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1
Operating system
and data, that runs on
An operating system (0S) is software, consisting of programs common services for
Computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides
execution of various application software.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system
acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the
the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently call
OS or be interrupted by it.
Operating Systeims are resource managers. The main resource is computer hardware in the
data.
formof processors, storage, input/output devices, communication devices, and
Some of the operating system functions are:
1. Implementing the user interface
2. Sharing hardware among users
3. Allowing users to share data among themselves
4. Preventing users from interfering with one another
5. Scheduling resources ainong users
6. Facilitating input/output operations
7. Recovering from errors
8. Accounting for resource usage
9. Facilitating parallel operations
10. Organizing data for secure and rapid access
11. Handling network communication.
Objectives of Operating Systems:
Modern Operating systems generally have following three major goals. Operating systems
generally accomplish these goals by running processes in low privilege and providing service
calls that invoke the operating system kernel in high-privilege state.
To hide details of hardware by creating abstraction
An abstraction is software that hides lower level details and provides a set of higher
level functions. An operating system transforms the physical world of devices,
instructions, memory, and time into virtual world that is the result of abstractions built
by the operating system.
Toallocate resources to processes (Manage resources)
Anoperating system controls how processes (the active agents) may access
resources (passive entities).
Provide a pleasant and effective user interface
The user interacts with the operating systems through the user interface and usually
interested in the "look and feel" of the operating system. The most important
componentsof the user interface are the command interpreter, the file system,on-line
help, and application integration. The recent trend has been toward increasingly
integrated graphical user interfaces that encompass the activities of multiple processes
on networks of computers.
2
One can view Operating Systems from two points of views: Resource manager and
Extended machines. Form Resource manager point of view Operating Systems manage the
different parts of the system efficiently and from extended machines point of view Operating
Systems provide a virtual machine to users that is moreconvenient to use.
The structurally Operating Systems can be design as a Monolithicsystem, a hierarchy of
Layers, Microkernel, a Virtual machine system, an Exokernel, or using the client-server
model. The basic concepts of Operating Systems are processes, memory management, I/O
management, the file systems, and security.
Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer-from cellular
phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
Examples of popular modern operating systems are: BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft
Windows and UNIX .
Common features:
Process management
Interrupts
Memory management
File system
Device drivers
Networking (TCP/IP, UDP)
Security (Process/Memory protection)
I/O
Computer system: Acomputer system can be divided into four components
Computer Hardware:
Provides basiccomputing resources.
CPU, memory, I/Odevices
Operating systems
Operating system:
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users.
System & Application programs:
Define the ways in which the system resources are used Applcatio n
to solve the computing problems of the users.
Word processors, text editor, compilers,
Assembler, Web browsers, Database
systems, Video games OPSrating System
Users:
People, machines, other computers ardware
3
Computer system operation:
A general-purpose computer system consists of one or more CPUs and a
number of device
controllers connect through a common bus providing access to shared memory.
The CPUand the device controllerscan execute concurently, competing tor memory
cycies.
printer monitor
mouse keyboard
disks on-line
disk graphics
USBcontroller
CPU controller adapter
memory
Bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot
known as firmware
1. Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally
to device controllers to
2. Initializes all aspects of system, from CPU registers
memory contents
3. Loads operating system kernel and starts execution
I/Odevices and the CPU can execute concurrently.
£ach device controller is in charge of a particular device type.
Each device controller has a local buffer.
CPUmoves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers.
I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller.
interrupi.
Device controller informs CPUthat it has finished its operation by causing an
Common Functions of Interrupts:
1. Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt
vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines.
instruction.
2. Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted
to prevent a
3. Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interrupt is being processed
lost interrupt.
a user request.
4. A trap is asoftware-generated interrupt caused either by an error or
5. Anoperating system is interrupt driven.
