FSPY0014 (Chemistry 1)

Chapter 6
Properties of
Matters (Part 3)
Subtopics in Chapter 6:
• Four States of Matter
• Changes of States of Matters and Phase Diagram
• Properties of Gas
• Properties of Liquids
• Properties of Solid
Properties of Solids
 Properties of Solid
• Particles in solid do not move but
they vibrate in a fixed position.
• Low kinetic energy of the particles
• The force of attraction between
particles is very strong.
• Has a fixed shape
• Solids can be divided into two
types:
• Crystalline solid
• Amorphous solid
 Crystalline Solid
• Crystalline solid is a solid where
the atoms, molecules or ions are
arranged in a regular pattern
(an ordered three-dimensional
arrangement).
• They exhibit anisotropic
properties (measurements of
mechanical/electrical properties
depend on direction)
• They have sharp (specific) melting
points.
 Types of Crystalline Solid
• Crystalline solid can be
divided into four types:
• Ionic crystalline
solid
• Molecular
crystalline solid
• Covalent crystalline
solid
• Metallic crystalline
solid
 Molecular Crystalline Solid
• Molecular solids are solids whose
composite units are molecules.

• Solid held together by intermolecular

attractive forces.

• Dispersion, dipole-dipole, or H-bonding.

• Generally low melting points and

ΔHfusion.
 Ionic Crystalline Solid
• Consist of positive and negative ions alternately arranged.
• Solid held together by electrostatic attractive forces
between cations and anions.
• Cations and anions arranged in a geometric pattern called a
crystal lattice to maximize attractions.
• Cannot conduct electricity but electrical conductivity
increases as it is in molten or aqueous states (due to the
mobility of the ions).
• Generally higher melting points and ΔHfusion than molecular
solids because ionic bonds are stronger than intermolecular
forces.
Ionic Crystalline Solid
 Covalent Crystalline Solid
• A network of covalently bonded
atoms forming a gigantic molecule.

• Have high melting points (high

ΔHfusion) and tend to be hard
(strong covalent bonds)

• They are non-electrical and

thermal conductors such as silicon
dioxide (SiO2) and diamond (C).
 Metallic Crystalline Solid
• Consist of positive metal ions
which are stick together by the
sea of delocalized electrons.
• Melting points and hardness
depend on the nuclear charge
and the number of valence
electrons.
• All metallic crystals are
electrical and thermal
conductors.
• Examples: Cu, Hg, Na
 Amorphous Solid
• Particles have no regular pattern of arrangement (consist of
intertwined chainlike particles/molecules)
• Melt over a range of temperatures
• For example, rubber, glass, and sulfur
 Unit Cells and Crystal Lattice
• A unit cell is the smallest basic unit of a crystal that can
be repeated in three dimensions throughout the crystal
lattice.
• A crystal lattice is the repeating pattern of particles in a
crystalline solid.
 Crystal Systems
• A crystal system is a method of classifying crystalline
substances on the basis of their unit cells.

• There are 7 crystal systems (with all points at the corners

only), which are cubic, orthorhombic, triclinic,
rhombohedral, tetragonal, monoclinic and hexagonal.

• A vast majority of substances are formed from the cubic

crystal system (the simplest crystal system of all)
 Crystal Systems
• Crystal systems:
 Crystal Lattice
• Crystal systems:
 Crystal Lattice
• Crystal systems:
 The Cubic System
• The cubic system is made up of three types of lattice
arrangements:
• Simple cubic lattice
• Body-centered cubic lattice (bcc)
• Face-centered cubic lattice (fcc)
 The Cubic System
• Simple cubic lattice (sometimes called primitive cubic
lattice) has a lattice point at each corner of the unit.
 The Cubic System
• Body-centered cubic lattice (bcc) has a lattice point at
each corner and an additional lattice point in the centre of
the unit cell.
 The Cubic System
• Face-centered cubic lattice (fcc) has a lattice point at
each corner and an additional atom at each of its six faces.
 Number of Units in a Unit Cell
The number of units (atoms, ions or molecules)
in a unit cell can be calculated by applying the 1
atom
8
following rules:
• A corner unit is shared by 8 unit cells = 1/8
unit per cell
• A face unit is shared by 2 unit cells = ½ units
per cell
• An edge unit (at the edge of the unit cell) is
shared by 4 unit cells = ¼ unit per cell
• A body unit (in the center of the unit cell) is 1
atom
unique to 1 unit cell = 1 unit per cell 2
 Number of Units in a Unit Cell
• The number of units (atoms, ions or molecules) in a unit cell
can be calculated by applying the following rules:
 Number of Units in a Unit Cell
Example
Calculate the number of atoms in:
• one face-centered cubic unit cell
• one body-centered cubic unit cell
 Atomic Radius and Density
• The radius of an atom can be
calculated from the crystal
structure of a substance using
data obtained from a method
known as X-ray diffraction
analysis.

• X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a

analytical technique to study
the crystal structure of a
substance.
 Atomic Radius and Density
Simple cubic lattice
r
• For similar atoms:
a
2r = a

where r = atomic radius

a = length of unit cell edge
r r
• For different atoms:
a
r(M+) + r(X-) = a
 Atomic Radius and Density
Body-centered cubic lattice
• The edge atoms do not touch but they
touch the body atom diagonally
• For similar atoms:

4r = a 3

• For different atoms:

2r(M+) + 2r(X-) = a 3
 Atomic Radius and Density
Face-centered cubic lattice
• The edge atoms do not touch but they
touch the face atoms
• For similar atoms:

4r = a 2 a

• For different atoms: r

a
2r
2r(M+) + 2r(X-) = a 2
r
 Unit Cells and Crystal Systems
Example
• Copper crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice and the
length of the edge of a unit cell is 361.5 pm. Calculate the
radius of the copper atom.
 Unit Cells and Crystal Systems
Example
• Al has a face-centered cubic unit cell. The radius of an Al
atom is 142.3 pm (1 pm = 10-10 cm). Calculate the density of
Al (Molar mass = 26.98).
 Crystal Structure of NaCl
• The unit cell of NaCl is cubic and this is reflected in the
shape of NaCl crystals.
• The unit cell can be drawn with either the Na+ ions at the
corners, or with the Cl- ions at the corners.

• If Na+ ions (small spheres) are

drawn at the corners, then Na+
ions are also present at each
face of the unit cell
 Crystal Structure of NaCl
• The unit cell of NaCl is cubic and this is reflected in the
shape of NaCl crystals.
• The unit cell can be drawn with either the Na+ ions at the
corners, or with the Cl- ions at the corners.

• If Cl- ions (large spheres) are

drawn at the corners, then Cl-
ions are also present at each
face of the unit cell
 Crystal Structure of NaCl
• Within the unit cell, there must be an equal number of Na+
and Cl- ions.
• For example:
Number of Na+ ions
= 12(1/4) + 1
= 4

Number of Cl- ions

= 8(1/8) + 6(1/2)
= 4
 Close Packing and Coordination No.
• A solid crystal is built up by placing
closed packed layers of spheres
• A coordination number is defined as the
number of spherical units (atoms,
molecule or ion) that surround a given
unit (aka nearest neighbors).
• Efficient packing of atoms in solids are
known as close-packing (packing with
maximum force of attraction)
• The hexagonal close packing (hcp) and
the cubic close packing (ccp) are the
most efficient packing in solids.
 Packing Efficiency
• Packing efficiency is defined as the percentage of cell
occupied by an atom.
• To calculate the packing efficiency, use this formula:

Volume of sphere
Packing efficiency = × 100%
Volume of cube

4 Volume of cube = a3
Volume of sphere = πr3
3
 Packing Efficiency
• Packing efficiency and coordination number:

Type of
packing

Packing
52% 68% 74%
efficiency
Coordination
6 8 12
number
 Packing Efficiency
Example
• Determine the packing efficiency (% of cell occupied by
atoms) for a simple cubic structure.
 • X-ray diffraction from crystals provides one of the most accurate ways of
determining Avogadro’s number. Silver crystallizes in a face-centered
P cubic lattice with all atoms at the lattice points. The length of an edge of
the unit cell was determined by X-ray diffraction to be 408.6 pm. The

R
density of silver is 10.50 g cm-3. Calculate the mass of a silver atom. Then,
using the known value of the atomic mass, calculate Avogadro’s number?

A • Copper metal has a face-centered cubic structure with all atoms at lattice
C points and a density of 8.93 g/cm3. Its atomic mass is 63.5 amu. Calculate
the edge length of the unit cell.
T
• Ni crystallizes with a face-centered cubic lattice. The edge length of a
I unit cell = 352 pm. Calculate the number of Ni atoms if the density of the
crystal is 8.94 g cm-3 (Molar mass: Ni = 58.7).
C
E • Platinum crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice with all atoms at the
lattice points. It has a density of 21.45 g cm-3 and an atomic mass of
195.08 amu. From these data, calculate the length of a unit-cell edge.
Compare this with the value of 392.4 pm obtained from X-ray diffraction.
 • Lead has a face-centered cubic lattice with all atoms at lattice points and
a unit-cell edge length of 495.0 pm. Its atomic mass is 207.2 amu. What is
P the density of lead?

R • Metallic barium has a body-centered cubic structure (all atoms at the

lattice points) and a density of 3.51 g/cm3. Assume barium atoms to be
A spheres. The spheres in a body-centered array occupy 68.0% of the total
space. Find the atomic radius of barium.
C
T • How many atoms are there in a body-centered cubic unit cell of an atomic
crystal in which all atoms are at lattice points?

I • Chromium forms cubic crystals whose unit cell has an edge length of 288.5
C pm. The density of the metal is 7.20 g/cm3. Use these data and the atomic
mass to calculate the number of atoms in a unit cell, assuming all atoms are
E at lattice points. What type of cubic lattice does chromium have?.