ARC HYDRO GROUNDWATER TUTORIALS

Subsurface Analyst – Creating ArcMap Cross

Sections from Existing Cross Section Images

Arc Hydro Groundwater (AHGW) is a geodatabase design for representing groundwater

datasets within ArcGIS. The data model helps to archive, display, and analyze
multidimensional groundwater data. It includes several components to represent different
types of datasets such as representations of aquifers and wells/boreholes, 3D
hydrogeologic models, temporal information, and data from simulation models. The Arc
Hydro Groundwater Tools help to import, edit, and manage groundwater data stored in an
AHGW geodatabase. Subsurface Analyst is a subset of the AHGW Tools that is used to
manage 2D and 3D hydrogeologic data, and create subsurface models including generation
of borehole representations, cross sections, surfaces, and volumes.

This tutorial will demonstrate how to add images to cross sections. Adding cross sections
from reports may be useful for a number of purposes:

 Adding “legacy” knowledge to cross sections. Existing cross sections from

reports/papers/map books with new information (boreholes, rasters, faults, etc.)
can be combined to create new cross sections or update the old ones.

 Inclusion of data in existing cross sections from papers/reports/map books in the

development of 3D hydrogeologic models.

 Archiving cross sections in a systematic way inside a geodatabase.

Subsurface Analyst includes tools for creating 2D cross sections by adding data to a new
XS2D data frame and “sketching” cross sections based on borehole stratigraphy, outcrops,
faults, etc. In addition Subsurface Analyst supports the creation of 3D cross sections and
volumes from a set of surfaces. The 3D features can be viewed in ArcScene or can be
transformed to 2D so they can be displayed in ArcMap. The workflow and tools for
creating 2D cross sections and 3D features are described in separate tutorial.

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1.1 Background
Data used in this tutorial are part of a USGS report describing the hydrogeologic units of
the Coastal Plain in Virginia (http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2006/1731/). The cross sections
shown in Figure 1 were digitized from the report.

Figure 1 Location of the cross sections covering the Coastal Plain in Virginia.

The cross section lines shown in the map are related with a vertical cross section
describing hydrogeologic units in the Coastal Plain Aquifer system. The vertical cross
sections are detailed in a set of PDF files. Figure 2 shows an example of such a cross
section. The solid colors represent aquifers and the white colors in between represent
confining units.

Figure 2 Example cross section showing hydrogeologic units along a cross section.

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1.2 Outline
The objective of this tutorial is to introduce the basic workflow and tools for adding
existing 2D cross sections (in the form of images) to a XS2D data frame in ArcMap. The
tutorial includes the following steps:

1. Running the Import XS2D Image Wizard to create a new XS2D data frame and
corresponding feature classes and georeference the cross section image in the
XS2D data frame.

2. Digitizing XS2D panels based on the image.

3. Building 3D GeoSections from the panels and visualize in ArcScene.

1.3 Required Modules/Interfaces

The following components should be enabled in order to complete this tutorial:

 Arc View license (or ArcEditor\ArcInfo)

 3D Analyst

 Arc Hydro Groundwater Tools

 AHGW Tutorial Files

The AHGW Tools require that you have a compatible ArcGIS service pack installed. If
needed, check the AHGW Tools documentation to find the appropriate service pack for the
version of the tools. 3D Analyst is required for the last section of the tutorial for
visualizing 3D features. If 3D Analyst is not available, skip these parts of the tutorial. The
tutorial files should be downloaded to the computer.

Getting Started
Before opening the tutorial map, ensure that the AHGW Tools are correctly configured.

1. If necessary, launch ArcMap.

2. Open the ArcToolbox window by clicking ArcToolbox .

3. If “ Arc Hydro Groundwater Tools” is not in the list of available toolboxes,

follow steps 4–6. If it is already listed, skip to step 7.

4. Right-click anywhere in the ArcToolbox window and select Add Toolbox… to

bring up the Add Toolbox dialog.

5. Browse to the Toolboxes\System Toolboxes folder and select “Arc Hydro

Groundwater Tools.tbx”.

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6. Click Open to exit the Add Toolbox dialog.

7. Expand “ Arc Hydro Groundwater Tools”.

8. Expand “ Subsurface Analyst”.

The Arc Hydro Groundwater Toolbar will be used. The toolbar contains additional user
interface components not available in the toolbox. If the toolbar is not visible, do the
following:

9. Right-click on any visible toolbar and select the Arc Hydro Groundwater
Toolbar item.

When using geoprocessing tools you can set the tools to overwrite outputs by default, and
automatically add results to the map/scene. To set these options:

10. Select Geoprocessing | Geoprocessing Options… to bring up the Geoprocessing

Options dialog.

11. In the General section, turn on Overwrite the outputs of geoprocessing

operations.

12. In the Display / Temporary Data section, turn on Add results of geoprocessing
operations to the display”.

13. Click OK to exit the Geoprocessing Options dialog.

2 Opening the Map

Begin by opening a map containing some background data for the project.

1. Select File | Open… to bring up the Open dialog.

2. Browse to the Tutorials\subsurface analyst\XS2D_Image folder.

3. Select “xs2d_image.mxd” and click Open to exit the Open dialog and import the
model file.

Once the file has loaded, there should appear a map of Virginia with digitized cross section
lines covering the Coastal Plain region (Figure 3). In a separate “images” folder there is a
PDF document taken from the USGS report. There also are two JPG images representing
cross sections AD-AD’ and BD-BD’ that were cropped from the PDF document. View
these files to get familiar with the cross section images. Locate these cross sections on the
map.

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Figure 3 Starting project

The following section describes the concepts and datasets used to build a XS2D data
frame. The same concepts are presented in other XS2D tutorials; if familiar with this
material skip section 3.

3 Representing 2D Cross Sections in the AHGW Data Model

Before starting to create cross sections, it is helpful to review the component of the AHGW
Data Model. The AHGW Data Model includes a number of components used for different
purposes. The Hydrostratigraphy component includes data structures for representing 2D
and 3D hydrostratigraphy, including the creation of 2D cross sections (Figure 4).

SectionLine is the central feature class used to manage cross sections. Each SectionLine
represents a cross section in map view. SectionLine features are indexed with a HydroID,
which uniquely identifies them within the geodatabase. To create a vertical (profile) view
of the cross section along the SectionLine, each SectionLine feature is associated with
multiple feature classes representing the two-dimensional cross section, and these are given
the “XS2D” prefix.

Common XS2D feature classes are:

 XS2D_Panel – polygon features representing cross section “panels”.

 XS2D_BoreLine – vertical lines representing hydrostratigraphy along selected

boreholes adjacent to the SectionLine.

 XS2D_PanelDivider – vertical guides showing the location where a SectionLine

changes direction.

 XS2D_MajorGrid and XS2D_MinorGrid – grid lines showing the vertical and

horizontal scales in an XS2D data frame.

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Additional feature classes can be added to represent items such as land surface elevation,
water table, faults, etc.

Figure 4 Datasets used for creating 2D cross sections.

Each of the 2D cross sections is generated in a separate data frame in ArcMap. The XS2D
feature classes are created in an {S, Z} coordinate system that is unique for each cross
section. The S coordinate represents the length along the SectionLine (equivalent to the x-
direction in the XS2D data frame) and the Z coordinate represents the vertical dimension
(the y-direction in the XS2D data frame). In addition, XS2D features can be scaled
(exaggerated) in the Z dimension for better visualization. Subsurface Analyst includes a
number of tools for transforming features between a “real” coordinate system (X, Y, and
Z) and a 2D coordinate system (S, Z), and for scaling features.

The XS2D_Catalog table is used for managing XS2D feature classes. The Catalog lists
the XS2D feature classes related with each SectionLine feature. The SectionID field in the
XS2D_Catalog references a HydroID of a SectionLine feature, thus creating a relationship
between SectionLines (defined in real world coordinates) and XS2D feature classes. An
example of a typical XS2D_Catalog table is shown in Figure 5.

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Figure 5 Example XS2D_Catalog used for managing XS2D feature classes and
establishing a relationship between the XS2D features and a SectionLine
feature.

4 Running the Import XS2D Image Wizard

The Import XS2D Image Wizard creates a new set of feature classes for representing a 2D
cross section based on a specific SectionLine feature. The wizard creates a new data frame
to which the XS2D feature classes (XS2D_Panel, XS2D_PanelDivider,
XS2D_MajorGrid, and XS2D_MinorGrid) are added. In addition, the wizard
georeferences a selected image so it can be displayed in the XS2D data frame.

The wizard is based on a selected section line (run the wizard one cross section at a time).
In this tutorial, a SectionLine feature class is already provided. To start the Import XS2D
image Wizard:

1. In the Arc Hydro Groundwater Toolbar, select Import XS2D Image Wizard
tool.

2. With the tool activated, click on BD-BD’ SectionLine feature (topmost horizontal
section line that crosses the bay) to open the Import XS2D Image Wizard.

3. For the XS2D Catalog Table option, make sure “XS2D_Catrelog” is selected.

4. Make sure the Default output workspace is selecting “xs2d_image.mdb\Data”

directory.

5. In the Image File section, select the browse button to open the Open XS2D Image
File dialog.

6. Locate and select the fiel “BD-BD’.jpg” in the Images folder for this tutorial.

7. Select Open to close the Open XS2D Image File dialog.

At this point the inputs should be similar to the ones shown in Figure 6.

8. Select Next to move to the next step in the wizard.

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Figure 6 Settings for Step 1 in the Import XS2D Image Wizard.

Step 2 in the wizard is used to reference the imported image. If needed, resize the window
to make it easier to view the cross section.

9. Use the sliders on the top, bottom, left, and right to move the referencing lines (in
green and red) to the referencing locations on the image:
 XLeft and XRight referencing lines should be located on the edge of the
cross section features.
 ZTop and ZBottom lines can be referenced to the vertical scale and tick
marks on the left and right sides of the cross section.
 Specify the ZTop as “300” and ZBottom as “-1300” in the boxes at the
bottom of the form.
At this point the inputs should be similar to the ones shown in Figure 7.

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Figure 7 Settings for Step 2 in the Import XS2D Image Wizard.

10. Select Next to move to the next step in the wizard.

Step 3 in the wizard is used to create panels and panel dividers. The minimum and
maximum elevations for drawing panel dividers can be modified manually.

11. Make sure the target location for the Cross Section Panels and Panel Dividers are
correct.

12. Specify the maximum and minimum elevations to draw panel dividers:
 Maximum elevation to draw the panel divider set to “600”.
 Minimum elevation to draw the panel divider set to “-2000”.
At this point the inputs should be similar to the ones shown in Figure 8.

13. Select Next to move to the next step in the wizard

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Figure 8 Settings for Step 3 in the Import XS2D Image Wizard.

Step 4 in the wizard is used to setup the construction of the grid lines. The grid extent and
spacing can be automatically specified based on the length of the selected SectionLine and
elevations specified in step 3, or they can be set manually. Default values are set for the
left, right, minimum and maximum elevations, and spacing of the grid features.

14. Specify the following for the grid extent:

 Left set to “-100,000”.
 Right set to “2,000,000”.
 Maximum elevation set to “600”.
 Minimum elevation set to “-2,000”.
15. Specify the following for the grid spacing:
 Horizontal distance between vertical major grid lines set to “200,000”.
 Vertical distance between horizontal major grid lines to “200”.
 Number of minor grid lines between major vertical grid lines to “3”.
 Number of minor grid lines between major horizontal grid lines to “1”.
At this point the inputs should be similar to the ones shown in Figure 9.

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16. Select Finish to run the wizard.

Figure 9 Settings for Step 4 in the XS2D Wizard.

A new Data Frame (BD-BD’) should be added to the map (make sure to be in layout view
to be able to view data frames). The grid lines, the panel dividers, and the referenced cross
section image should all be visible.

Next to resize the BD-BD’ data frame and move it within the map layout such that both
data frames are visible. To better view the XS2D features created:

17. Using the Select Elements tool, move the BD-BD’ data frame within the map
layout and resize it.

18. Use the zoom tools ( ) to focus on the data within the
cross section.

19. Control the grid properties (text size, color, etc.) by right-clicking on the data
frame and selecting Properties to open the Data Frame Properties dialog. In the
dialog, select the Grids tab, and specify which grid lines you want to display and
modify the labels, ticks, color, etc.

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At the end of this process there should be a cross section data frame that is similar to the
one shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10 Initial XS2D data frame with the referenced cross section image.

This is a good starting point for digitizing cross section panels by tracing over the image.
Additional data such as faults, borehole stratigraphy, outcrops, land surface, and water
levels could also be added using the XS2D tools (the process of adding data to a XS2D
data frame is explained in separate tutorials). The following legend in Figure 11 shows the
major units described in the cross section.

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Figure 11 Aquifer units and confining layers in the Coastal Plain Aquifer system.
Confining units are symbolized in cross sections as white panels and their
boundary is defined by a dashed line.

5 Sketching Cross Section Panels

In this section, new cross section panels will be sketch. It will use the referenced image and
utilize the advanced editing capabilities available in ArcMap.

5.1 Creating a New Template for Editing XS2D Panel Features

In ArcGIS 10 the concept of feature templates is introduced. This allows predefining
different types of features with symbology and default attributes that are automatically
updated while editting.

The first steps will be to set the editing environment:

1. In the Table of Contents, right-click on “ Section BD-BD’” and select

Activate.

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2. In the BD-BD’ data frame, right-click on the “XS2D_Panel_2” layer and

select Properties to open the Layer Properties dialog.

3. Select the Symbology tab to reach the symbology interface.

4. Select the Import option on the top right to open the Import Symbology
dialog.

5. Click the browser button to open the Import Symbology from Layer
dialog.

6. Browse to the Symbology folder for this tutorial and select the
“XS2D_Panel.lyr” file.

7. Select Add to close the Import Symbology from Layer dialog.

8. In the What do you want to import? section select the Complete symbology
definition option.

9. Select OK to close the Import Symbology dialog and open the Import
Symbology Matching Dialog.

10. Specify the “HGUID” field in the first Value Field section.

11. Select OK to close the Import Symbology Matching Dialog.

12. Select OK to close the Layer Properties dialog.

The XS2D Panel should have 11 classes based on the HGUID field.

Next, define a new feature template:

13. If the Editor Toolbar is not already visible, click the Editor Toolbar icon.

14. Select Start Editing in the Editor menu of the Editor Toolbar.

15. If a warning appears, select Continue.

Notice that the Create Features editing window opens. The Create Features window
should include a template for the XS2D_Panel_2 feature class, as shown in Figure 12. If
the template does not exist proceed with step 15. If the template does exist then skip to
Section 5.2 below.

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Figure 12 The Create Feature window with a template for XS2D Panel features.

16. Select the Organize Templates button located at the top of the Create
Features window to open the Organize Templates dialog.

17. Select the “XS2D_Panel_2” layer. Notice that no template is associated with
this layer.

18. Select the New Template button to open the Create New Template Wizard.

19. Make sure the “XS2D_Panel_2” layer is the only one selected.

20. Select Next to view the symbology of the features in the template.

21. Select Finish to close the Create New Template Wizard and to create the
template.

22. Select Close to exit the Organize Feature Templates dialog.

The Create Features window should now include a template for the XS2D_Panel_2
feature class, as shown in Figure 12.

In the next section, set the snapping environment.

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5.2 Setting the Snapping Environment Options

1. In the Table of Contents, right-click on “ Section BD-BD’” and select
Activate.

2. Right-clicking on any toolbar and selecting the Snapping toolbar.

For this tutorial, activate the classic snapping option. To enable this option:

3. Select Editor | Options to bring up the Editing Option dialog.

4. In the General tab, turn on Use Classic Snapping.

5. Click OK to close the Editing Options dialog.

6. Select Editor |Snapping | Snapping Window to open the Snapping

Environment window.

1. Move the layers by selecting them and moving them up or down so that they are in
the following order:
 XS2D_Panel_2
 XS2D_PanelDivider_2
 XS2D_MajorGrid_2
 XS2D_MinorGrid_2

The order of the layers within the snapping environment interface determines the snapping
priority.

7. For “XS2D_Panel_2” turn on Vertex and Edge.

8. For “XS2D_PanelDivider_2” turn on Edge.

While editing, having Snap Tips enabled will show the features to which the new features
are being snapped. If necessary, add the Snapping toolbar to the display:

9. In the Snapping toolbar select Snapping | Options to open the Snapping

Options dialog.

10. Turn on all options in the Snap Tips section.

11. Select OK to close the Snapping Options dialog.

5.3 Sketching Panels

First, sketch the upper surficial aquifer unit:

1. If necessary, select View | Data View.

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2. At the bottom of the Snapping Environment window, select the Create

Features tab.

3. In the Create Features window, under “XS2D_Panel_2” template, select the

feature symbology for HGUID = 1.

Notice that in the Construction Tools window, a list of the available tools appears for use
in creating new panels (Figure 13).

Figure 13 Construction tools available for sketching XS2D Panels.

4. Make sure the Polygon tool is selected.

Tip: while digitizing, use the zoom and pan tools to focus on certain elements of
the cross section. Use the mouse wheel scrolling to zoom (or the Z and X keys) or
hold down the mouse wheel (or C key) for panning.

5. Using the Straight Segment tool, start tracing the panel of HGUID = 1.
Make sure to snap to the panel dividers on the right and left sides of the cross
section.

6. Double-click on the starting point to close the panel.

The sketch should be similar to the one shown in Figure 14.

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Figure 14 Sketch of the surficial aquifer (HGUID = 1).

After digitizing panels, edit attributes. The HGUID values should be automatically
assigned from the feature template created earlier. The HGUID values are based on a
HydrogeologicUnit table. Figure 15 shows an example table with units of the Coastal Plain
aquifer system.

Figure 15 HydrogeologicUnit table.

7. Using the Edit tool in the Editor toolbar, select the feature which was just
created.

8. Right-click and select Attributes to open the Attributes window.

9. In the Attributes window edit the following attributes:

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 Make sure a value of “1” is in the HGUID field. This value should be
created automatically as you are using a template for editing.

 Set the SectionID attribute to be equal to the HydroID of the section

line (SectionID = “2”).

10. When done editing the attributes, close the Attributes window.

11. In the Editor menu, select Save Edits.

Next, digitize the panel for the Yorktown confining unit (HGUID = 2):

12. Zoom to the right side of the cross section.

13. In the Create Features window, under “XS2D_Panel_2” template, select the
feature symbology for HGUID = 2

14. Select the HGUID = 2 symbology in the XS2D_Panel template.

15. In the Construction Tools window select the Auto Complete Polygon tool, as
shown in Figure 16.

Figure 16 Selecting the Auto Complete Polygon Task in the Construction Tools
window.

Now to begin sketching the Yorktown confining unit (symbolized as the white area
between the yellow and pink units in the cross section image) by sketching from the bottom
right corner of the surficial aquifer panel.

16. Using the Straight Segment tool, sketch the panel of HGUID = 2. Start at
the bottom right corner of the surficial aquifer panel and make sure the sketch
snapped to the panel corner. Sketch along the upper boundary of the
Yorktown aquifer unit (symbolized in pink in the cross section image) until the
point where the confining unit interests the surficial aquifer panel, as shown in
Figure 17. Make sure to snap to the surficial aquifer panel edge.

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Figure 17 Sketching the Yorktown confining unit.

17. Double-click on the starting point to close the panel.

A new polygon representing HGUID = 2 should be created. The polygon’s upper boundary
should match the boundary of the polygon representing HGUID = 1.

The sketch should be similar to the one shown in Figure 18.

Figure 18 Cross section panel of the Yorktown confining unit (HGUID = 2) created
using the Auto Complete Polygon task.

18. Using the Edit tool in the Editor toolbar, select the feature which was just
created.

19. Right-click and select Attributes to open the Attributes window.

20. Edit the following attributes:

 Make sure a value of “2” is in the HGUID field. This value should be
created automatically as you are using a template for editing.

 Set the SectionID attribute to be equal to the HydroID of the section

line (SectionID = “2”).

21. In the Editor menu, select Save Edits.

Notice that the Yorktown confining unit (HGUID = 2) is composed of a number of

polygons.
22. Repeat steps 12–21 to create more panels representing the Yorktown
confining unit.

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At the end of this process, the cross section should have panel representations for units 1
and 2 as shown in Figure 19.

Figure 19 Panel features representing units 1 and 2.

If desired, repeat this process to digitize the rest of the hydrogeologic units, or, to save
time, use a set of pre-defined panels.

1. Locate the “XS2D_Panel_2_solution” file in the xs2d_image.mdb\data directory

and drag the file onto “ Section BD-BD’” in the Table of Contents.

2. Follow the steps in Section 5.1 to adjust the symbology of the layer.

At the end of this process you will have a set of panels representing the units from the
referenced image, as shown in Figure 20.

Figure 20 XS2D panel features representing units in a cross section.

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6 Transforming 2D Cross Section to 3D GeoSections

Once the 2D cross sections are created, it is possible to transform them to 3D features
(GeoSections) and visualize them in ArcScene. This part of the tutorial requires 3D
Analyst.

First, create the GeoSection feature class:

1. In the Table of Contents, right-click on “ Layers” and select Activate.

2. In the “ Features” toolset, double-click on “ Create GeoSection Feature

Class” tool to open the Create GeoSection Feature Class dialog.

3. In the Output GeoSection Features field, click the Browse button to open the
Output GeoSection Features dialog.

4. Browse to the xs2d_image.mdb\Data directory and enter “GeoSection” as the

feature class name.

5. Click Save to close the Output GeoSection Features dialog.

6. Select OK to exit the Create GeoSection Feature Class dialog and run the
tool.

Next, create the GeoSection features by transforming 2D panels to 3D GeoSections:

7. In the “ XS2D Editor” toolset, double-click on “ Transform XS2D

Panel to GeoSection” tool to open the Transform XS2D Panel to GeoSection
dialog.

8. For Input Section Line Features select “SectionLine”.

9. For Input XS2D_Catalog Table select “XS2D_Catelog”.

10. For Input GeoSection Features select “GeoSection”.

11. Select OK to exit the Transform XS2D Panel to GeoSection dialog and run
the tool.

Use ArcScene to visualize the 3D GeoSections just created.

12. If necessary, launch ArcScene.

13. Select File | Open… to bring up the Open dialog.

14. Browse to the Tutorials\subsurface analyst\XS2D basic folder.

15. Select “xs2d_image.sxd” and click Open to exit the Open dialog and import
the model file.

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16. Select Add Data to open the Add Data dialog.

17. Browse to and open the “xs2d_image.mdb” geodatabase and open the “Data”
directory.

18. Select the “GeoSection” file and click Add to import the table and close the
Add Data dialog.

19. If desired, symbolize the GeoSection layer using the HGU Color Manager.

The scene should be similar to the one shown in Figure 21.

Figure 21 Scene including the GeoSection features transformed from the 2D cross
section.

If desired, the complete set of GeoSection features that were created for the BD-BD’ cross
section can be added. The features are in the “GeoSection_Solution” feature class located
in the xs2d_image.mdb\Data feature dataset.

7 Conclusion
This concludes the tutorial. Here are some of the key concepts in this tutorial:

 The Arc Hydro Groundwater data model includes XS2D feature classes that
provide the framework for working with 2D cross sections in ArcMap.

 The Import XS2D Image Wizard is used to reference an existing cross section
image, set up a new data frame, and create the basic XS2D feature classes.

 ArcGIS editing tools are used to help digitize cross sections based on the
referenced image.

 2D cross section panels can be transformed to 3D features and visualized in

ArcScene.

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