EUROPE
NORTH AMERICA ASIA
West indies
East indies
AFRICA
SOUTH AMERICA
EUROPEANS
IN
AUSTRALIA
INDIA
Why they came
ANTARCTICA
How they came
What they did
👩🌾
I want to do trade
with india 🧙 👩🌾 We want Indian
Spices and
Goods.
My
intentions are
🧙 EUROPE
Something else ITALY
GREECE
ASIA
INDIA
AFRICA SOUTH EAST ASIA
UNITED KINGDOM
EUROPE
ASIA
AFRICA
👩🌾
🧙
UNITED KINGDOM Option 3,
Land route,
Less used
EUROPE
RUSSIA
ITALY
TURKEY
ASIA
Option 1and 2,
most used, mix
Ocean and
EGYPT
👳
Land route
ARAB
INDIA
We will take
bene ts of this route by
putting more custom
duty SOUTH EAST ASIA
AFRICA
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Europeans - Now, we EUROPE
know the earth is
round, we know ship ASIA
making, we know how Old Options
to navigate TURKEY
ARAB
INDIA
new option
Sea route
AFRICA
⛵
CAPE
I’m
Oh! India Columbus
I’m coming From Spain
🧙 🧙
⛵
ITALY
Yes!
I found Asia
⛵
SPAIN
🧙⛵
Land locked
Sea Way to asia
UNITED KINGDOM
EUROPE
PORTUGAL
INDIA
AFRICA
Barthelomiu - diaz
Stucked in storm here and
⛵
he named it cape of storm.
And he went back
⛈
🌪
Today’s
cape
Town
UNITED KINGDOM
EUROPE
PORTUGAL 🤴
⛵
I’m vasco da
gama,
I’m going to nd India and
🧙 1 - Go vasco,
Find India.
We won’t tolerate
Arab any more
east world
⛵ Turkish INDIA
🧙
and Italian monopoly
nished Vasco da gama
Over import export Reached Calicut on
from india
⛵
western coast of India
In 1498
⛵ ⛵
⛵
AFRICA
⛵
🧙
No storm in cape
Oh!
it became the cape of
⛵
good hope
fi
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EUROPE
NORTH AMERICA ASIA
AFRICA
SOUTH AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA
WHAT IS PORTUGUESE ?
• Portugal was a small kingdom
( now a country) in Europe, its rule
ranges in India from 1505 to 1961.
• First Europeans to reached India
through sea route.
• Vasco Da Gama landed calicut in
1498
• Ruled sea route for 100 years
STARTING OF PORTUGUESE 1498-1504
Vasco reached Calicut in 1498
He entered the zamorin court with
imperial letter and got the right to
establish factories - but after
struggle...
He left after 3 months and with a
loaded ship and sold the goods on
60 times more pro t.
In 1502 ad he came back and
establish new factories at
Cannanore, Calicut and coachin
After some time Portuguese waged
war on Arab merchants and king
zamorin and defeated both of them. VASCO DA GAMA
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ESTABLISHMENT
Francisco de Almeida was
became rst Portuguese viceroy
of India in 1505.
To control the trade of Indian
Ocean he used the policy “blue
water policy”
• Alfonso de Albuquerque (real
founder)1509-1515, captured Goa from
Bijapur sultan in 1510 ad.
Started the practice of marrying with the
native Indian girls to became more
in uential and spread Catholicism.
Soon established control over Salsette,
Bombay and madras.
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RISE OF PORTUGUESE
With trade, they used force with their
armed ships by threatening land powers
Intervened in state con icts and took
bene ts.
They took concessions from Mughals by
threatening them and became
in uential in Mughal court.
They established control from
Persian gulf to Indonesia.
Seized Indian territories on
coasts to stop their European
rivals.
Ruled the trade route till 1595.
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DECLINE AND POLICIES
Clashed with mughals in 1631 and
driven out from Hugli.
English became powerful in Arabian Sea
and defeated Portuguese in 1612-1614.
Weak at home.
Corrupt government at home.
Intolerant to Indian religions and people.
By 1580 English and Dutch became
more powerful.
Portugal defeated by Spain in 1580 and
became dependent on Spain.
In 1588, English defeated Spain and the
dream of Spain and Portugal to establish
empire in India not ful lled.
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DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY
Belonging from holland (today’s
Netherlands )
In starting did their trade in
Europe only.
In 1602 dutch merchants formed a
company and got the permission
of govt. for trade in east.
Established rst factory at Masulipatam in 1605.
Soon established trading centres all over the India.
They traded in cotton, indigo, silk and opium from
India along with spices.
But, their main focus was Indonesia and its spice
islands.
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DECLINE OF DUTCH IN INDIA
Dutch company was not able to
compete with English company
English defeated them very badly
in battle of bidara 1759.
As the main focus of Dutch was
Indonesia and spice islands,
they left India in English hands (
not completely ) and
monopolised the trade over
Indonesia and spice islands.
ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
An English sailor Francis drake
defeated and plundered a Portuguese
ship in 1580, and collected the map of
sea route to India.
In 1588, courage of England was at
peak after defeating Spanish Armada.
Motivated by the success and pro t
How did English
founded the sea route
earning stories of Portuguese in India, a
to India ? group of merchants in england formed
the east India company in 1599.
This company got the royal charter in
1600 from queen elizabeth I for trade in
eastern world.
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ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
First English voyage to east commanded
by James Lancaster in 1601.
In 1608, captain hawkins reached
jehangir’s court to secure royal patronage.
He nally received the royal Farman and
established their rst factory at Surat in
1613.
By 1612-14 they defeated Portuguese and
mughals seen some hope in English to
counter Portuguese in water.
In 1615, British ambassador Thomas roe
reached Mughal court and got the imperial
Farman to open factories all over the
Mughal empire by threatening Mughals.
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ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
Challenge from
• In 1639, they were given the lease of home.
madras by a local Raja and authorised
them to fortify it. English made a small
fort here named as fort st. George.
After establishing their factories in west and
south India, they started focus on bengal.
They established their factory in hugli in 1651.
Company purchased zamindari of three
villages in 1698 and these villages soon
emerged as a city called Calcutta.
ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
English acquired the island of
Bombay from Portuguese in 1662 as
dowry and forti ed it, but soon
changed their headquarters to Surat.
• In 1686 they declared war on
Mughal emperor aurengzeb,
Aurengzeb defeated them very badly.
Company got heavy concessions on
trade in 1717 by farrukshiyar,
popularly known as Magna Carta of
company.
Rest will be covered in next lesson.
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THE FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY
French were the last Europeans to
arrive in India.
French eic was founded in 1664 by
Colbert, and it was a government
enterprise.
Established rst factory at Surat in
1668, then in Masulipatnam in 1669.
Most important settlement was at the
Pondicherry in 1673 and it became the
seat of the French governors in India.
From its inception to 1720 did not grow
well, but after 1720 it progressed because
of its reorganisation by new governors.
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FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY
Problems with the French eic.
Dependent on its govt. for help
and orders, means less
independent.
The government was corrupt and
ine cient.
Govt. was very short sighted.
A good time of French eic, with
the arrival of new Governor
General of Pondicherry, named
dupleix in 1746.
His aim was not just the trade
FRANCOIS DUPLEIX
monopoly, but to build an empire
in India.
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FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY
The main opponent of dupleix was
English east India company.
War was already began b/w French
and English in Europe for the
monopoly of America and specially
India.
On the other hand the Britishers became
very strong by this time due to wealth
earned and military expansions by them
in India.
So, a series of war started b/w French
and English for control over India.
ANGLO FRENCH STRUGGLE
In mid 18th century, political
ambitions of English emerged after
weakening of Mughal empire.
But still not in position to ght
mughals, in east the nawabs of
Bengal and in west marathas at
their peak.
Britishers found their chance in disturbed
south India.
But, in south French were also the
contenders to build an empire.
This lead to French and English rivalry for
20 years, 1744-1763.
This series of war known as carnatic wars.
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ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
It started with, the English
captured French ships.
In response dupleix, the French
Governor fought back and
occupied madras in 1746.
After it began the rst carnatic war
(1740-1748)
In response English played a game,
they appealed the nawab of Carnatic
to took back his territory from French,
and nawab dispatched 10,000 soldiers.
In this war, French army was less then
1000, but more modernise and they
defeated nawabs army.
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ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
Dupleix learnt the lesson and
organised more modern armies.
Second carnatic war (1749-1754)
Now, dupleix entered Inter-State
quarrels.
First - in carnatic, dupleix supported Chanda
saheb against nawab, for throne, in return got
control of 80 villages.
Second - in Hyderabad, dupleix supported
muja arjang against his father, for throne, in
return got lakhs of rupees, jagirs and
governorship of east coast.
By now, French were at peak power in south india
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ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
Jealous English, put their all power After 1763,
behind Muhammad Ali ( the son of British were single
nawab of Carnatic ) and defeated powerful Europeans remained
Chanda saheb and French forces. and set to conquer Indian
Dupleix tried hard to get back the kingdoms
fortunes, but not supported by home.
In decisive battle of wandiwash 1760, British
General Eyre Coote defeated French very
badly, after it French lost its hold almost
completely in India.
These wars ended with treaty of Paris 1763,
English restored some factories to French and
by then French lived under British protection .
Thanks for watching this course.
