discuss why promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in 3
India is the need of the hour.
Q12 Explain why many of the modern towns in India were developed during the 3
period of the British domination.
Q13 Describe the problem of slums in India. 3
Q14 With the help of a neat labeled diagram, explain the Demographic Transition 5
Theory.
Q15 Compare the features of Subsistence Farming and Plantation Farming in five 5
points.
Q16 What is Tourism? Analyse the four most important factors that influence 5
tourism world over.
Q17 Why is the distribution of roads not uniform in India? Explain giving examples. 5

Q18 Explain the five important types of environmental problems related to land 5
resources in India?
Q19 What is Migration? Explain the Indian Diaspora or waves of migrants from 5
India to other countries.

Q20 Discuss the five factors which favoured the concentration of Iron and Steel 5
industries in the Chhota-Nagpur region (comprising parts of Chhattisgarh,
Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal) in India.
Q21 Discuss the significance and growth of the service sector in modern economic 5
development.
Q22 A. On the given map of India, locate the following: 3+2

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d) A state with the lowest percentage of Rural Population
e) A major copper mining district of Rajasthan
f) An integrated Iron & Steel plant in West Bengal

B. Identify the features on the world map, marked as A , B , C & D with the help of the key
provided.

A. Country with largest area in Africa

B. Country with Dairy farming
C. A major sea port
D. An International airport

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Page no. 97 Class XII Geography

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Academic Session 2015-16

Second Term Examination

Subject: Geography

Time: 3hrs. M.Marks:70

General Instructions:

I. There are 22 questions on 4 printed sides. All questions are compulsory.

II. Questions carrying 1 mark should be answered in a sentence each.
III. Questions carrying 3 marks should not exceed 60 words
IV. Questions carrying 5 marks should be answered in about 100-120 words.
V. Maps should be done with pencils only and should be attached in between.

Q1 Name the most populous metropolitan city along with its population. 1
Q2 How is the cropping intensity calculated in India? 1
Q3 Define Foot-loose industries. 1
Q4 Name the major dimensions of New Industrial Policy. 1
Q5 Which is the biggest sea port of India? 1
Q6 What is meant by Crude Birth Rate? 1
Q7 Which are the two polluted stretches of river Ganga in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar? 1
Q8 Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi? 3
Explain your answer with any three values.
Q9 How has Rhine waterway been a boon for those countries through which it passes? 3
Q10 Describe the three kinds of age pyramids associated with three kinds of population 3
situations.
Q11 “Trade is the base of the world economy in the modern times”. Justify the statement 3
with three arguments.
Q12 What type of rural settlement are generally found in the fertile alluvial plains of 3
India? Mention any two features of such type of settlements.
Q13 How do slums develop in India? Explain any four miserable conditions of the 3
residents of the slum areas.
Q14 Which is the busiest sea route in the world? Describe its four characteristics. 5
Q15 Describe the five salient features of Dairy farming practice in the world. 5
Q16 Elaborate the factors which affect the location of rural settlements in the world. 5
Q17 Explain any five problems of Indian farmers. 5
Q18 Describe the composition of exports and imports of India. 5
Q19 Discuss any five characteristics of the Gujarat Industrial Region. 5

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Q20 Explain the different trends of population growth in the world from early period to 5
the present day.
Q21 On the given outline map of India, locate the following: 5
a) Metropolitan city of Rajasthan
b) An oil refinery in Haryana
c) An international airport in North-East India
d) A land locked sea port
e) A state with highest sex ratio

Q22 On the given political map of the world, following five features are shown. Identify 5
these features and write them on the blanks marked A , B , C , D and E
A. A Mega city
B. A major sea-port
C. A country having the largest area in Africa
D. The highest HDI ranking country in the world
E. Terminal of Trans-Siberian railway

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Page no. 100 Class XII Geography

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Academic Session 2014-15
Second Term Examination
Subject: Geography

Time: 3 hrs. Max.Marks:70

General Instructions:

i. There are 26 questions on 4 printed sides. All questions are compulsory.

ii. Questions carrying 1 mark should be answered in a sentence each.
iii. Questions carrying 3 marks should not exceed 60 words
iv. Questions carrying 5 marks should be answered in about 100-120 words.
v. Maps should be done with pencils only and should be attached in between.

Q1 Why do some states of India have higher rates of work participation than others? 1
Q2 Explain the impact of population change. 1
Q3 What is the difference between life-time migrant and migrant by last residence? 1
Q4 Give two reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the northern 1
states of India.
Q5 What are Garrison Towns? What is their function? 1
Q6 How do you measure total cultivable area? 1
Q7 Why do you think the share of total water used in India in agricultural sector 1
expected to decline?
Q8 Where have the exclusive reserves of natural gas been located in India? 1
Q9 Why is sugar industry a seasonal industry? 1
Q10 State two positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area. 1
Q11 How does Technology loosen the shackles of environment on human beings? Explain 3
with examples.
Q12 What is sex ratio? Why is the sex ratio unfavourable to some countries of the world? 3
Explain any four reasons.
Q13 How is Human Development measured? How is it different from Poverty Index? 3
Q14 What is Subsistence agriculture? How is it different from Commercial agriculture? 3
Q15 Explain a Central Business District? 3
Q16 Give three points of differences between Retail and Wholesale Trading. 3

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Q17 Study the given map and answer the questions that follow: 3

a. Name the railway line shown in this map.

b. Name the railway terminals marked on the map as „A‟ and „B‟.
c. Name the ocean coasts which are being connected by this railway line.
Q18 Analyse the three important aspects of International Trade. 3
Q19 How have the sea routes played an important role in the development of Indian 3
trade?
Q20 “Population flow from Rural to Urban areas is caused by many factors like high 3
demand for labour in urban areas, low job opportunities in rural areas and
unbalanced pattern of development between rural and urban areas. In India,
population in cities is rapidly increasing. Due to low opportunities in smaller and
medium cities, the poor people generally bypass these small cities and directly come
to mega cities for their livelihood.” Why do you think these mega cities are more
valuable for rural people?
Q21 Write an account of world distribution of Iron and Steel industries. 5
Q22 Bring out the importance of Tele communications in the modern age. What is Digital 5
Divide?
Q23 Describe the Basis of international trade. 5
Q24 Describe types of Urban Settlements on the basis of size, services and functions. 5
Q25 Discuss the importance of Suez Canal giving its main features 5
Q26 I. On the given world map, identify the places marked as A, B, C and D with 2+3
the help of the key provided.
A. A major sea port
B. A major airport
C. Country with highest density of population in Asia
D. An area of extensive commercial grain farming

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II. On the given map of India, name and locate the following:
a. Mayurbhanj
b. A major sea port which has been developed after independence to cater
the needs of western and northwestern parts of India.
c. A state having highest female literacy rate

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Page no. 104 Class XII Geography

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GEOGRAPHY CURRICULUM CLASS 12 (2020-21)

INDIA : PEOPLE AND RESOURCES

Chapter1: Population: distribution, density, growth & composition No. of classes: 3

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary
Concepts
To understand the Population Students understand how Environmental Science is
importance of population distribution, to bring awareness about covered in this chapter
for a country. density, Optimum population which talks about resource
To know the definitions of growth and amongst the people of the conservation, planning and
density and growth of composition. country. judicious utilisation of
population. Phases of Students should feel the resources.
To realize the importance of population strong bond in the Unity in
population composition for growth diversity that we have in Political scenario of the
a country like India Regional India. country is discussed in the
To understand the concept variation in They should learn the chapter while talking
of working population and population importance of a balance that about the religious and
its importance for a nation‟s growth needs to be created between regional composition of
economy. Population the resources and the the country.
To understand the four composition population.
phases of population Population Students should participate Economy of the country is
growth in Indian history. doubling time in awareness campaigns to studied while discussing
To understand the Working let the people feel the need the resource allocation to
population composition on population of to bring development in the the growing population of
the basis of language, a country. rural areas rather than the country.
region, religion, gender and Occupational people migrating to the
urban rural population categories of urban areas that lead to the
distribution. population. demographic imbalance in
the country.

Methodology:

1. Map work
2. Discussion on application based questions from geographical concepts
3. Question and answer sessions
4. Class and home assignments
5. Unit test

Teaching Aids & Resources:

1. Text book
2. You tube videos

Assignment:
Besides the Textbook exercises and smart skills, assignments will be given to the students both as class work and
homework.

Topic: Chapter 2: Migration No. of Periods: 3

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Interdisciplinary Concepts
Values

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To know about the Indian To make students Environmental Science is covered in

Indian Diaspora Diaspora of sensitive about the this chapter which talks about resource
To understand about Indian issue of migration as conservation, planning and judicious
the different migration migration. what compels people utilisation of resources.
patterns of rural urban Streams of to leave their place of
areas. migration residence. History of population is studied in
To understand the Spatial To give a thought to detail while studying the Indian
reasons for male variation in the processes that diaspora of the poulation of India.
female migration in migration force people to
developed and Causes of migrate.
developing nations. migration To understand the
To know the causes Consequences consequences of
and consequences of of migration migration and what it
migration. Concept of can do to the existing
Remittances resources of a region if
population migrates
unchecked.

Methodology:
● General discussion and Question and answer sessions
● Class and home assignments
● Class Test
● Map work

Teaching Aids & Resources:

1. Text book and maps

Assignment: Questions from the Smart skills and Map work

Topic: Chapter 3: Human Development

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti values & skills Interdisciplinary
Concepts

To understand the Definition of To make students sensitive Environmental Science is

meaning of the term Development about the importance of the covered in this chapter
Human development Position of developmental activities which talks about resource
To know the India‟s HDI taking place in the country. conservation, planning
difference between To give a thought to the and judicious utilisation of
Indicators of
growth and processes that force people to resources.
Economic
development. live in poverty. History of population is
To understand the Attainment To understand the studied in detail while
reasons for varying Indicators of consequences of a low HDI studying the Indian
HDI all over the Healthy life and what it can do to the diaspora of the population
world. Indicators of existing resources of a region of India.
To know the Social if population of a country is
consequences of Empowerment subjected to poverty, poor
Low/High HDI all Population , health conditions and
over the world. Environment illiteracy.
Views of great and To let the students work hard

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philosophers on the Development. to grow up to become
issues related to sensitive, happy and
Human Development responsible citizens of our
Index country.

Methodology:
● General discussion and Question and answer sessions
● Class and home assignments
● Class Test
● Map work

Teaching Aids & Resources:

2. Text book and maps
3. Power point Presentations

Assignment: Questions from the Smart skills and Map work.

Topic: Chapter 4: Human Development

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary Concepts

To understand the Definition of To make students understand Environmental Science is

meaning of the term Settlement the kinds of rural-urban covered in this chapter
Human Settlement Types of Rural settlements in the country. which talks about
To know the and Urban To differentiate between the settlements coming up in
difference between rural and urban settlements of regions where resources
settlements
different types of our country. were available and
Evolution of
settlements. To understand the reasons conditions suitable for
To understand the towns in India. why certain towns evolved human beings to survive.
reasons for varying Classification and are still famous because History of population
settlement structures. of towns on the of the functions they settlement is studied in
To know the causes basis perform. detail while studying the
of evolution of population To let the students work hard evolution of settlements.
towns and cities in size. to grow up to become
India. Functional sensitive, happy and
How population size classification of responsible citizens of our
influences a towns. country.
settlement in India.

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Methodology:
● General discussion and Question and answer sessions
● Class and home assignments
● Class Test
● Map work

Teaching Aids & Resources:

 Text book and maps

Assignment: Questions from the Smart skills and Map work.

Topic: Chapter 5: Land Resources & Agriculture No. of periods: 6

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Interdisciplinary

Values Concepts

To understand that Types of Students are made to Environmental Science is

agriculture is very farming understand the covered in this chapter
important for India‟s Cropping climatic conditions which talks about soil
economy. pattern required to cultivate resource conservation,
Major crops certain crops. planning and judicious
To understand the types of Technological utilisation of soil resource.
farming in India and Problems faced
institutional by the Indian
To understand different reforms. farmers while
cropping seasons and crop
different crops with their cultivation.
temperature , rainfall areas
To make them understand
different institutional and
technological reforms

Methodology
● General discussion
● Question and answer sessions
● Giving table for types of crops and their conditions of growth
● Map skills
● Class and home assignments
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XR-hxyRmdhs crop type
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPGQ0CuVfjc green revolution

Assignment:
Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will be given to the
students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class.

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Topic: Chapter 6: Water Resources No. of periods: 6
Learning objectives content Sanskriti skills and Interdisciplinary
values Concepts
To understand the What is water scarcity Students should Environmental
distribution of water Reasons for water understand the Science is covered in
resources scarcity importance of water this chapter which
To understand the causes and Multipurpose projects Students should also talks about resource
problems of water scarcity Problems of large dams know the ways to conservation,
To understand the need for Rainwater harvesting conserve water. planning and
water conservation and Different ways to Students should also be judicious utilisation
management conserve water in involved in rain water of resources.
To understand multi -purpose different parts of India harvesting techniques.
projects –their uses and
problems associated.
To understand the need and
ways to conserve water

Methodology
● General discussion and Question and answer sessions
● Map skills
● Class and home assignments

Teaching Aids and resources

1. Text book and maps
2. Power point Presentation
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIaw5mCjHPI entire lesson
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Q6-fjNDtIA dams

Assignment Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will
be given to the students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the
class.

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Topic: Chapter 7: Minerals and Energy Resources No. of periods : 6
Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary
Concepts

To understand what are What is a mineral? Students should know the Minerals, their
minerals and why they are Mode of occurrence of importance of minerals in characteristics and
an indispensable part of minerals our lives. features are
our lives. Ferrous minerals discussed in
To understand the main Non ferrous minerals Students should also know Chemistry too.
types of formation in Non metallic minerals what all they can do at their
which minerals occur. Rock minerals level to conserve minerals Differences between
To know about the Conservation of and energy. metallic and non -
distribution, characteristics minerals metallic minerals
and India‟s position in Energy resources How can students spread and between ferrous
terms of production for Conventional sources awareness in society about and non -ferrous
various minerals. of energy energy conservation. minerals is also
To understand the Non Conventional discussed in
difference between sources of energy Chemistry.
conventional and non Conservation of
conventional energy energy resources
resources and learn about
their location.
To understand the need
and ways of conserving
minerals and energy
resources.

Methodology:
● General discussion and Question and answer sessions
● Map skills
● Class and home assignments
● Samples of minerals shown

Teaching Aids & Resources:

1. Text Books and Maps
2. Mineral samples
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a7p1NFn64s introduction
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMOpMka6PJI energy resources

Assignment: Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will
be given to the students both as classwork and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class.

Topic: Chapter 8: Manufacturing Industries No. of periods: 6

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary
Concepts

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To understand that Importance of Students should know the Students get to

economic strength of a manufacturing industrial strength of understand the
country is measured by Industrial location India. Economic condition of
manufacturing industries Classification of It is very important for our country.
To know about the factors industries them to understand the Industrial pollution and
affecting location of Industrial pollution processes of environmental
industries and environmental manufacturing in our degradation is a topic
To understand the degradation industries. done in Environmental
classification of industries Controls of Value addition is a vital sciences.
To understand how environmental step in the process of
industries are causing degradation manufacturing.
problems . To be able to locate major
Major industrial regions of industrial regions of India
India. on a map.

Methodology:
● General discussion
● Question and answer sessions
● Co-relating the lesson with geographical and environmental issues with emphasis on “YAMUNA
RIVER”
● Map skills
● Class and home assignments

Teaching Aids & Resources:

1. Powerpoint Presentation
2. worksheet
3. Smartskills
4. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/pranavam-518855-industry-india/
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP3pbh_-pu8 pollution by industries

Assignment:
Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will be given to
the students both as classwork and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class.

Topic: Chapter 9: Planning & Sustainable development No. of Periods: 4

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary
Concepts
To understand the planning Importance of Students should know the Students get to
taking place in Indian context Indian Planning industrial strength of understand the
To know about the five year Resource allocation India. Economic condition of
planning in our country Target area It is very important for our country.
To understand the target area planning them to understand the Industrial pollution
approach in formulating Hill area processes of and environmental
developmental policies development manufacturing in our degradation is a topic
To understand how people‟s programme industries. done in

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initiative plays an important Drought prone area Value addition is a vital Environmental
role in developing a region program step in the process of sciences.
To gain knowledge about Case study- ITDP manufacturing.
resource allocation for Bharmaur region To be able to locate major
different regions of our Sustainable industrial regions of India
country depending on the development on a map.
topographical and climatic Case study- Indira
requirements. Gandhi Canal
Command Area

Methodology:
● Question and answer sessions
● Co-relating the lesson with geographical and environmental issues with emphasis on “YAMUNA
RIVER”
● Map skills
● Class and home assignments

Teaching Aids & Resources:

1. Power point Presentation
2. Worksheet and questions from the Smart skills

Assignment: Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will
be given to the students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the
class.

Topic: Chapter 10: Transport & Communication No. of Periods: 6

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Interdisciplinary Concepts
Values
To understand that Transport- Students are taught the The Economy of the country
dense and efficient Roadways, importance of means of is directly influenced by the
network of transport Railways transport and network of transport and
and communication is ,pipelines, communication in the communication which is also
important for local Waterways and economic life of a directly related to the
,national and global Airways country. physiography of the country.
development. Communication They are also made to
To gather knowledge International trade realise how difficult life
about different means Tourism as a trade was in the absence of
of transport and these means and
communication. networks.
To know about tourism
industry.

Methodology:
● General discussion
● Co-relating the chapter with daily life examples

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● Question and answer sessions

● Class and home assignment
● Map skills

Teaching Aids & Resources:

1. Text book
2. Maps
3. Smartskills
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8C7Jte0KhU border roads
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0Kz88AyOYw konkan railway
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuS8zP9kozE pawan hans helicopters

Assignment:
Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will be given to
the students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class. The best
map activity will be put up on display board.

Topic: Chapter 11: International Trade No. of Periods: 6

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary
Concepts
To understand that dense Transport- Students are taught the The Economy of
and efficient is important Roadways, importance of means of the country is
for local ,national and Railways , transport and communication directly influenced
global development. pipelines, in the economic life of a by the network of
Waterways and country. transport and
To gather knowledge about Airways They are also made to realise communication
different means of transport Communication how difficult life was in the which is also
and communication. International absence of these means and directly related to
trade networks. the physiography
To know about tourism Tourism as a of the country.
industry. trade

Methodology:
● General discussion
● Co-relating the chapter with daily life examples
● Question and answer sessions
● Class and home assignment
● Map skills

Teaching Aids & Resources:

1. Text book
2. Maps
3. Smart skills
4. You tube videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8C7Jte0KhU border roads
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0Kz88AyOYw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuS8zP9kozE

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SmartSkills Sanskriti School

Assignment:
Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will be given to
the students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class. The best
map activity will be put up on display board.

Topic: Chapter 12: Geographical Perspective on selected issues No. of Periods: 6

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary
Concepts
To understand that Water pollution Students are taught the The Social structure of
environment is an Air pollution importance of environment in the country is directly
important issue in the Noise pollution the economic life of a country. influenced by the
development of a Land They are also made to realise disturbance in the
nation. degradation how difficult life would be in ecological balance in
To find solution to the Urban waste the absence of clean water, air, our environment.
ever growing problem disposal land, etc.
of pollution in cities. Rural-Urban Role of students in sustainable
To gather knowledge migration development of society.
about the problem of Problem of
migration in big cities. slums

Methodology:
● General discussion
● Co-relating the chapter with daily life examples
● Question and answer sessions
● Class and home assignment
● Map skills

Teaching Aids & Resources:

1. Text book
2. Maps
3. Smartskills
4. You tube videos

Assignment:
Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will be given to
the students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class. The best
map activity will be put up on display board.

Page no. 114 Class XII Geography

SmartSkills Sanskriti School

GEOGRAPHY CURRICULUM CLASS12 (2017-18)

FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Topic: Chapter2: World Population: distribution, density& growth No. of Periods: 3

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Interdisciplinary
Values Concepts
To understand the Population Students understand how Environmental Science
importance of population distribution, to bring awareness about is covered in this
for a country. density, growth Optimum population chapter which talks
To know the definitions of and amongst the people of the about resource
density and growth of composition. country. conservation, planning
population. Phases of and judicious utilisation
To realize the importance of population Students should feel the of resources.
population composition for growth strong bond in the Unity in
a country like India Regional diversity that we have in Political scenario of the
To understand the concept variation in India. country is discussed in
of working population and population the chapter while
its importance for a nation‟s growth They should learn the talking about the
economy. Population importance of a balance religious and regional
To understand the four composition that needs to be created composition of the
phases of population Population between the resources and country.
growth in Indian history. doubling time the population.
To understand the Working Economy of the country
population composition on population of a Students should is studied while
the basis of language, country. participate in awareness discussing the resource
region, religion, gender and Occupational campaigns to let the allocation to the
urban rural population categories of people feel the need to growing population of
distribution. population. bring development in the the country.
rural areas rather than
people migrating to the
urban areas that lead to the
demographic imbalance in
the country.

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SmartSkills Sanskriti School
Topic: Chapter 3: Population Composition No. of Periods: 3
Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary Concepts

To know about the World Sex To make students sensitive Environmental Science is
Sex composition of a Composition about the issue of migration covered in this chapter
nation Natural as what compels people to which talks about resource
To understand about advantage v/s leave their place of conservation, planning and
the different social residence. judicious utilisation of
migration patterns of disadvantage resources.
rural urban areas. To give a thought to the
To understand the Age processes that force people History of population is
reasons for male Composition to migrate. studied in detail while
female migration in Age Sex studying the Indian diaspora
developed and Pyramid To understand the of the population of India.
developing nations. Rural Urban consequences of migration
To know the causes composition and what it can do to the
and consequences of existing resources of a region
migration. Literacy rate if population migrates
Occupational unchecked.
structure

Methodology:
● General discussion and Question and answer sessions
● Class and home assignments
● Class Test
● Map work

Teaching Aids & Resources:

 Text book and maps
 Power point Presentations

Assignment: Questions from the Smart skills and Map work

Page no. 116 Class XII Geography

SmartSkills Sanskriti School
Topic: Chapter 4: Human Development

Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary Concepts

To understand the Definition of To make students understand Environmental Science is

meaning of the term Settlement the kinds of rural-urban covered in this chapter
Human Settlement Types of Rural settlements in the country. which talks about
To know the difference and Urban To differentiate between the settlements coming up in
between different types rural and urban settlements of regions where resources
settlements
of settlements. our country. were available and
Evolution of
To understand the To understand the reasons conditions suitable for
reasons for varying towns in India. why certain towns evolved human beings to survive.
settlement structures. Classification and are still famous because History of population
To know the causes of of towns on the of the functions they settlement is studied in
evolution of towns and basis perform. detail while studying the
cities in India. population To let the students work hard evolution of settlements.
How population size size. to grow up to become
influences a settlement Functional sensitive, happy and
in India. classification of responsible citizens of our
towns. country.

Methodology:
● General discussion and Question and answer sessions
● Class and home assignments
● Class Test
● Map work

Teaching Aids & Resources:

 Text book and maps
 Power point Presentations

Assignment: Questions from the Smart skills and Map work.

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SmartSkills Sanskriti School
Topic: Chapter 5: Primary Activities No. of Periods: 6
Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary
Concepts

To understand that Types of farming Students are made to Environmental Science is

agriculture is very Cropping understand the climatic covered in this chapter
important for India‟s pattern conditions required to which talks about soil
economy. Major crops cultivate certain crops. resource conservation,
To understand the types Technological planning and judicious
of farming in India and institutional Problems faced by the utilisation of soil resource.
To understand different reforms Indian farmers while crop
cropping seasons and Hunting and cultivation.
different crops with their Gathering
temperature , rainfall Pastoralism
areas Agriculture
To make them understand Plantations
different institutional and Dairy Farming
technological reforms Mining

Methodology
● General discussion
● Question and answer sessions
● Giving table for types of crops and their conditions of growth
● Map skills
● Class and home assignments
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XR-hxyRmdhs crop type
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPGQ0CuVfjc green revolution

Assignment:
Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will be given to
the students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class.

Page no. 118 Class XII Geography

SmartSkills Sanskriti School
Topic: Chapter 6 : Secondary Activities No. of Periods: 6
Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary
Concepts
To understand that Importance of Students should know the Students get to
economic strength of a manufacturing industrial strength of India. understand the
country is measured by Industrial location It is very important for them Economic condition of
manufacturing Classification of to understand the processes our country.
industries industries of manufacturing in our Industrial pollution and
To know about the Industrial pollution industries. environmental
factors affecting location and environmental Value addition is a vital step degradation is a topic
of industries degradation in the process of done in Environmental
To understand the Controls of manufacturing. sciences.
classification of environmental To be able to locate major
industries degradation industrial regions of India on
To understand how a map.
industries are causing
problems .
Major industrial regions
of India.

Methodology:
● General discussion
● Question and answer sessions
● Co-relating the lesson with geographical and environmental issues with emphasis on “YAMUNA
RIVER”
● Map skills
● Class and home assignments

Teaching Aids & Resources:

6. Power point Presentation
7. worksheet
8. Smart skills
9. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/pranavam-518855-industry-india/
10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP3pbh_-pu8 pollution by industries

Assignment:
Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will be given to
the students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class.

Page no. 119 Class XII Geography

SmartSkills Sanskriti School
Topic: Chapter 7: Tertiary & Quaternary Activities No. of Periods: 6
Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary
Concepts
To understand the tertiary Importance of Tertiary Students should know the Students get to
sector in an economy sector industrial strength of India. understand the
To know about the five year Resource allocation It is very important for Economic condition
planning in our country Types of tertiary them to understand the of our country.
To understand the target activities processes of manufacturing Industrial pollution
area approach in Trade & Commerce in our industries. and environmental
formulating developmental Retail & Whole sale Value addition is a vital degradation is a
policies Trading step in the process of topic done in
To understand how Transport manufacturing. Environmental
people‟s initiative plays an Communication To be able to locate major sciences.
important role in Services industrial regions of India
developing a region Tourism on a map.
To gain knowledge about Quinary Activities
resource allocation for Digital Divide
different regions of our
country depending on the
topographical and climatic
requirements.

Methodology:
● General discussion
● Question and answer sessions , Map skills
● Co-relating the lesson with environmental issues with emphasis on “YAMUNA RIVER”
● Class and home assignments

Teaching Aids & Resources:

3. Power point Presentation
4. Worksheet and questions from the Smart skills
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/pranavam-518855-industry-india/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP3pbh_-pu8

Assignment: Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will be
given to the students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class.

Page no. 120 Class XII Geography

SmartSkills Sanskriti School
Topic: Chapter 8: Transport & Communication No. of Periods: 6
Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary
Concepts
To understand that Transport- Students are taught the The Economy of the
dense and efficient Roadways, importance of means of country is directly
network of transport Railways transport and influenced by the network
and communication is ,pipelines, communication in the of transport and
important for local Waterways and economic life of a country. communication which is
,national and global Airways They are also made to realise also directly related to the
development. Communication how difficult life was in the physiography of the
To gather knowledge International trade absence of these means and country.
about different means Tourism as a trade networks.
of transport and
communication.
To know about tourism
industry.

Methodology:
● General discussion
● Co-relating the chapter with daily life examples
● Question and answer sessions
● Class and home assignment
● Map skills

Teaching Aids & Resources:

1. Text book
2. Maps
3. Smartskills
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8C7Jte0KhU border roads
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0Kz88AyOYw konkan railway
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuS8zP9kozE pawan hans helicopters

Assignment:
Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will be given to
the students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class. The best
map activity will be put up on display board.

Page no. 121 Class XII Geography

SmartSkills Sanskriti School
Topic: Chapter 9: International Trade No. of Periods: 6
Learning Objectives Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary Concepts

To understand that Transport- Students are taught the The Economy of the
dense and efficient Roadways, importance of means of country is directly
means of transport Railways transport and communication influenced by the network
and communication ,pipelines, in the economic life of a of transport and
is important for local Waterways and country. communication which is
,national and global Airways They are also made to realise also directly related to the
development. Communication how difficult life was in the physiography of the
To gather knowledge International absence of these means and country.
about different means trade networks.
of transport and Tourism as a
communication. trade
To know about
tourism industry.

Methodology:
● General discussion
● Co-relating the chapter with daily life examples
● Question and answer sessions
● Class and home assignment
● Map skills

Teaching Aids & Resources:

 Text book
 Maps
 Smart skills
 You tube videos

Assignment:
Besides the Textbook and workbook exercises, smart skills assignments and worksheets will be given to
the students both as class work and Homework which will eventually be discussed in the class. The best
map activity will be put up on display board.

Page no. 122 Class XII Geography

SmartSkills Sanskriti School
Topic: Chapter 10: Human Settlements

Learning Content Sanskriti Skills & Values Interdisciplinary

Objective Concepts
To understand Population distribution, Students understand how to Environmental Science is
the importance density, growth and bring awareness about covered in this chapter which
of population for composition. Optimum population talks about resource
a country. Phases of population amongst the people of the conservation, planning and
To know the growth country. judicious utilisation of
definitions of Regional variation in Students should feel the resources.
density and population growth strong bond in the Unity in Political scenario of the
growth of Population composition diversity that we have in country is discussed in the
population. Population doubling India. chapter while talking about
To realize the time They should learn the the religious and regional
importance of Working population of importance of a balance that composition of the country.
population a country. needs to be created between Economy of the country is
composition for Occupational categories the resources and the studied while discussing the
a country like of population. population. resource allocation to the
India Students should participate growing population of the
To understand To understand the in awareness campaigns to country.
the concept of population composition let the people feel the need
working on the basis of to bring development in the
population and language, region, rural areas rather than
its importance religion, gender and people migrating to the
for a nation‟s urban rural population urban areas that lead to the
economy. distribution. demographic imbalance in
To understand the country.
the four phases
of population
growth in Indian
history.

Methodology:
● General discussion and Question and answer sessions
● Class and home assignments
● Class Test
● Map work

Teaching Aids & Resources:

 Text book and maps
 Power point Presentations

Assignment: Questions from the Smart skills and Map work.

Page no. 123 Class XII Geography