International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),
ISSN: 2455-6211, Volume 12, Issue 1, January-2024, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
"Advanced Control Strategies for Solar PV and Battery
in Microgrids"
Gital Rikame1, Sanika Lokhande2, Swati Sangamnere3, Priya Deshmukh4
1,2,3,4
Department of Electrical Engineering, RSM Polytechnic, Nashik
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ABSTRACT
The evolving concept of microgrids promises to revolutionize power grid functionality by enhancing its
intelligence. These microgrids function in two primary modes: connected to the main grid and operating
independently (island mode). Typically linked to the medium voltage network, they can isolate themselves by
schedule or necessity, requiring stable self-operation. Various control techniques ensure stable operation in these
modes. Traditional methods like V-f droop control set voltage and frequency references to regulate system
parameters. MPPT control optimizes power from solar panels and batteries, crucial components in voltage-
frequency and power management. Coordinated control between solar panels and batteries provides support in
islanded microgrids, while P-Q control manages power flow in grid-connected setups. Adaptive control
techniques eliminate fluctuations, ensuring consistent performance. These methods collectively enable
microgrids to operate efficiently and reliably in diverse conditions, catering to the evolving demands of modern
power systems.
Key Words: Microgrid, Powergrid, Grid Connected, Voltage Control, Frequency Control, Battery Storage, V-f
Droop Control, MPPT
INTRODUCTION
The smart grid is hailed as the next-gen power system, poised to significantly bolster the power grid's efficiency and
reliability. Beyond these advantages, it promises better cyber security, seamless integration of renewable energy
sources, facilitated demand response, and the incorporation of electric vehicles. Recent weather extremes and blackouts
highlight the urgency for a robust grid capable of swift recovery and restoration of essential services during disruptions.
Microgrids offer a solution by autonomously separating from the standard power distribution network during outages,
ensuring minimal disruption to loads—a concept known as islanding. Photovoltaic generators contribute clean and eco-
friendly energy, emitting no harmful gases into the environment. The power output from these generators hinges on
factors like panel size, capacity, temperature, and insolation.
Various distributed generation sources—Solar Photovoltaic (PV), Fuel Cells (FC), Wind Energy Conversion Systems
(WECS), and small turbines—operate within the power system. Controlling a PV microgrid differs from managing
other distributed generators, with distinct modes: standalone and grid-connected.
This paper focuses on Voltage-Frequency (V-F) control for standalone operation and Real-Reactive Power (P-Q)
control for grid-connected mode. Traditional droop control tackles voltage sag mitigation and oversees battery and
super capacitor control. These strategies aim to resolve microgrid challenges.
Microgrids are gaining traction as effective platforms for integrating Distributed Generation (DG) units into power
systems. Defined as independent low or medium voltage distribution networks, microgrids encompass diverse
components such as DG units, energy storage, power-electronic interfaces, controllable loads, and monitoring and
protection devices.
Various traditional methods exist for voltage and frequency control, along with strategies employing small-scale PV in
grid-connected mode to regulate system power. However, these methods often lack storage or comprehensive voltage
and frequency control.
Coordinated strategies integrating V-F and P-Q control of solar PV generators with MPPT and battery storage exhibit
promise. Their major advantage lies in coordinating various control methods like MPPT, battery control, and V-F/P-Q
control algorithms, alongside an adaptive control method to mitigate device fluctuations and deviations.
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International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),
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LITERATURE SURVEY
Sarina Adhikari and Fangxing Li suggested a method that involves coordinating and integrating control between solar
PV generators, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and battery storage. This approach aims to offer voltage and
frequency support to an islanded microgrid. For the grid-connected mode, they proposed controlling both active and
reactive power using solar PV, MPPT, and battery storage. Their control strategies demonstrate effective
synchronization among inverter V-f (or P-Q) control, MPPT control, and managing energy storage charging and
discharging. Additionally, the paper highlights the successful coordination among various micro resources, considering
fluctuations in irradiance and battery state of charge (SOC). This strategy facilitates a seamless transition from PV side
PQ control in grid-connected mode to V-f control in island mode, a crucial feature for modern microgrid controllers.
However, current methods require control parameters to adjust based on changes in PV, battery, and external grid
conditions [1].
R. H. Lasseter provides a comprehensive overview of the MicroGrid concept, covering its fundamental structure,
control mechanisms, protection protocols, and energy management. In terms of protection, it's crucial to respond swiftly
to faults occurring in both the system and the microgrid. For instance, if a fault arises in the utility grid, the priority
might be to quickly disconnect the MicroGrid from the main utility to safeguard its loads. The speed of this isolation
process depends on the specific loads of the customers connected to the MicroGrid [2].
Juan C. Vásquez introduces a new control approach for voltage source inverters linked to the grid. This control system
relies on the droop method and utilizes estimated variables from the grid, such as voltage, frequency, and the impedance
characteristics of the grid. The control structure involves two primary components: firstly, estimating grid parameters to
determine grid amplitude, frequency, impedance magnitude, and phase. Secondly, employing a droop control scheme
using these parameters to independently inject active and reactive power into the grid. This proposed droop control
technique utilizes these parameters to close the loop, ensuring precise regulation of both active and reactive power [3].
Y. Xu and F. Li proposed enhancing a distributed energy (DE) system by slightly modifying its hardware configuration,
elevating power ratings, and implementing specific control strategies. This system, utilizing a power electronics
converter interface, has the capability to concurrently and independently provide both active and non-active power. The
DE control method outlined in their paper effectively addresses local voltage imbalances. For active power control,
different objectives can be achieved by selecting various control variables such as DE output average active power, rms
active current, and power factor. Similarly, for non-active power control, options include DE output average non-active
power, rms non-active current, power factor, and PCC rms voltage. By adjusting these variables, the DE system can
perform diverse tasks such as local voltage regulation, load management, power factor correction, non-active power
compensation, and addressing imbalances [5].
On the other hand, H. Bevrani proposed an intelligent control structure capable of precisely tracking the dynamics of
generalized droop control (GDC). This method demonstrates excellent performance and favorable responses under
different load change scenarios. The study also showcases the effective use of an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference
System (ANFIS) as an alternative to GDC. Initially, a GDC based on conventional voltage/frequency droops is
presented, which heavily relies on microgrid configuration and line parameters. To overcome this reliance and create a
model-independent GDC, an ANFIS is developed to simulate the dynamic behavior of GDC. This ANFIS is trained
using a desired input/output dataset of GDC and applied to the control structure of inverter-interfaced distributed
generation. This intelligent GDC synthesis eliminates the need for comprehensive knowledge about microgrid structure
and line parameters, making it applicable across a wide spectrum of microgrids [6].
Pouya Borazjani highlighted the various methodologies employed to simplify the control of network stability.
Presently, engineers segment the distribution system into multiple subsystems known as microgrids, which operate in
two primary modes: grid-connected and island mode, each requiring distinct control methods. These control strategies
fall into two categories: those reliant on communication and those independent of it. This paper serves as a brief
overview focusing on controlling microgrids, particularly those utilizing distributed renewable energy resources during
island mode operation. It delves into Multi-agent systems and droop characteristics, showcasing how controlling
microgrids aligns with expectations in the distribution systems field [8].
On the other hand, Yang Wang, Zongxiang Lu, and Yong Min detailed the characteristics of four VF (Voltage-
Frequency) control strategies. These include open-loop VF control, VF control schemes employing voltage feedback in
abcreference frame, dqreference frame, and a scheme integrating voltage and frequency feedback. The simplest among
these is the open-loop control scheme, yet its control performance is relatively inferior. Closed-loop control schemes
exhibit better performance, with dynamics dependent on controller parameters. Among the closed-loop schemes, the
one incorporating voltage and frequency feedback necessitates measuring the output frequency, which adds complexity.
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International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),
ISSN: 2455-6211, Volume 12, Issue 1, January-2024, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
Although the closed-loop control with voltage feedback in the abc frame requires six regulators, adjusting parameters
for only two regulators suffices in a three-phase balanced situation. In practical terms, closed-loop control with voltage
feedback in both abc and dq frames is recommended [9].
J.C. Vasquez introduced a topology managed through droop control, enabling the system to handle voltage sags and
ensure uninterrupted power supply. The proposed single-phase PV system includes a power quality conditioner. A
voltage-controlled PV converter connects to the grid, regulated by a droop controller that sets the voltage reference.
This setup allows independent adjustment of active and reactive powers, influencing grid frequency and voltage
amplitude. The PV converter actively supports the grid at its base frequency. During voltage sags, it must supply
required active power to the load while stabilizing voltage through injected reactive power. This system exhibits strong
performance in active and reactive power management, voltage sag resilience, and harmonic compensation [10].
Rajesh K.S suggested an optimized method by incorporating adaptive solar PV generators with MPPT control in low-
voltage networked islanded microgrids. The PV generator's efficiency suffers due to inadequate control and high
maintenance during conversion. This strategy aims to effectively coordinate inverter V-f control, P-Q control, MPPT,
and energy storage control in these microgrids to mitigate device fluctuations. The approach excels in overcoming
deviations and fluctuations [11].
Janviere Umuhoza suggested combining the battery and photovoltaic (PV) system and implementing a flexible control
approach to manage power fluctuations and handle variability in a residential dc microgrid. When the power generated
by the PV arrays surpasses the total power consumed, it causes overvoltage in the dc bus. Additionally, passing clouds
make the dc bus unstable. This study aims to address these issues by introducing an adaptable control method in
residential dc microgrids. This method keeps a check on PV power generation, monitors dc load power requirements,
and optimizes the battery's state of charge (SOC) to consistently balance power generation with load demands [12].
Existing System
The strategy involves a synchronized approach in managing solar photovoltaic (PV) generators within a microgrid,
combining various control methods. It coordinates MPPT control on the PV side, battery control, and a V-f/P-Q control
algorithm at the inverter side. This method introduces a comprehensive way of controlling solar PV generators by
integrating MPPT control and battery storage control to offer voltage and frequency support to a standalone microgrid.
Moreover, it suggests regulating active and non-active/reactive power (P-Q) using solar PV, MPPT, and battery storage
for grid-connected operations. These control techniques demonstrate efficient coordination among inverter V-f (or P-Q)
control, MPPT control, and the management of energy storage charging and discharging [1].
MPPT and Battery Integrated V-f Control Method
Fig.1. Integrated Solar PV MPPT and V-F Control Diagram
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International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),
ISSN: 2455-6211, Volume 12, Issue 1, January-2024, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
Fig. 2 Battery Power Control Diagram
The MPPT and battery integrated V-f control diagrams are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.
Loop 1-MPPT control at PV side:
PI1 gives duty cycle to DC –DC booster therefore PV always Operates at reference active power.
The equation for this control loop is,
𝛿 ∗ = 𝐾𝑝1 𝑃𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 + 𝐾𝐼3 𝑃 𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑡 ………………………(1)
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
Loop 2-Inverter voltage control: The PCC RMS voltage is compare with reference voltage and error is fed to the PI2.
Loop3-Inverter Frequency control: fref is compared with fmeasured and error fed to PI3.This gives phase shift
𝛼1∗ = 𝐾𝑝3(𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞 − 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑)𝐾𝐼3 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞 − 𝑓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑡 … … … . (2)
PI4 controller maintain balance between Pac and Pdc . The phase shift contribution is,
𝛼1∗ +𝛼2 ∗
𝛼∗ = …………..(3)
2
Here, the reason behind considering phase shift contributions from both DC and AC side active power is to control the
DC side voltage and achieve the desired value. By making and close in range through the controller gains, it can be
assured that the active power at the DC and AC sides is balanced. This, coupled with the voltage control loop, assures
that the DC side voltage is maintained at the value desired by the AC side voltage. The controls shown in the diagram
of Fig.1 and described above are also integrated with the battery power control shown in Fig. 2. The battery is
incorporated in the PV system configuration in order to supply or absorb active power and support the frequency
control objective with the PV generator. If abundant solar power and the Ppvrequired for frequency control is less than
PV MPP then battery will be charged. If there is not enough solar power and 𝑃𝑝𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 > 𝑃𝑀𝑃𝑃 then battery will
supply required power to maintain the frequency. PI5 receives error signal and generate the power signal 𝑆 ∗ for this
control is given by
𝑆 ∗ = 𝐾𝑝5 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 𝐾𝐼3 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑡…………(4)
One more step is considered to differentiate the charging and discharging mode of the battery. This is explained by
comparing with.
If the battery is in charging mode, hence activates the Buck mode of the DC-DC converter.
If the condition is false, it activates the Boost mode of the DC-DC converter. Hence, with this control logic, the
converter is capable of operating in both directions and therefore, effectively charging and discharging the battery
whenever required [1].
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International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),
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MPPT and Battery Integrated P-Q Control Method
Fig. 3 Integrated Solar PV MPPT and PQ Control Diagram
This gives coordinated active and reactive (P-Q) power control integrated with PV MPPT and battery controls. Either in
grid connected or islanded mode, the micro resources may be required to supply critical loads like hospitals, industries,
etc. The proposed control strategy is applicable particularly for such cases. The MPPT control part for generating the
duty cycle of a proper control for the DC-DC boost converter is the same as that of described in above. Thus, Fig. 10
shows the P-Q control blocks only, but the MPPT control block also present in the entire integrated control system. The
P-Q control initially proposed in [5] is converted to a more robust control with the integration of MPPT control and
battery storage control here. Inverter side P-Q control is little bit modification of inverter V-f control. It is based on the
relationship of P and Q power at PCC with inverter output phase and voltage magnitude as given by
𝑉𝑡 𝑡 𝑉𝑐 𝑡
𝑃 𝑡 ≈ 𝛼……..(5)
𝜔 𝐿𝑐
𝑉𝑡 𝑡
𝑄 𝑡 ≈ 𝑉𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑉𝑐 (𝑡) ……….(6)
𝜔 𝐿𝑐
Loop 2- Inverter Q control: Qmeasured is compare with Qreference and error signal fed to PI2. Output of this is
multiplied by terminal voltage to obtained reference voltage. Loop 3-Inverter P control: Control the Active power
and generate phase shift ().Also at the same time it maintain the balance between Pac and Pdc through PI4. Thus, the
equations for P-Q control are given by,
𝑡
𝑉𝑐 1∗ = 𝐾𝑝 2 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 + 𝐾𝐼2 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑡 + 1)𝑉𝑡…………………….(7)
0
𝑡
𝛼1∗ = 𝐾𝑝 3 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 + 𝐾𝐼2 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑡 … … … … … … … 8
0
𝑡
𝛼2∗ = 𝐾𝑝 4 1.02 ∗ 𝑃𝐴𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 −𝑃𝐷𝐶 + 𝐾𝐼4 1.02 ∗ 𝑃𝐴𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 − 𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝑑𝑡 … … … … . .9
0
𝛼1∗ + 𝛼2∗
𝛼∗ = … … … … … … … … . .10
2
Equation (7) represents the reactive power control loop, Equation (8) represents the active power control loop, and
Equation (9) ensures the active power balance between the DC and AC sides of the inverter. Equation (10) averages the
phase shift contribution obtained from the active power control at the AC and DC sides such that the active power
control at AC side and power balance objectives are taken into account. Advantages of MPPT and Battery Integrated
V-F and P-Q control method: 1. It provides a smooth transition of PV side PQ control in grid connected mode to V-f
control in islanded mode. This is the very required feature in case of the modern microgrid controllers. 2. These
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International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),
ISSN: 2455-6211, Volume 12, Issue 1, January-2024, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
coordinated control algorithms are having capacity of handling the battery SOC constraint. 3. V-f control method gives
satisfactory performance in case of maintaining highly reduced voltage and frequency back to the nominal values in a
matter of only 2 seconds. 4. The method which having integrated and coordinated P-Q control algorithm that can be
effectively used in supplying some critical loads of a microgrid with solar PV and battery. The only limitation for this
method is that the control parameters are dependent upon the PV, battery and on external grid conditions and hence
these control parameters must be returned with such changing conditions. IV.
CONCLUSION
A method was outlined to effectively synchronize V-f control and P-Q control in microgrids equipped with energy
storage. This method demonstrates the current system's effectiveness in managing the coordination between V-f and PQ
control, alongside MPPT control and storage control in both independent and connected microgrids. Its functionality
relies on factors like PV systems, batteries, and the conditions of the external power grid. Consequently, these control
parameters need adjustment in response to changing circumstances. This approach has the ability to tackle variations
and changes by incorporating an adaptive solar PV generator that utilizes MPPT control in low-voltage networks.
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