INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT

New Delhi Municipal Council

Palika Kendra Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001
Distribution of Electric Power

REPORT

Submitted by

RIHAN

2221091057

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the diploma in

ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING

CHHOTU RAM RURAL INSITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KANJHAWALA, GHEVRA, DELHI - 110081

JULY ,2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to
the management of “CRRIT” for giving me the opportunity to undergo onsite
training. I wish to express my sincere and grateful thanks to the people who
helped and extended their support in this endeavour.
I would like to thank Mrs. Shivani Balyan, HOD (Electrical), for their valuable
suggestions and guidance throughout my training period.
I would also like to thank Mr. Vikas Panwar (Teacher) for their diligent
guidance regarding operation and maintenance activities of equipment’s installed
in the substation.

Mrs. Shivani Balyan (HOD)

Electrical Engineering
CRRIT, Kanjhawala
New Delhi Municipal Council is the municipal council of the city of New Delhi, Delhi, India.
It covers an area of 42.7 km2 under its administration, which is commonly referred as Lutyens'
Delhi.
The only owner is Government of India and about 80% of buildings in New Delhi are owned
by the New Delhi Municipal council area. It is governed by a council headed by a chairperson,
who is usually a career civil servant and holds the rank of Joint Secretary to Government of
India appointed by Government of India. The council also includes the Chief Minister of Delhi
as an Ex officio member.
It is one of three local bodies in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, the others being
Municipal Corporation of Delhi and Delhi Cantonment Board.
NDMC has its origins in the Imperial Delhi Committee which was constituted on 25 March
1913 to overlook the construction of the new capital of India. Thereafter in February 1916 the
Chief Commissioner, Delhi, created the Raisina Municipal Committee, which was upgraded
to a 2nd class Municipality under the Punjab Municipal Act on 7 April 1925. Then on 22
February 1927, the
Committee passed a resolution adopting the name "New Delhi" giving it the name, "New
Delhi Municipal Committee", approved by Chief Commissioner on 16 March 1927. In May
1994, the NDMC Act 1994, replaced the Punjab Municipal Act 1911, and the Committee was
renamed as the New Delhi Municipal Council.
NDMC's headquarters building, known as Palika Kendra, was built in 1984, and was the tallest
building in the city at that time.
Delhi has 5 DISCOMS-NDMC, BRPPL, BYPL, TATA and MES. DTL is the TRANSCO
from which these companies purchase electricity. DERC (Delhi electrical regulatory
committee) manages all of them.
 ABSTRACT

This report presents the experience and skills gained during my 1 month of
industrial training undertaken at “NDMC’’ in the field of Electrical
Engineering. During the period, I acquired practical knowledge and skills. The
training spanned duration, 1month and provided hands-on experience in various
aspects of electrical systems, including power generation, distribution, and
control systems. The primary objective of the training was to bridge the gap
between theoretical knowledge and practical application by working on real-
time projects and tasks within the electrical engineering domain. Key areas of
focus included the maintenance and troubleshooting of electrical circuits,
automation systems, and renewable energy integration. Additionally, the
training offered insights into industry standards, safety protocols, and advanced
technologies used in modern electrical engineering systems. By participating in
site visits, attending technical workshops, and engaging in practical problem-
solving, the training facilitated the development of technical skills and a deeper
understanding of industry practices. This experience significantly enhanced the
technical and professional competency required for future endeavours in the
field of electrical engineering
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. ELECTRICAL NETWORK 6
2. ELECTRICAL GRID 7
3. AUTOMATION IN POWER DISTRIBUTION 10
4. POWER TRANSFORMER TESTING 11
5. TRANSFORMER AND ITS PARTS 12
6. PROTECTION AND FAILURE OF TRANSFORMER 14
7. REALY USED FOR PROTECTION OF 15
TRANSFORMER
8. INSULATORS, O/H CONDUCTORS AND CABLES 18
9. CIRCUIT BREAKERS 22
10. CONCLUSION 28
ELECTRICAL NETWORK
 ELECTRICAL GRID

An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from supplier to

consumers. It consists of three main components:
1. Power stations that produce electricity from combustible fuel (coal, natural gas and biomass)
or non-combustible fuels (wind, solar, nuclear, hydro power).
2. Transmission lines that carry electricity from power plant to demand centers.
3. Transformers that reduce voltage so distribution lines carry power to final delivery.
In the power industry, electrical grid is a term used for an electricity network which includes
the following three distinct operations:
1. Electricity generation
2. Electric power transmission
3. Electricity distribution

➢ Generation Stage:
Electrical generation is the process of generating electric energy from other form of energy.
Electrical power starts at the power plant, in almost all cases the power plant consists of a
spinning electrical generator. A generator is a machine that transforms mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Sometimes has to spin that generator; it might be a water wheel in a hydroelectric dam, a large
diesel engine or a gas turbine. But in most areas the thing spinning the generator is a steam
turbine.
The steam might be created by burning coal, oil, natural gas or the fission of nuclear fuel.
And some generating stations use renewable energy sources like sun and wind.
Sometimes, another stages of power generation is provided in transmission and distribution
stages (Embedded generation) to meet additional power requirements in some load areas.
➢ Transmission Stage:
Electrical power transmission is defined as the process of transferring electrical energy from
one point to another.
It is the bulk transfer of electrical energy; from generating power plants to substations located
near population centres’.
The 3-phase power leaves the generator and enters a transmission substation at the power
plant. This substation uses large transformers to convert the generator’s voltage (which is at
the thousands of volts level) up to extremely high voltages for long-distance transmission on
the transmission grid. Typical voltages for long distance transmission are in the 155,00 to
765,000-volt range in order to reduce line losses.
Transmission stage may include sub-station stages (secondary transmission) to supply
intermediate voltage levels. Sub-transmission stages are used to enable a more practical or
economic transition between transmission and distribution systems.
Transmission lines can be overhead or underground.
• Overhead Transmission:
Overhead power lines are used to transmit and distribute electrical power across long distances,
forming a power or national grid. Steel tower structures, pylons or wooden poles suspend
electricity-carrying conductors across a range of operating voltages.
High-voltage overhead transmission conductors are not covered by insulation. The conductor
material is nearly always an aluminium alloy, made into several strands and possibly reinforced
with steel strands. Conductors’ sizes ranges from 12 mm2 to 750 mm2 (1,590,000 circular
miles area), with varying resistance and current-carrying capacity.
Since overhead transmission wires depend on the air for insulation, design of these lines
requires minimum clearances to be observed to maintain safety. Adverse weather conditions
of high wind and low temperature can lead to power outages. High wind speeds can result in
a flashover and loss of supply
• Underground Transmission:
Electric power can also be transmitted by undergrounded power cables instead of overhead
power lines. Underground cables take up less right-of-way than overhead lines, have lower
visibility, and are less affected by bad weather. However, cost of insulated cable and excavation
are much higher than overhead construction. Faults in buried transmission lines take longer to
locate and repair. Underground lines are limited by their thermal capacity, which permits fewer
overloads or re-rating than overhead lines. Long underground cables have significant
capacitance, which may reduce their ability to provide useful power to loads.

➢ Distribution Stage:
Electricity distribution is the final stage in the final stage in the delivery of electricity to end
users. A distribution system’s network carries electricity from the transmission system and
delivers it to consumers.
For power to be useful in a home or business it comes off the transmission grid and is stepped
down to the distribution grid in a power distribution substation, and this may happen in several
phases as follows:
• Primary distribution system (HV distribution)-
It is that portion of network between the sub-transmission substation and secondary distribution
system. The primary system consists of step- down transformer and sometimes embedded
generation can be used at voltage levels which range from 33 kV to 6.6 kV.
• Secondary distribution system (LV distribution)-
It is that portion of the network between the primary feeders and utilization equipment. The
secondary system consists of step-down transformers and secondary circuit at utilization
voltage levels which range from 480 V to 120 V.
 AUTOMATION IN POWER DISTRIBUTION

The demand for electrical energy is ever increasing. Today over 21 % (theft apart!!) of the total
electrical energy generated in India is lost in transmission (4-6%) and distribution (15- 18%).
The electrical power deficit in the country is currently about 18%.
Clearly, reduction in distribution losses to a 6-8% level in India with the help of newer
technological options (including information technology) in the electrical power distribution
sector which will enable better monitoring and control.

How does Power reach us?

Electrical power is normally generated at 11-25 kV in a power station. To transmit over long
distances, it is then stepped-up to 400 kV, 220 kV or 132 kV as necessary. Power is carried
through a transmission network of high voltage lines. Usually, these lines run into hundreds
o9f kilometres and deliver the power into a common power pool called grid. The grid is
connected to load centre’s (cities) through a sub-transmission network of normally 33kV (or
66 kV) substation, where the voltage is stepped-down to 11 kV and lower.
The power network, which generally concerns the common man, is the distribution network of
11 kV lines or feeders downstream of the 33 kV substation. Each 11 kV feeder which emanates
from the 33 kV substation branches further into several subsidiary 11 kV feeders to carry power
close to the load points (localities, industrial areas, villages etc.).
At these load points, a transformer further reduces the voltage from 11 kV to 415 V to
provide the last mile connection through 415V feeders (also called as Low Tension (LT)
feeders) to individual customers, either at 240 V (as single-phase supply) or at 415 V (as
three-phase supply).
A feeder could be either an overhead line or an underground cable. In urban areas, owing to the
density of customers, the length of an 11 kV feeder is generally up to 3 km. On the other hand,
in rural areas, the feeder length is much larger (up to 20 km). A 415 V feeder should normally
be restricted to about 0.5-1.0 km. Unduly long feeders lead to low voltage at the consumer end.
 POWER TRANSFORMER TESTING
Different type Of Testing done on field are:
• IR Value Test-
Transformer testing by IR tester (Megger), Resistances tested:

• HV to LV
• HV to earth
• LV to earth
• R-r
• Y-y
• B-b
• R-earth
• Y-earth
• B-earth
• r-earth
• y-earth
• b-earth

Megger is used for IR value testing. It has 3 terminals- LIVE, EARTH and GUARD. To avoid
any stray effects, all the windings of secondary is shorted and put into guard when primary
winding to earth IR value is measured.

Insulation resistance testing:

1. Megger value/IR value tested:
2. Polarity index (PI)
PI value= Megger value for 10 minutes/Megger value for 1 minute
PI value for power transformer is greater than or equal to 1.1.
3. Magnetic Balance & Magnetisation Test (Open Ckt Test)
4. Winding Resistance Test
5. Short Ckt Test
 TRANSFORMER AND ITS PARTS

1. Transformer Tank-This hold the transformer windings and its insulating medium (oil
filled). Transformer tanks must be air-tightly sealed for it to isolate its content from any
atmospheric contaminants.
2. High Voltage Bushing-This is the terminals where the primary windings of the
transformer terminate and serves as an insulator from the transformer tank. Its creepage
distance is dependent on the voltage rating of the transformer.
3. Low Voltage Bushing-Like the high voltage bushing, this is the terminals where the
secondary windings of the transformer terminate and serves as an insulator from the
transformer tank. Low voltage bushing can be easily distinguished from its high voltage
counterpart since low voltage bushings are usually smaller in size compared to the high
voltage bushing.
4. Cooling Fins/Radiators-in order for the transformer to dissipate the heat it generated
in its oil-insulation, cooling fins and radiators are usually attached to the transformer tanks.
The capacity of the transformer is dependent to its temperature that is why it is imperative
for it to have a cooling mechanism for better performance and higher efficiency.
5. Cooling Fans-can be usually attached to the cooling fins. Cooling fans can be either
be a timer controlled or a winding/oil temperature controlled. Cooling fans helps raises the
transformer capacity during times when the temperature of the transformer rises due to
loading. Cooling fans used on the transformer are actuated by the help of a relaying device
which when senses a relatively high temperature enables the fan to automatically run.
6. Conservator Tank-A oil preservation system in which the oil in the main tank
isolated from the atmosphere, over the temperature range specified, by means of an auxiliary
tank partly filled with oil and connected to the completely filled main tank.
7. System Ground Terminal-system ground terminals in a power transformer are
usually present whenever the connection type of the transformer windings has wye in it. This
terminal can be found in-line with the main terminals of the transformer.
8. Drain valve- can be usually found in the bottom part of the transformer tank. Drain
valves are used whenever oil replacement is necessary. Through this valve, the replacement
of oil in an oil-filled transformer can be easily done simply by opening this valve like that
of a faucet.
9. Dehydrating Breather-are used to prevent the normal moisture in the air from
coming in contact with the oil in electrical equipment as the load or temperature changes.
This reduces the degeneration of the oil and helps maintain its insulation capability. When
used with conservator system with a rubber air cell it reduces moisture accumulation in the
cell. Some breathers are designed for sealed tank transformers and breathe only at pre-set
pressure levels.
10. Oil Temperature/Pressure gauges-these are used for monitoring the internal
characteristics of the transformer especially its winding. These gauges help the operator in
knowing the level of the temperature inside the transformer (oil & winding). This will also
serve as an alarm whenever a certain level is reached that could be harmful to the transformer
winding.
11. Bushing Current Transformer-modern transformer construction today now
includes current transformers. These are usually found around the transformer terminals
which will be later be used for metering and relaying purpose. Its terminals are found in the
control panels attached to the transformer.

12. Control Panel-this houses all of the transformer’s monitoring devices terminals and
auxiliary devices including the terminals of the bushing current transformers and cooling
fans. Control panels are very useful especially when a remote-control house is needed to be
constructed, this will serve as their connection point.
13. Surge Arresters- this type of arresters is placed right directly before and after the
transformer terminals in order to minimize the exposure of the transformer. Like any other
surge arresters, its purpose is to clip sudden voltage surge that can be damaging to the
winding of the transformer.
 PROTECTION & FAILURE OF TRANSFORMER

➢ PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS:
Different protective devices used for the protection of transformer are-
Oil Temperature Indicators.
Winding Temperature indicators.
Buchholz Relay.
Magnetic Oil level Gauge.
Explosion Vent.
LT ACB Main protection working properly.
HT fuse & D.O. fuse.
LT circuit breaker.
HT Circuit breaker with Over load, Earth Fault relay tripping.
Oil Surge Relay for OLTC.
Lightening Arrestor.
Breather.

➢ FAILURES & CAUSES:

Insufficient Oil level.
Seepage of water in oil.
Prolonged Over loading.
Single Phase loading.
Unbalanced loading.
Prolonged Short Circuit.
Faulty operation of tap changer switch.
 RELAYS USED FOR PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER

The electrical equipment and circuits in a substation must be protected in order to limit the
damages due to abnormal currents and over voltages. All equipment installed in a power
electrical system have standardized ratings for short-time withstand current and short duration
power frequency voltage. The role of the protections is to ensure that these withstand limits
can never be exceeded, therefore clearing the faults as fast as possible.

1) Primary Protection
Each line is associated with over current relay that protect the lines from faults. So, if a fault
happens on any line, it will be cleared by its relay and circuit breaker. This is called primary
or main protection and acts as a first line defender. The service record of primary relaying is
very high with well over 90% of all operations being correct.

• Differential Relay
Differential protective relaying is the most positive in selectivity and in action. It operates on
the principle of comparison between the phase angle and magnitudes of two or more-similar
electrical quantities. Comparing two electrical quantities in a circuit by means of differential
relays is simple in application and positive in action. A differential relay is defined as the relay
that operates when the phasor difference of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds
a predetermined amount.

• Restricted Earth Fault Relay

REF protection is fast and can isolate winding faults extremely quickly, thereby limiting
damage and consequent repair costs. If CTs are located on the transformer terminals only the
winding is protected. However, quite often the secondary CT is placed in the distribution
switchboard, thereby extending the protection zone to include the main cable.
Without REF, faults in the transformer star secondary winding need to be detected on the
primary of the transformer by the reflected current. As the magnitude of the currents remain
relatively large on the secondary (particularly if solidly earthed), nearly the entire winding can
be protected using REF.
2) Backup Protection
Back-up protection is very important for stable and reliable power system. As we know that, it
is not possible to design a 100% secure and efficient system because there are possibilities of
failure in the connected CTs, PTs, circuit breaker etc. in the system. If it happens, then it will
destroy our whole switching system. If the primary protection operation falls into trouble, then
secondary protection disconnects the faulty part from the system. Moreover, when we
disconnect primary protection for testing or maintenance purpose, then secondary or back-up
protection will act as primary protection.

• Overcurrent Relay
The overcurrent relay is defined as the relay, which operates only when the value of the current
is greater than the relay setting time. It protects the equipment of the power system from the
fault current. It is especially suitable when there is no power source on the lower voltage side,
because the overcurrent protection will operate only for faults in the transformer or on the low
voltage side. Inverse overcurrent relays are sometimes applied to the lower voltage side for
back up protection for the lower voltage lines rather than for the transformer.

• Distance Relay
It is the name given to the protection; whose action depends on the distance of the feeding point
to the fault. The time of operation of such protection is a function of the ratio of voltage and
current, i.e., impedance. This impedance between the relay and the fault depends on the
electrical distance between them. The principal type of distance relays is impedance relays,
reactance relays, and the reactance relays.

3) Mechanical Protection
Insulation deterioration of the electrical circuit or the iron core may cause vaporization of
insulation fluid. Since differential protection for transformer cannot detect such an event, the
following mechanical protection should be used.
• Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay in a transformer is an oil container housing the connecting pipe from the main
tank to the conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float.
The float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon
the oil level in the Buchholz relay Container.
One mercury switch is fixed on the float. The alignment of the mercury switch hence depends
upon the position of the float. The lower element consists of a baffle plate and a mercury switch.
This plate is fitted on a hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of Buchholz relay in a
transformer in such a way that when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the
alignment of the baffle plate along with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.
In addition to these main elements, a Buchholz relay has gas release pockets on top. The
electrical leads from both mercury switches are taken out through a molded terminal block

• Other examples of Mechanical Relay are:

1. Thermal
• OT trip (Oil Temperature Trip)
• WT trip (Winding Temperature Trip)

2. Float type
• OSR (Oil Surge Relay)
• PRV (Pressure Release Valve)
3. Sudden Pressure Relay
 INSULATORS, O/H CONDUCTORS & CABLES

Insulators:
The bare line conductors are connected to the transmission towers through the insulators.
Insulators act as insulating medium for flow of leakage current from conductor to ground
through tower structures. Some of the insulating materials are Porcelain, Glass and Steatite
materials. There are 5 types of insulators used in transmission lines as overhead insulation:
1. Suspension type: In suspension insulator numbers of insulators are connected in series to
form a string and the line conductor is carried by the bottom most insulator. Each insulator of
a suspension string is called disc insulator because of their disc like shape. Each suspension
disc has a voltage of 11 KV. These insulators are used above 33 KV transmission.

2. Shackle insulator: The shackle insulator (also known as a spool insulator) is usually used
in low voltage distribution network. It can be used in both the horizontal or vertical positions

3. Pin type insulator: Used up to 33 KV. At High voltage, post type insulators are used.
Conductor is fixed on the top of this insulator by binding.
4. Strained insulator: When suspension string is used to sustain extraordinary tensile load of
conductor it is referred as string insulator.
5. Egg/stay insulator: For low voltage lines, the stays are to be insulated from ground at a
height. The insulator used in the stay wire is called as the stay insulator and is usually of
porcelain and is so designed that in case of breakage of the insulator the guy-wire will not fall
to the ground.

Overhead Conductors:
A conductor is one of the most important components of overhead lines. Selecting a proper
type of conductor for overhead lines is as important as selecting economic conductor size and
economic transmission voltage. A good conductor should have the following properties:

• high electrical conductivity

• high tensile strength in order to withstand mechanical stresses
• relatively lower cost without compromising much of other properties
• lower weight per unit volume

➢ ACSR conductors: Aluminium core steel reinforced overhead conductors

Function of carbon steel is to increase the tensile strength. ACSR conductors are named after
animals based on its cross-section area.
Various types of ACSR conductors used:

• Grid: ZEBRA (420 sq. mm)

• LT Distribution: DOG (100 sq. mm)
• Transmission: GOAT (300 sq. mm)
Aluminium Clamps for Zebra ACSR conductors in 33KV yard:
1. T connected clamp-

2. Breaker clamp- This also has copper film on inner surface.

3. Isolator clamp

4. C.T. clamp- It has copper film on inner surface of the groove in which CT connection is
made, because CT connection is made of copper and thus, it is not directly made to come in
contact with aluminium of clamp.

5. PG clamp (Parallel groove clamp)-

6. C-wedge clamp: inner surface has graphite coated. Use similar to PG clamp, but is better in
case of fluctuating temperatures as when it is heated, both inner metal part and outer shell
expand equally and thus, the conductor doesn’t feel excess stress or becomes loose easily.

Cables:
Electric power can be transmitted or distributed either by overhead transmission systems or by
underground cables. Cables are mainly designed for a specific requirement. Power cables are
mainly used for power transmission and distribution purposes. It is an assembly of one or more
individually insulated electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. The
assembly is used for transmission and distribution of electrical power.
Electrical power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, buried in the
ground, and run overhead or exposed. Flexible power cables are used for portable devices,
mobile tools, and machinery.
These are designed and manufactured as per voltage, current to be carried, operating maximum
temperature and purpose of applications desired by the customer.
For mining, we give extra mechanical strength to cable with double armouring. For wind power
plant customers generally, require flexible and UV protected cable with the mechanical tough
sheath so we design as per their requirement. The underground cables have several advantages
such as less liable to damage through storms, lightning, low maintenance cost, a lower chance
of faults, a smaller voltage drop, and a better general appearance.

❖ Specification of cables:

• Size (in terms of cross-section area)

• Insulation (like PVC)
• Voltage Grading (Like 11 KV cable)
• Strand (E.g.- 20 strand cable)
• Core (like 4 core cable)
• Length (length of cable)
• Conductor material (aluminium or copper
 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

The circuit breaker is a switching device which also offers protection by tripping & cutting
off the supply to load in case of fault. Primarily the circuit breakers are used for switching of
different kinds of load in Industries, Buildings, Commercial Complexes, and Hotels, etc.
Many kind of abnormal conditions are there which exist in our electrical system that have the
potential to damage the circuit & its components. These conditions are defined as ‘FAULTS’.
Further, fault is categorized as mentioned below:

• Overload
• Short Circuit
• Earth
In order to keep our electrical components & system safe, it is mandatory to protect our system
against the above faults. This leads to the need of circuit breaker.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breakers mainly are categorized on the basis of application as per voltage:
1. LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit Breakers operating for the voltage up to 1KV are LV or Low Voltage Circuit Breakers
which are as follows:
• MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB)
MCCB or Molded Case Circuit Breaker is a kind of circuit breaker which is enclosed in the
moulding or housing of a moulded material & that is the reason it is known as Moulded Case
Circuit Breaker. It is generally used for the current ratings upto 1600A & fault level up to
150KA. It offers protection against overload & short circuits through bimetal & solenoid, these
days Microprocessor based MCCBs are being very popular due to the quick functioning of
their electronic type release.
• MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)

MCB or Miniature Circuit Breaker is a circuit breaker which is used for protection where
current ratings are lower. It can be used up to 125A circuits & like MCCBs it also offers
protection against overload & short circuit through bimetal & solenoid. These days Class 3
MCBs are very popular due to their ability of tripping quickly & also minimum loss of let
through energy.

• Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

ELCB stands for earth leakage circuit breaker. It is a type of circuit breaker that breaks its
circuit upon sensing of leakage current. Leakage current occurs due to insulation failure of the
wiring and it can flow through a person’s body and cause electrical shock. Thus, they are used
for protection against electrical shock. They do not offer protection against overloading or short
circuit. Therefore, they must be used in series with an MCB.
• Residual Current Breaker with Overcurrent (RCBO)
RCBO or Residual Current Breaker with overcurrent is a circuit breaker that is made from
the combination of RCCB and MCB. It offers both the functions of the RCCB and MCB i.e.
the protection against residual current or ground fault current and overcurrent.

2. High Voltage Circuit Breakers

OIL Circuit Breaker
The type of circuit breaker that uses oil as a dielectric or insulating medium to quench
the arc is called an Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB). It is one of the oldest types of high
voltage circuit breaker and it mainly uses the transformer oil. The oil used in such
circuit breakers has very good insulating properties far better than air
Based on the amount of oil being used in OCB (Oil Circuit Breaker), they are classified
into two types
 Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCB)
 Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB)

Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCB)

Such type of oil circuit breaker uses the insulating oil to quench the arc as well as insulate the
live contacts from the earthed parts of the CB. Such CB uses oil in bulk.

BOCB has an iron tank that holds the insulating oil inside. The contacts (fixed and moving)
are submerged inside the oil. Upon breaking the contacts, the arc generates heat and produces
gas. The pressurized gas displaces the oil inside the tank where air at the top of the tank is used
as a cushion.

Therefore, the tank should not be completely filled with oil. Also, the tank must be strong enough
to absorb the pressure released by the gas. There is also a gas vent for releasing the gas safely
outside.
Minimum Oil circuit Breaker (MOCB)
As we know the bulk oil circuit breaker uses a huge amount of oil to quench the arc which may
pose a threat for fire hazard. To reduce such risk, the MOCB uses far less oil than in BOCB. The
oil is only used for arc quenching and not to isolate the live parts from earthed parts.
MOCB has two chambers: the arc chamber and the supporting chamber. The arc chamber is
made from porcelain encased with bakelised paper. It is filled with insulating oil. This chamber
is used for quenching the arc. It contains fixed and moving contacts.
The supporting chamber is made from porcelain mounted on top of a metal chamber. This
chamber is used for isolating the arc chamber as well as support the arc chamber by mounting
it on top of it. this chamber is also filled with oil used only for insulation.
The moving contact moves upwards and downwards with the help of a fixed armed in the
supporting chamber. The moving contact has a fixed piston which is used for forcing the oil
upwards helping to quench the arc.

 Oil Less Circuit Breaker

• Such type of high voltage circuit breaker does not use oil as arc quenching medium. There
are different types of arc quenching mediums that can be used instead of oil. Following are
the type oil-less CBs using various arc quenching medium
• Air Circuit Breaker
• SF6 Circuit breaker
• Vacuum Circuit Breaker

• Air Circuit Breaker

• Air Circuit Breaker or ACB is a type of HV oil-less circuit breaker that uses air as its arc
extinguishing medium. It is used for short circuit and overcurrent protection up to 15KV and
800 to 10K Amps. It is preferable than oil circuit breaker due to the absence of inflammable
oil and the risk of fire hazards.

• SF6 Circuit breaker

Sulphur Hexafluoride or shortly known as SF6 is a non-flammable and insulating gas that
has very high electronegativity. It has a high tendency to absorb electrons.
The SF6 has far more superior insulating and arc quenching capabilities than air almost 100
times better.
The SF6 is very expensive and a greenhouse gas. SF6 itself is not toxic but its product gases
are toxic and Its emission is dangerous for the environment. Therefore, a close circuit gas
system is designed for such breaker where the SF6 gas is reutilized after each operation. The
system also monitors its pressure which is directly proportional to its dielectric strength.

• Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)

A Vacuum Circuit Breaker or VCB is a type of circuit breaker that uses the vacuum as the arc
quenching medium. The vacuum has very high dielectric strength and arc quenching
properties far more superior than any other medium. It can quickly recover its dielectric
strength. Due to its high dielectric strength, VCB requires a very small gap between its
contacts to prevent restriking. The pressure of the vacuum used in VCB is in the range of 10^-
7
to 10^-5 torr (1 torr = 1mm of Hg). It is suitable for switching medium-voltage ranging from
22kV to 66 kV.
 CONCLUSION

It was a wonder full experience in NDMC. I gained a lot of working experience.

I am very thankful for the facility. I hope this working experience help us in my
carrier. This internship period gives me a full confidential experience of industry
and we also know about what is the difference between practical and theoretical
life of sturdy we must know about management and people dealing experience
we increase our working skills and working confidence commands in practical
life. We also know about the importance of safety in a industrial life. I'm very
thankful to the management staff of university that give me opportunity to learn
and growth our technical and other skills and also thanks to the factory
managements because they were also cooperate with me and explain everything
clearly for batter understanding.