Q.
A correlation between two variables in which the effects of other variables are held constant is
known as a partial correlation. It is the statistically precise way of calculating what the relationship
between two variables would have been if one could take away the influence of one (or more)
additional variables This approach is particularly useful when experimental techniques, such as
matching samples for various characteristics (e.g., intelligence, socio-economic status, age). Instead
of having to select and pair-matched samples, partial correlation allows researchers to use the entire
dataset, retaining all available information and reducing potential biases that may arise from
excluding certain data points.
Q.2
Linear Relationship: There must be a linear relationship between the two variables. The assumption
is that the data points form a straight line when plotted, indicating that the correlation coefficient
will capture this linear association.
Interval or Ratio Scale: The variables being correlated should be measured on either an interval scale
or a ratio scale. These scales allow for meaningful interpretations of differences between values.
Normality: The variables should be normally distributed. This is particularly important for smaller
sample sizes. Normal distribution ensures that the results of the correlation are representative of the
population.
No Outliers: Outliers can have a large impact on the correlation coefficient. It's important to check
for and remove any extreme data points that could skew the results.
Homogeneity of Variance: Also known as homoscedasticity, this assumption requires that the
variance in the data remains constant across the range of variables.
Q.3 A
the strongest correlation is 0.689
Family relationships refer to the quality of relationships an individual has with their immediate
family members. This includes emotional closeness, support, communication, and overall satisfaction
with familial interactions.
Other social relationships refer to the quality of the individual’s relationships outside the family. This
can include friendships, professional relationships, and broader community or social interactions.
This means that people who have strong, positive relationships within their family are likely to also
have strong, positive social relationships outside the family. Similarly, those with weaker family
relationships may also have weaker relationships in their social life (other than family members)
Therefore, The strongest correlation, 0.689, exists between "family relationships" and "other social
relationships."
Q.3 B
the weakest correlation is -.010
Other social relationships refers to the quality and extent of an individual's relationships outside their
family, such as friendships, professional networks, and community involvement.
Had crying spells refers to the frequency or intensity of episodes where the individual experienced
sudden, intense emotional distress that led to crying.
A correlation of -.010 means there is almost no relationship between these two variables. changes in
one variable are not associated with any meaningful changes in the other. Whether someone has
strong or weak social relationships outside their family, it does not seem to affect how often or
intensely they experience crying spells.
Therefore, .010 between "other social relationships" and "had crying spells" is the weakest
