Condensation

Sun

Cloud
Rain
Evaporation

Mountain

Precipitation
Heat

Tree

Water/River

Collection
Condensation to Precipitation:
Condensation happens in one of two ways: through saturation or cooling to the dew point. The water vapor cools and forms clouds,
through condensation. Over time, the clouds become heavy because those cooled water particles have turned into water droplets. When
the clouds become extremely heavy with water droplets, the water falls back to earth through precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc.).
Precipitation to Collection:
Precipitation occurs when water droplets in clouds combine and grow heavy enough to fall to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
Upon reaching the Earth's surface, the water either soaks into the ground or flows overland. Infiltrated water replenishes groundwater
reserves, while surface runoff travels to larger bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. This accumulation in bodies of water
constitutes the collection stage, readying the water for the next cycle of evaporation.
Collection to Evaporation:
This is the process where water from the surface of oceans, lakes, rivers, and even soil, turns into water vapor due to heat from the sun.
This vapor rises into the atmosphere. Evaporation is influenced by factors like temperature, surface area, and humidity.
Evaporation to Condensation:
As the water vapor ascends and cools, it condenses into tiny droplets around condensation nuclei, forming clouds. This cooling process
causes the vapor to lose energy and condense into tiny liquid droplets around particles called condensation nuclei. These droplets cluster
together to form clouds, which can eventually lead to precipitation.
 Sunlight
CO2 Cycle
Auto and Factory
Emissions

Cloud

Smoke
Photosynthesis Animal
Respiration
Plant

Organic Carbon Respiration

Factory

Decay Organism Root Respiration

Animal Tree

Dead Organism

Fossil and Fossil Fuels

-Carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants. In the atmosphere, carbon is attached to oxygen in a gas called carbon dioxide (CO2).
Through the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is pulled from the air to produce food made from carbon for plant growth.
-Carbon moves from plants to animals. Through food chains, the carbon that is in plants moves to the animals that eat them. Animals
that eat other animals get the carbon from their food too.
-Carbon moves from plants and animals to soils. When plants and animals die, their bodies, wood and leaves decays bringing the carbon
into the ground. Some is buried and will become fossil fuels in millions and millions of years.
-Carbon moves from living things to the atmosphere. Each time you exhale, you are releasing carbon dioxide gas (CO2) into the
atmosphere. Animals and plants need to get rid of carbon dioxide gas through a process called respiration.
-Carbon moves from fossil fuels to the atmosphere when fuels are burned. When humans burn fossil fuels to power factories, power
plants, cars and trucks, most of the carbon quickly enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas. Each year, five and a half billion tons
of carbon is released by burning fossil fuels. Of this massive amount, 3.3 billion tons stays in the atmosphere. Most of the remainder
becomes dissolved in seawater.
-Carbon moves from the atmosphere to the oceans. The oceans, and other bodies of water, absorb some carbon from the atmosphere.
The carbon is dissolved into the water.
 Lightning

N2 in the Atmosphere

Denitrification
Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen Fixation
Denitrifying Bacteria

Animal NO3
Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria Absorption of N2 in
Animals
Tree
Plant
Assimilation
Decomposers

NO+4

Nitrifying Bacteria
NH3
NO2
Nitrification
Nitrogen is required by many biomolecules, including DNA, protein, and chlorophyll. In the ecosystem, nitrogen undergoes numerous
transformations, moving from one form to a different one as organisms in the form of nitrogen cycle use it for development and, in some
circumstances, energy. Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen assimilation, and ammonification are the principal
nitrogen reactions. The transition of nitrogen into a multitude of oxidation states is critical to biosphere production and is heavily reliant
on the activities of a wide array of microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, and fungi.
Nitrogen Fixation:
Nitrogen gas (N₂) makes up about 78% of Earth’s atmosphere, but plants and animals can’t use nitrogen in its gaseous form. Nitrogen
fixation is the process that converts nitrogen gas into forms that living organisms can absorb and use.
This is done mainly by bacteria found in the soil or in the roots of certain plants (like legumes). These bacteria convert nitrogen gas into
ammonia (NH₃), which plants can absorb.
Nitrification:
The ammonia (NH₃) produced during nitrogen fixation is then converted into nitrites (NO₂⁻) and nitrates (NO₃⁻) by bacteria in the soil.
These nitrates are what plants use to make proteins and other essential compounds.
Assimilation:
Plants absorb the nitrates from the soil through their roots. They use these nitrogen compounds to make proteins and other compounds,
which are passed on to animals when they eat the plants.
Ammonification (Decomposition):
When plants, animals, and other organisms die, decomposers (like bacteria and fungi) break down their bodies. This process releases
nitrogen back into the soil in the form of ammonia.
Denitrification:
Some soil bacteria convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas (N₂), which is released into the atmosphere. This completes the nitrogen cycle,
allowing nitrogen to be reused.