8.

1 MEP Pupil Text 8

(a) How many of the students who achieved grade B in English achieved a
different grade in French?
(b) How many students achieved the same grade in both subjects.
(c) What does the table suggest about the grades achieved in English and
French?
(SEG)

12. St. Margaret's School entered Y11 and Y10 pupils for the NEAB mathematics
examination at levels P, Q and R as shown in the table.
(a) How many Y10 pupils have entered for the examination?
(b) (i) What was the total number of pupils entered for level Q?
(ii) What percentage of the pupils entered at level Q were Y10 pupils?

Level P Level Q Level R

Boys 25 18 7
Y11
Girls 10 45 11
Boys 0 13 3
Y10
Girls 0 14 1

(NEAB)

8.2 Pictograms and Bar Charts

Bar charts and pictograms can be used for displaying data when the data are in discrete
categories.
For example, the bar chart and pictogram below show the favourite sports of 25 children.

8
Bar Chart
Number of 6
Children 4
2
Snooker
Football

Swimming
Tennis

Cricket

Sports

Football

Tennis
Pictogram
Swimming

Cricket

Snooker

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 MEP Pupil Text 8

Worked Example 1
Monday
The pictogram shows the number of customers
using a coffee shop during one week. Tuesday

(a) How many customers used the shop on Wednesday

Wednesday?
Thursday
(b) How many customers used the shop on
Monday? Friday

(c) How many customers visited the coffee Saturday

shop during the week?
Represents 20 customers

Solution
(a) For Wednesday there are 5 symbols, so the number of customers was
5 20 100

(b) For Monday there are 3 12 symbols, so the number of customers was
1
3 20 70
2
(c) The total for the week is given by
70 60 100 50 100 130 510 customers.

Worked Example 2
John asked each person in the class what their shoe size was. He obtained these results.

7 5 6 8 4 5 12
6 12 7 8 7 12 5 12 6
6 12 5 12 7 6 6 12 8
7 5 6 12 6 7 12 7
5 12 6 5 5 12 6 7 12

Draw a bar chart to show this data.

Solution Shoe Size Total

First the data can be entered into a tally chart. 4 1
1
4 2 0
5 3
1
5 2 5
6 6
6 12 4
7 5
1
7 2 3
8 3

30

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8.2 MEP Pupil Text 8

The bar chart can be drawn as shown below.

6
Number of
children 4

0
1
4 4 2 5 5 12 6 6 1
2 7 7 12 8
Shoe size

Exercises
1. Jenny kept a record of the average 1990
number of cans she recycled each 1991
week over a number of years. The
pictogram shows her results. 1992

(a) In which year did she recycle 1993

most cans?
1994
(b) How many cans did she
recycle each week in; 1995

(i) 1993, 1996

(ii) 1991,
Represents 2 cans per week
(iii) 1994?
(c) In which year did she recycle an average of 11 cans per week?

2. The pictogram shows how many suitcases were sold by a shop from 1990 to 1996,
with one row missing.

1990
Pr oper

Pr oper

Proper
t yof

ty
ty

of M.
of M.
M.
Ja m

Ja m

Jam
es

es

es

1991
Proper

Proper

Proper

Proper
ty

yt of

ty of
ty of

of M.
M.

M.

M.
Jam

Jam

Jam

Jam
es

es

es

es

1992
Pr ope

Pr ope

Pr ope
r t yof

rt y

rt y
of M

of M
M.

. Jam

. Jam
Jam
es

es

es

1993
Pr oper

Pr
Pr oper

Pr oper

Pr oper

oper
ty of
ty of

ty

yt of

ty of
of M.

M. Ja
M.

M.

M.
Jam

Jam

Jam

Jam

m
es

es

es

es

es

1994
Pr o

Pr o

Pr

Pr op
Pr op

Pr o

Pr o
op er
p er t

p er t

p er

p er t y
er t y
er t yof

t yof

t yof
yof

yof

of

of M.
M.

M. Jam

M.
M.

M.

M.

Jam

Jam
Jam

Jam
Jam

Jam

es

es

es
es

es

es

es

1995

1996
Proper

Proper
Proper

Proper

Proper

Pr

Proper
oper
ty of

ty
ty of

ty of

ty of
ty

ty

of M.
of M.

of M.
M.

M.

M. Jam

M.
Jam

Jam

Jam
Jam

Jam

Jam
es

es

es

es
es

es

es

Represents 100 cases

Pr ope
rt y
of M
. Jam
es

(a) How many cases were sold in 1991?

(b) What is the smallest number of cases sold in a year?

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 MEP Pupil Text 8

(c) What is the greatest number of cases sold in a year?

(d) In 1995 a total of 550 cases were sold. How many cases should appear in the
missing row?
(e) How many suitcases have been sold altogether?

3. A class conducted a survey to find their favourite ice creams. The results were:

Favourite Ice Cream Number of Children

Solero 9
Magnum 12
Mars 7
Feast 4

(a) Draw a pictogram to show these results.

(b) Represent this information in a bar chart.
What are the advantages of each type of representation of the data?

4. A group of students recorded the number of vehicles passing their school in one
hour. The results are recorded below.

Vehicle Type Number of Vehicles

Cars 20
Vans 8
Lorries 3
Motorbikes 5
Buses 2

Represent this information with a bar chart.

5. Draw a bar chart to show the data given in the table about the hours of sunshine
per day at a number of resorts.
Resort Hours of Sunshine
per Day

Algarve 6
Benidorm 6
Eilat 7
Majorca 5
Mombasa 9
Tenerife 6
Torremolinos 6

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 MEP Pupil Text 8

8.3 Pie Charts

Pie charts, which represent quantities as sectors of a circle, can be used to illustrate data.
They are particularly effective if there is only a small number of items to illustrate. In
total a complete circle, i.e. 360 , must always be used.

Worked Example 1
Tracey uses her pocket money of £18 per month in the following way.
Magazines £4
Sweets £3
Swimming £6
Bus fares £4
Money box £1
Draw a pie chart to show how Tracey uses her pocket money.

Solution
Tracey has a total of £18.
360
20
18
So 20 should be used for each £1. The angles needed are given in this list.
Magazines 4 20 80
Sweets 3 20 60
Swimming 6 20 120
Bus fares 4 20 80
Money box 1 20 20

The pie chart can now be drawn.

The diagram below shows the first section for magazines.

Magazines This is the completed pie chart.

Money Box
80
Bus Fares Magazines
20

80
80
60
120
Sweets

Swimming

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8.3 MEP Pupil Text 8

Worked Example 2
The pie chart was constructed by asking 72 children how
they travel to school.
Bike
(a) How many children travel to school by: Walk
65˚
(i) car, (ii) bike, (iii) bus? 105˚
Car 50˚
(b) What percentage walk to school? 140˚

Solution Bus

(a) There are 72 children so

360
5 per child.
72
50
(i) The angle for travelling by car is 50 so 10 children travel by car.
5
65
(ii) The angle for travelling by bike is 65 so 13 children travel by bike.
5
140
(iii) The angle for travelling by bus is 140 so 28 children travel by bus.
5
(b) The number who walk to school is given by
105
21
5
so the percentage who walk is
21
100 29.1%
72

Note
Alternatively, you could just use the angles in the pie chart to give
105
100 29.1%
360

Exercises
1. In an opinion poll 360 people were asked who they would vote for in the next
election. Their responses are:
Labour 150
Liberal Democrat 60
Conservative 100
Other 50

Draw a pie chart to show this.

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 MEP Pupil Text 8

2. Sarah recorded how she spent the last 24 hours. Her results are below.
Sleeping 9 hours
School 7 hours
Homework 2 hours
Watching TV 3 hours
Eating 1 hour
Travelling 2 hours
Draw a pie chart to show this information.

3. Emma has 720 stamps in her stamp collection. She has sorted them into three
groups.
UK 400 stamps, Europe 200 stamps, Other countries 120 stamps
Draw a pie chart to show this information.

4. The 30 pupils in a class state their favourite sport. Their results are listed below.
Snooker 3
Football 9
Netball 6
Squash 2
Tennis 10
Draw a pie chart to show this information. BBC 1

CH 4
5. The pie chart shows how the time Ron spends
watching television is split between different 90˚ 45˚
channels, for one day.
Ron spends 1 hour watching BBC1. 225˚
(a) How long does he spend watching CH4?
(b) How long does he spend watching satellite TV?
SATELLITE
Quasar
6. Ahmed was given £60 on his birthday. The
pie chart shows how he spent this money.
How much did he spend on: 60˚
(a) Quasar, CDs
CD's 210˚
90˚
(b) his new jeans,
New jeans
(c) CDs?

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8.3 MEP Pupil Text 8

7. The pie chart shows the football teams supported by a class of children. There are
3 children who support Spurs.

Leeds
Manchester
United
156˚
36˚
72˚
Spurs

Liverpool

(a) What is the angle representing Leeds?

(b) How many children support Liverpool?
(c) How many children are there in the class?
(d) How many children support Manchester United?

8. A postman collects 720 letters from the letter

boxes in a small town. They are sorted into
First Class, Second Class and Air Mail. The pie Second First
chart shows the different numbers of each type. Class 175˚ 160˚ Class

How many letters of each type did he collect?

25˚

9. Sita spent £90. Air Mail

The table shows what she spent it on.

Items Amount spent

Bus fares £12

Going out £25
Clothes £30
Records £15
Others £8

Total Spending £90

Sita is asked to construct a pie chart to show her spending.

(a) Work out the angle of each sector in the pie chart.

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 MEP Pupil Text 8

(i) What percentage of the cars stolen were taken by people aged
under 17?
(ii) Which age group was the least likely to be involved in stealing cars?
(iii) What is the probability that a stolen car was taken by a person who
was aged 17 or over?
Give your answer as a decimal or a fraction.
(NEAB)

8.4 Line Graphs

A line graph is drawn by plotting data points and joining them with straight lines. It is
really only the actual data points that count, but by drawing the lines you get a better
impression of the trend in the data points. This method of representation is particularly
useful when illustrating trends over time.

Worked Example 1
Stuart recorded the temperature in his greenhouse at 6 pm each day for a week. His
records are shown on this line graph.

30

25

20
Temperature
(˚C)
15

10

M T W T F S S
Day

(a) What was the temperature on Wednesday?

30 25 C
(b) What was the lowest temperature recorded?
25
(c) What was the highest temperature recorded?
20
Temperature
(˚C)
Solution
15

10
(a) For Wednesday the temperature can be
5
read as 25 C .
M T W T F S S
Day

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8.4 MEP Pupil Text 8

30 C
Highest
(b) The lowest temperature occurred on Friday 30
and was 19 C .
Temperature ˚C 25

(c) The highest temperature occurred on 20

Sunday and was 30 C . Temperature Lowest
19 C
( C ) 15
10

M T W T F S S
Worked Example 2 Day
Day

As part of a science project Evan records the height of a plant every week. His results are
in this table.

Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Height (cm) 0 1 3 4 6 8 9

Draw a line graph.

Solution
First draw a suitable set of axes.
Then plot a point for each measurement as shown below.

Week 6, Height 9
9

Week 5, Height 8
8

Week 4, Height 6
6
Height
(cm) 5

Week 3, Height 4
4

Week 2, Height 3
3

Week 1, Height 1
1

Week 0, Height 0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Week

The points can then be joined with straight lines as shown in the next graph.

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 MEP Pupil Text 8

Height
(cm) 5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Week

Exercises
1. The line graph shows the monthly rainfall for a town.

5
Rainfall
(cm)
4

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Month

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8.4 MEP Pupil Text 8

(a) How much rain was there in September?

(b) In which month was the rainfall 5 cm?
(c) Which months were the wettest?
(d) Which months were the driest?

2. A mug was filled with hot water and the temperature was recorded every
5 minutes. The graph below shows the results.

80

70

60

50
Temperature
(˚C) 40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (mins)

(a) What was the temperature after 25 minutes?

(b) What was the temperature at the start of the experiment?
(c) When was the temperature 45 C ?
(d) How long did it take for the temperature to drop from 68 C to 36 C ?

3. The following graph shows how the height of a sunflower plant changed since it
was planted in a garden.
(a) What was the height of the plant when it was planted in the garden?
(b) How much did the plant grow in the first week?
(c) What is the greatest height that the graph shows?
(d) How long did it take for the height to increase from 54 cm to 78 cm?

114