Imam Hasan (a.s.

) I 1
 2 I Infallible Guides Series

IMAM
HASAN
(A.S.)

Infallible Guides
Series

Book 4
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 3

“Greed is to consider the wealth that you

have as an honour, and that you spend as a
loss”
Imam Hasan Mujtaba (a.s)

Title: Imam Hasan (a.s.)

Publisher: Ahle Bait (a.s) Trust for Shiat
Year of publishing: 2023 AD / 1444 AH
Typesetting: Alfa Computers
 4 I Infallible Guides Series

Contents
Translator's Note............................................................................................... 5
Brief Biography.................................................................................................. 9
Part 1 Birth till Caliphate ................................................................................. 10
Childhood ........................................................................................................ 10
With Ameerul Momineen (a.s) ....................................................................... 11
Morals of Imam Hasan (a.s) ............................................................................ 14
(a) Piety ........................................................................................................... 14
(b) Generosity ................................................................................................. 15
(c) Forbearance ............................................................................................... 16
Part 2 ............................................................................................................... 18
Caliphate till martyrdom ................................................................................. 18
Negligence was not there ............................................................................... 30
Acceptance was not there .............................................................................. 32
Baseless allegation .......................................................................................... 34
Muawiyah’s treason ........................................................................................ 40
Return to Madina ............................................................................................ 41
Martyrdom ...................................................................................................... 42
Radiant sayings of Imam Hasan (a.s) .............................................................. 43
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 5

Translator's Note

It gives me a great honour and satisfaction in translating this

book on Imam Hasan Mujtaba (a.s), on behalf of Ahle
Bait (a.s) Trust for Shiat. It is the translation of the Urdu
book “Rehbaraan Masoomeen” (Infallible Guides), which
itself is a translation of a Persian book by the same name.
Imam Hasan (a.s), along with his brother Imam Husain (a.s),
is the “Chief of the youth of Paradise‟. In every battle, he
stood shoulder to shoulder with his father, Ameerul
Momineen (a.s), and was a fearless warrior. At the same
time, when he used to present himself before Allah during
times of worship, his face would turn pale, and he would
tremble due to the fear of Allah. When people asked why it
always happens like this, he used to say this is the only way to
stand before Allah. He was also renowned for his generosity,
and thrice he donated half his wealth for the sake of Allah.
Alas, the world has been unkind to this noble and immaculate
personality. It has only analysed his life through the prism of
the „peace treaty‟ that he signed with Muawiyah. Due to
shallow and myopic research, the orientalist writers have
labelled him, God forbid, timid and meek. Some have even
gone to the extent of saying that he (a.s) felt that Muawiyah
was worthier than him to lead the Muslim nation.
 6 I Infallible Guides Series

Nothing could be further from the truth. The reality is that

he (a.s) was a Divine representative, and Allah guides all his
actions and decisions. His decisions are not in the ambit of
public scrutiny. When a companion had asked Imam Hasan
(a.s) that why he compromised with Muawiyah and signed
the peace treaty, Imam (a.s) replied, “…… Hence, I am an
Imam, whether I am standing or sitting. “O Abu Saeed! Since I‟m
the divine representative, it is incumbent upon you to give
credence to my opinion and views, even if their real reason and
purport may be hidden from you.
Our example is similar to H Khizr and H Moosa (a.s). Since H
Moosa was unaware of the purpose of H Khizr‟s actions, he
would constantly object to whatever he (H. Khizr) did. But when
H Khizr would explain the reason, H Moosa would become
convinced. Maybe I have hurt your sentiments since you too are
unaware of the rationale of my actions. Suffice it is for you to
know that if I had not signed a peace treaty with Muawiyah,
then not a single Shia would have remained on the face of the
earth.”
Unfortunately, some Shia writers and orators have been
influenced by the writings of such ignorant and short-sighted
writers. And have compared Imam Hasan (a.s) with his
brother Imam Husain (a.s). They have conveniently forgotten
that both are Divine representatives and have always acted as
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 7

per Divine commands with the common aim of protecting

Islam.
We seek refuge in Allah from becoming victims of such
Satanic whisperings.
While utmost care has been taken to remain faithful to the
original (Urdu) text, yet this book is not a literal translation.
Relevant words and phrases have been used that are more
appropriate for English readers. Many Arabic words, like
„Maarefat‟, „Azadaari‟, „Wilayat‟ etc., have not been translated
since their meanings are widely known in the Muslim world. I
have given their English meaning when appearing for the first
time in the text.
Also, phonetic spellings have been preferred vis-à-vis their
Arabic pronunciation. So „wuzu‟ is used instead of „wudhu‟
and „hadees‟ is used instead of „hadith‟, and „Yasrib‟ has been
used instead of „Yathrib‟ etc
I would also like to express my gratitude to Hujjatul Islam
Syed Ahmedali Abidi Sahab - the guide and mentor of the
Ahle Bait (a.s) Trust for Shiat - for granting me this
opportunity.
I dedicate this work to Imam Zamana (a.s) and thank Allah
for this blessing.
 8 I Infallible Guides Series

ُ ْ َّ َ َ ْ َ َ ّ َّ
ُ‫ت َو ِإ َه ْي ِه أ ٍِيب‬
ُ ‫ّك‬ َ
ِ ‫َو َيا َْت ِف‬
‫يِق ِإل ِِبّلل ِعوي ِه َت‬
“…. And all my Taufeeq is only from the side of Allah. In
Him I trust, and to Him, I turn.”
(Surah Hud, v 88)
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 9

Brief Biography
Name : Hasan

Titles : Mujtaba, Sayyed, Sibt Akbar

Agnomen : Abul Hasan,

Father : Ameerul Momineen Ali (a.s)

Mother : J Fatema Zahra (s.a).

Date of Birth : 15th Mahe Ramzan, 3 AH

Upbringing : In the house of and under the tutelage

of Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a)
Period of : Ten years, from 40 AH to 50 AH
Imamat
Age : Forty-seven years

Martyrdom : 28th Safar, 50 AH

Place of burial : Jannatul Baqi, Madina Munawwarah

Children : Eight sons & seven daughters. Qasim &

Abdullah were martyred along with
Imam Husain (a.s) in Karbala; his
daughter by the name of Fatema was
the spouse of Imam Zainul Abedeen
(a.s) and the mother of Imam Baqir
(a.s)
 10 I Infallible Guides Series

Part 1
Birth till Caliphate
The first grandson of Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a) was born on the
15th of Mahe Ramzan in 4 AH.1 He (s.a.w.a) visited the house
of H. Ali (a.s) to wish the proud parents. On the orders of
Allah, he (s.a.w.a) named the child „Hasan.‟2

Childhood
This blessed child spent the initial years of his childhood
under the love and affection of his grandfather (s.a.w.a) 3 .
Often, he would carry him on his shoulders and say, “O
Allah! I love those who love him.” 4
“The one who loves Hasan and Husain loves me. And the
one who bears enmity with them has borne enmity with
me.” 5
He also used to say, “Hasan and Husain are the leaders of the
youths of Paradise.”6

1
Kitabul Irshad, pg 169, Tareekh Khulafa, pg 188, Eygpt ed. Mohaddis Kafami has
mentioned his year of birth as 2AH
2
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 43, pg 238
3
Dalailul Imamah, pg 60
4
Tareekh Khulafa, pg 188
5
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 43, pg 264
6
Tareekh Khulafa, pg 189
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 11

He also said, “These two sons of mine are Imams – whether

they are standing or sitting7 (i.e. irrespective of them fighting
for the truth or remaining quiet).
The status of Imam Hasan (a.s) was so great in the eyes of
Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a) that despite his young age, he
(s.a.w.a) would make him (a.s) a witness while signing
treaties or agreements.
Waqedi narrates that the agreement made by Holy Prophet
(s.a.w.a) with the „Saqeef‟ tribe was written by Khalid bin
Saeed and Imam Husain (a.s) and Imam Hasan (a.s) signed as
witnesses.8
When Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a) went for „Mubahela‟ with the
people of Najran, he took both his grandsons, H. Ali (a.s) and
J Zahra (s.a), along with him. The verse of Tatheer
(Purification) too was revealed, extolling the virtues of the
Ahle Bait (a.s).9

With Ameerul Momineen (a.s)

Imam Hasan (a.s) was always in step with his father. Along
with Ameerul Momineen (a.s), he too would raise his voice

7
Kitabul Irshad, pg 181; Behaarul Anwaar, vol 43, pg 278
8
Tabaqat Kubra, vol 2 pg 33
9
Ghayatul Maraam, pg 782
 12 I Infallible Guides Series

against the oppressors and be quick in helping the oppressed

and downtrodden.
When Usman had ordered the exile of J Abu Zar to Rabza, he
had categorically stated that no one should go to see off Abu
Zar. Yet Imam Hasan (a.s) and his brother Imam Husain (a.s)
accompanied their beloved father (a.s) to bid farewell to J
Abu Zar – „the martyr of freedom.‟ At the time of farewell,
they condemned the Usmani government and urged J Abu
Zar to bear the tribulations with patience and steadfastness.10
In 36 AH, he travelled with his father to Basra to participate
in the battle of Jamal and quell the rebellion whose flames
were lit by Ayesha, Talha and Zubair.
On the way to Basra, he took a detour to Kufa on the orders
of Ameerul Momineen (a.s). Along with J Ammar, he (a.s)
exhorted the Kufans to participate in the battle of Jamal. He
then reached Basra with an army from Kufa to help Ameerul
Momineen (a.s).11
By his rousing speech, he silenced Abdullah ibn Zubair who
held H. Ali (a.s) responsible for the murder of Usman. On the

10
Hayat Imam Hasan ibn Ali, pg 260, 261
11
Tabaqat Kubra, vol 2 pg 33
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 13

battlefield, too, Imam Hasan (a.s) fought bravely and was

victorious whenever he attacked the enemies.12
In the battle of Siffin, too, he displayed his courage and
steadfastness. Muawiyah sent a message to Imam Hasan (a.s)
through Abdullah ibn Umar in which he wrote,
“Refrain from aiding your father. We will make you the caliph
after him. Your father has killed many of the Quraish. Hence
they can‟t stand him. But they are more than willing to accept
you as the caliph.”
Imam Hasan (a.s) shot back a reply and wrote,
“The Quraish were always keen to witness the downfall of
Islam. Right from the beginning, they have created hurdles in
the propagation of Islam. It was my father who fought them
valiantly and scuttled their nefarious plans and strategies. He
destroyed their reputation and uprooted them from their
dwellings. Thus, the Quraish detest my father and cannot
bear to see him as the caliph.” 13
Imam Hasan (a.s) fought shoulder to shoulder with his father
in the battle of Siffin. And when the matter reached to
„Arbitration‟, and the decision went against the truth, then

12
Hayat Imam Hasan ibn Ali, pg 396, 399
13
Ibid, pg 444, 445
 14 I Infallible Guides Series

Imam Hasan (a.s), on the orders of his father (a.s), went up

the pulpit and gave a spirited speech and he said,
“These people (Abu Moosa & Amr Aas) were selected to
give preference to the Holy Quran. But they acted contrary
to the mandate given to them and gave preference to their
desires and wishes. Therefore, such people cannot be
appointed arbitrators. Rather, they should be reprimanded
and condemned.”14
On his deathbed, and as per the orders of Holy Prophet
(s.a.w.a), H. Ali (a.s) announced Imam Hasan (a.s) as his
successor. He (a.s) made Imam Husain (a.s) and other
famous companions witness to this appointment.15

Morals of Imam Hasan (a.s)

(a) Piety
He (a.s) had a special and unique connection with Allah, which
manifested itself when he performed the ablution (wuzu). At
that time, his face would become pale due to fear and he used
to tremble while performing the wuzu. When asked about it, he
would say that this is the most appropriate manner of presenting
one‟s self before the Majestic Lord.
14
Ibid, pg 479
15
Al-Kafi, vol 1 pg 297, 298
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 15

Imam Sadiq (a.s) says,

“Imam Hasan (a.s) was the most devout worshipper of his era.
He was an emblem of holiness and spirituality. Often he would
become unconscious while speaking about death and the Day of
Judgment.” 16
He performed Hajj bare-foot twenty-five times 17

(b) Generosity
Once, when he (a.s) was praying near the Holy Kaaba, he
heard a person beseeching Allah to grant him a thousand
dirham. Imam Hasan (a.s) overheard his prayer and
immediately rushed home and sent a thousand dirhams for
that person.
Once, one of his maids (kaneez) presented him with a
bouquet. In return, he granted her freedom. When people
asked why he freed her in return for a small bouquet, he
smiled and recited the following verse of Quran
َ ْ ‫وإ ب َأ ْح َس ٌَ ِي‬
َ‫ْنا أَ ْو ُر ّ ُدوها‬ ْ ُّ َ َ َّ َ ُ ْ ّ ُ َ َ
ِ ‫و ِإذإ ح ِييتى ِبت ِحي ٍة َفي‬
“And when you are greeted, then reply with a better
greeting. Or at least similar to it..” 18
16
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 43, pg 331
17
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 43, pg 333; Tareekh Khulafa, pg 190
 16 I Infallible Guides Series

Thrice he distributed half his entire assets in the way of

Allah.19

(c) Forbearance
A person from Damascus, a province governed by the
accursed Muawiyah, came to Madina and started abusing
Imam Hasan (a.s). Imam Hasan (a.s) patiently heard his
outburst. Finally, the person stopped. With a smiling face,
Imam (a.s) greeted him and said, “O Shaikh! You seem to be a
stranger in this city. You have mistaken me for someone else. If
you want my satisfaction, then I am happy with you. If you need
something, I can provide it to you. If you have lost your way, then
I can guide you to your destination. If you are in debt, then I am
willing to repay your debt. If you are hungry, I can provide you
with food. If there is some other help that you need, I am more
than willing to assist you. If you accept my invitation to become
my guest, I will be an excellent host and fulfil all your wishes.
We have all the resources to make you comfortable and at
ease.”
Seeing the gentle and soft attitude of Imam Hasan (a.s), the
Syrian felt embarrassed and ashamed. Finally, he was
compelled to say, “I testify that you are Allah‟s representative
18
Surah Nisa, v 86; Behaarul Anwaar, vol 43, pg 342, 343
19
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 43, pg 332; Tareekh Khulafa, pg 190
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 17

on this earth. Allah knows best whom He appoints as His

ambassador20 Earlier, I hated you and your father. But from
today, I have the utmost respect for both of you.”
That same evening, Imam (a.s) hosted this Syrian at his home.
Eventually, when he left for home, he had turned into a
staunch devotee of Imam Hasan (a.s).21
Marwan bin Hakam was a staunch enemy of Ahle Bait (a.s) in
general and Imam Hasan (a.s) in particular. He would
continually harass and trouble Imam Hasan (a.s). When Imam
Hasan (a.s) was martyred, he participated in his (a.s) funeral.
Seeing him there, Imam Husain (a.s) was surprised and said,
„While my brother was alive, you were adamant on harassing
him. And now you attend his funeral?‟
Marwan turned towards the mountains of Madina and said, “I
have troubled a person whose patience and forbearance
were like those mountains.”22

َ ُ َ َ َُ ُّ
‫لُا أ ْعو ُى َح ْي ُ ْْج َلن ِر َااه َت ُه‬
20
(Surah Anam, v 124)
21
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 43, pg 344
22
Tareekh Khulafa, pg 191
 18 I Infallible Guides Series

Part 2
Caliphate till martyrdom
Ameerul Momineen (a.s) attained martyrdom and was buried
on the evening of the 21st Mahe Ramzan. The following day
the people gathered at the central mosque of Kufa. Imam
Hasan (a.s) ascended the pulpit and gave a sermon to the
people and said,
“Last night, that person was martyred who is not only unique in
the past but also is extraordinary in the future. He was peerless
in his knowledge and character. He stood shoulder to shoulder
with Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a) in facing the troubles for the sake of
Islam. He participated in every battle and was the flag bearer of
the Muslim army. He always returned victoriously and never
tasted defeat. He left behind only seven hundred dirhams of
white and yellow (silver & gold). He intended to purchase a maid
for doing household chores” Tears were rolling down the eyes
of Imam (a.s) as he spoke all this. The people, too, could not
hold back their tears.
After composing himself, Imam (a.s) continued and
introduced himself. He said, “I am the son of that Messenger
(s.a.w.a) who was a giver of glad-tidings and also a warner.
He (s.a.w.a) invited the people to the worship of One Allah. I
am the radiant lamp of that family. I belong to that progeny
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 19

whom Allah has “purified them with a thorough

purification” and has kept us away from all sins and
disobediences. I am from the family whose love has been
made incumbent upon the people as the Quran says,
َ ْ ُ ْ َ َّ َ َ ْ َّ ً ْ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ ُ َ ْ َ َّ ُ
‫قن ل أاأهُك عوي ِه أجرإ ِإل إهًودة ِِف إهقرب‬
Say: I do not ask of you any reward for it but love for
my near relatives.23
After giving the sermon, Imam Hasan (a.s) sat down.
Abdullah ibn Abbas stood up and addressed the people and
said, “O people! He (pointing to Imam Hasan (a.s)) is the son
of the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a). He is the successor of H.
Ali (a.s) And your Imam from now on. Come forward and
pay your allegiance to him.”
Hordes of people came forward and paid their allegiance to
him (a.s)24
When news of the people‟s allegiance to Imam Hasan (a.s)
reached Muawiyah, he appointed spies in the cities of Kufa
and Basra to get regular updates of the ongoings in Madina
and the adjoining areas. By this, Muawiyah planned to create

23
Surah Shura, v 23
24
Kitabul Irshad, pg 169, 170; Nahjul Balagha, Ibn Abil Hadeed, vol 16, pg 30
 20 I Infallible Guides Series

unrest and rebellion in the society against the rule of Imam

Hasan (a.s).
When the spies were identified, they were arrested and
executed on the orders of Imam Hasan (a.s). Then Imam (a.s)
shot off a letter to Muawiyah in which he wrote, “Your spies
have been arrested and executed. It seems that you are keen
on a battle. God willing, soon, it will materialise. Be
patient.”25
Ibn Abil Hadeed has collected letters and communications
between Imam Hasan (a.s) and Muawiyah in his famous book
„Sharh Nahjul Balagha‟. In one of the letters, Imam Hasan (a.s)
wrote thus,
“…. It is strange that after the demise of Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a),
the Quraish got together and disputed among themselves
regarding the successor of Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a). Their primary
argument was that they are nearer to Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a)
due to their tribal affiliations. All accepted their ideas and
submitted to them. But among the Quraish, we were closer than
anyone to Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a). Yet, our arguments fell on
deaf ears, and we were side-lined. As a result, the Quraish
usurped our rights and oppressed us. But we eschewed

25
Kitabul Irshad, pg 170
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 21

retaliation and war to safeguard the interests of Islam, which

was a fledgling religion then.
Today I am surprised that you demand a thing for which you
have no locus standi. Neither you have any superiority in religion
nor have you made any notable contribution in its propagation.
Nor are your morals and ethics worthy of being propagated. You
belong to a lineage that was constantly at war with Holy Prophet
(s.a.w.a). You are the son of the one who was a fierce enemy of
Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a). Beware that Allah will punish you for
your insurgence and you will see an evil end to yourself. Know
that victory will finally come to us. Soon your life will come to an
end, and you shall receive the chastisement of your past
demeanours. And Allah is not unjust to His servants.
After the martyrdom of H. Ali (a.s), people paid their
allegiance to me. And I pray to Allah that He should not grant
me any worldly bounty instead of my rewards that have
accrued in the Hereafter.
I write this letter to you to inform you that I have a valid
excuse before Allah (of being appointed as the successor of
H. Ali (a.s)). So like other Muslims, you too should accept this
appointment. Your benefit and welfare lie in accepting the
reality. Don‟t try to foment trouble and instigate the people.
It is in the interest of Islam that you pay allegiance to me. You
are well aware that only I am eligible for this position (of
 22 I Infallible Guides Series

caliphate). So fear Allah and don‟t be an oppressor. Respect

the sanctity of the blood of Muslims. If you are unwilling to
heed my advice, beware that I will come towards you with
the Muslim army. I will arrest you and put your case in the
court of law and await Allah‟s judgement. Because He is the
best of the Judges.”
Muawiyah wrote back and said, “Our case is similar to the
time when Abu Bakr put forth his claim to caliphate. He had
staked his claim giving the excuse of „experience‟, and he
considered himself more suitable for caliphate. My argument
also is the same. I see myself as worthier than you for
caliphate due to my vast experience. If you had shown more
interest in solving the people's problems and would have
forcefully confronted the enemies of Islam, I would have paid
allegiance to you. But you are aware that I surpass you in
these matters. Thus, it will be prudent that you accept my
governorship and defer to me. I promise you that after my
death, you shall be made the caliph. Iraq's public treasury and
taxes are under your control, and you can use them as you
deem appropriate. You can also select some region of your
liking in Iraq, and I will hand it over to you. Was-salam.26

26
Nahjul Balagha, Ibn Abil Hadeed, vol 16, pg 35
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 23

Hence, Muawiyah also used the excuse that the Quraish

employed to deny H. Ali (a.s) his legal claim to caliphate.
Muawiyah was well aware of the lawful and divine right of
Imam Hasan (a.s) for the caliphate. But his lust for power and
authority prevented him from accepting the truth. He knew
that the young age of H Isa and H Yahya did not impede their
Prophethood. Imam Hasan (a.s) was the heir to the Holy
Prophet (s.a.w.a). Here too, age was not a barrier or hurdle
for the responsibility of Prophethood and Imamat.
Not only did Muawiyah refuse to pay allegiance to Imam
Hasan (a.s), but he also plotted to assassinate him (a.s). He
had appointed his spies to keep an eye on Imam Hasan (a.s)
and his whereabouts and to kill him (a.s) if they got an
opportunity. Thus, most of the time, Imam (a.s) used to wear
an armour under his clothing. Even for his prayers in the
mosque, he used to wear a protective layer below his dress.
One day, Muawiyah‟s crony did shoot an arrow on Imam
(a.s). But due to this standard safety measure, Imam (a.s) was
saved from the attack.27
The excuse of a young age was conveniently disregarded by
Muawiyah when appointing Yazid as his successor. He not

27
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 44, pg 33
 24 I Infallible Guides Series

only ignored this fact but also actively solicited the people‟s
allegiance for his son.
Under the pretext of Islamic unity and protecting the Muslim
nation from its enemies, Muawiyah ordered all his
commanders in different areas to gather in Damascus with
their armies. He then arranged them systematically and sent
them to Iraq to fight against Imam (a.s).
Imam Hasan (a.s) got the news of Muawiyah‟s plans and
intentions. He (a.s) delegated J Hujr Ibn Adi Kandi to meet all
governors and, through them, prepare the people to take on
Muawiyah‟s army.
As per the prevalent custom, a caller went around the streets
of Kufa and gave the call for prayers. Sensing something, the
people gathered in the central mosque. Imam (a.s) arrived
and ascended the pulpit and addressed the people and said,
“Muawiyah is coming here with the intention of war. Therefore,
all of you are instructed to gather at the „Nukhayla‟
cantonment.” There was a deathly silence after Imam made
this announcement.
Adi Taai, the son of Hatam Taai, stood up and said, “O
people! I am Adi Ibn Hatam Taai. Why are you so quiet? Why
don‟t you say something? Why don‟t you respond and
support the plea of your Imam, who is also the son of the
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 25

Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a)? Fear the divine chastisement.

Aren‟t you afraid of humiliation and disgrace?”
He then turned towards Imam Hasan (a.s) and said, “I have
heard your instructions, and I‟m willing to support you
wholeheartedly.” He then turned to the people and said, “I
am leaving for Nukhayla. All those who want to help Imam
can join me.”
Qais bin Saad bin Obadah, Maghfal bin Qais Riyaahi and Ziyad
bin Sasa Tamimi too gave fiery speeches and goaded the
people to assist Imam. They managed to collect some
followers who were willing to fight against Muawiyah. They
systematically arranged them and set out for Nukhayla.28
Besides the Shias, some other groups too gathered at the
cantonment to join Imam‟s army.
 Khwarijis: They had gathered to fight Muawiyah due to
their agenda and had no sympathy for Imam (a.s).
 Greedy individuals: They joined the army in their greed for
war booty
 Those people who arrived due to their loyalties to their
tribal chiefs. They were not concerned with Islam.29

28
Sharh Nahjul Balagha, vol 16 pg 40 - 73
29
Kitabul Irshad, pg 156
 26 I Infallible Guides Series

Imam Hasan (a.s) dispatched these soldiers under the

leadership of Hakam and ordered them to proceed to a place
called Ambar. But when they reached there, Hakam and his
men deserted Imam Hasan (a.s) and joined hands with
Muawiyah. The second in command of Imam‟s army went
towards Madayan and collected twelve thousand soldiers. He
joined Ubaidullah Ibn Abbas, another commander of Imam‟s
army and went ahead to confront Muawiyah‟s army. Qais bin
Sadah Ubaidah Ansari was directed to assist Ubaidullah Ibn
Abbas and was appointed the second in command.
Muawiyah tried to bribe Qais and offered him ten lakh
dirhams. He asked Qais to switch sides or remain a mute
spectator and not participate in the war. Qais replied, “Don‟t
try to tempt me with worldly allurements. I‟m not going to
sell my religion. Go try to deceive someone else. Those with
lofty morals and strong faith will not fall for your
temptations.”30
Unfortunately, the main commander, Ubaidullah Ibn Abbas,
fell for Muawiyah‟s offer of governorship. In the darkness of
the night, he took his trusted soldiers and defected to the
enemy side. The following day, the army did not find their
leader. So Qais took over the leadership and prayed the salat

30
Tareekh Yaqubi, vol 2 pg 204 - 207
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 27

with them. He then sent a message to Imam about the turn

of events and the infidelity of his (a.s) commanders.31
Qais fought valiantly against Muawiyah‟s army. When
Muawiyah realised that Qais could not be deceived easily and
his loyalty to Imam Hasan (a.s) is unwavering, he resorted to
another of his sinister ploys. He spread an ugly rumour in
Imam Hasan‟s (a.s) army that Qais had made a ceasefire with
Muawiyah, and they have decided to make peace. Some
other spies of Muawiyah spread another rumour that Imam
(a.s) has suggested to end the war to avoid bloodshed and
has agreed to make peace with Muawiyah.32
The Khwarijis and others who were against making peace
with Muawiyah were upset on hearing this. They were
enraged with this proposal and rushed towards Imam‟s tent.
They ransacked everything and even snatched the carpet on
which Imam (a.s) was seated. One of the dissenters attacked
Imam (a.s) with the sword. Imam‟s thighs were gravely
injured in the attack.33
The companions of Imam Hasan (a.s) hastily shifted him to
Madayan. There, Imam stayed in the residence of Saad bin

31
Kitabul Irshad, pg 172
32
Tareekh Yaqubi, vol 2 pg 204 - 207
33
Ibid; Tareekh Tabari, vol 7 pg 1
 28 I Infallible Guides Series

Masood Saqafi. He was the governor of Madayan appointed

by H. Ali (a.s). Imam stayed there for a few days while his
wounds were being treated and he was recuperating.
In the meantime, some tribal chiefs who bore enmity with
Imam Hasan (a.s) wrote a secret letter to Muawiyah inviting
him to Iraq. They assured him that they would hand over
Imam Hasan (a.s) to him.
The wily Muawiyah collected those letters and sent them to
Imam Hasan (a.s) to let him know about the rebellion
brewing in his army. Simultaneously, he also proposed a
ceasefire and suggested the signing of a peace treaty. He
agreed to accept the conditions that Imam wanted to include
from his side.34
At that time, Imam Hasan (a.s) was severely ill due to his
grievous injuries. His companions, too, were scattered in
different areas. His army was not steadfast and resolute.
Every soldier had his own opinion about the way to take the
battle forward. Against this backdrop, Imam Hasan (a.s)
realised that continuing the fight was not in the interest of
Islam and Shias. If Muawiyah were to win this battle, then the
foundations of Islam would be damaged, and the hard work

34
Kitabul Irshad, pg 172, 173
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 29

and sacrifices of his grandfather (s.a.w.a) and father (a.s)

would be brought to nought. Besides, he would unleash his
reign of terror on the lovers of H. Ali (a.s) and put them to
the sword.
With all these things running through his mind, Imam Hasan
(a.s) accepted the peace proposal. But he put some stringent
clauses in the peace treaty to safeguard the interests of
Islam.35
1. The blood of the Shias should be treated with respect (i.e.
they must not be killed). The rights of every Muslim should
be honoured and fulfilled
2. H. Ali (a.s) should not be abused36
3. From the income of „Darab Ghard‟, Muawiyah should
distribute ten lakh dirhams among the orphans of the battles
of Jamal and Siffin
4. Imam would not address Muawiyah as Ameerul Momineen37
5. Muawiyah should govern the nation as per the Holy Quran
and the Sunnah of the Prophet (s.a.w.a)38

35
Tareekh Yaqubi, vol 2 pg 204 - 207
36
Kitabul Irshad, pg 173; Maqatil Talebeen, pg 26
37
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 44, pg 203
38
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 44, pg 65
 30 I Infallible Guides Series

6. Muawiyah will not appoint anyone as his successor.39

Muawiyah readily consented to all these clauses. In this way,
the war came to an end.

Negligence was not there

Many Orientalist writers in their articles have shown a lack of
depth in their understanding. They are unable to view a
matter from all perspectives. They base their conclusions on
superficial interpretations without getting to the crux of the
issue. Interestingly, such writers are unwilling to accept other
views and consider their opinions to be the last word on the
matter.
One group of such myopic and hollow analysts have
commented in their articles and essays that, God forbid,
Imam Hasan (a.s) didn‟t show firm resolve in tackling
Muawiyah and meekly surrendered to him. If he (a.s) had
held out for some more time, he could have been victorious.
If these so-called „analysts‟ had studied the circumstances
from all angles, they would not have made such misplaced
allegations about Imam (a.s). History is a witness that in the
battles of Jamal and Siffin, Imam Hasan (a.s) had fought

39
Ibid
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 31

valiantly against the enemies. So much so that he destroyed

the enemy bastions and won the war.
Imam Hasan (a.s) was not averse to fighting Muawiyah. On
the contrary, Imam had motivated the people through his
sermons to take on Muawiyah and wage war. However, one
of the reasons for the signing of the peace treaty by Imam
(a.s) was the external political circumstances of those times.
The Roman empire was mighty, and its threat was looming
over the Muslim nation. Yet, the Romans had suffered losses
in their past battles with the Muslims and were always on the
lookout for avenging their losses.
While the armies of Imam Hasan (a.s) and Muawiyah were
arrayed against each other, the Roman king was plotting to
launch a sudden attack and use the internal strife as an
opportunity to attack the Muslim territories. If Imam (a.s) had
rejected the peaceful proposal from Muawiyah and chosen to
prolong the battle, the Romans would have gotten a chance
to attack Islam. However, by signing the peace treaty, Imam
(a.s) poured cold water on the Roman plans.40

40
Tareekh Yaqubi, vol 2 pg 206
 32 I Infallible Guides Series

Acceptance was not there

Another group of Orientalists have made an even more
bizarre accusation against Imam (a.s). They have gone on to
say that Imam (a.s) considered Muawiyah worthier than
himself for the caliphate. Hence, he accepted the proposal of
the peace treaty.
Not only is this an outrageous allegation, but also it is
baseless. We are aware of the multiple letters and
correspondences between Imam Hasan (a.s) and Muawiyah,
both before and after the treaty, wherein Imam (a.s) had
categorically stated that the right to caliphate belongs only to
him (Imam). When Muawiyah had ascended on the pulpit in
the mosque of Kufa and told the people that Imam Hasan
(a.s) considered him worthier for caliphate, at that time
Imam Hasan (a.s) was sitting in the gathering. On hearing this
specious assertion of Muawiyah, Imam (a.s) promptly stood
up in protest and said,
“Muawiyah is lying….”
Imam Hasan (a.s) then went on to enumerate his merits and
virtues. Among other things, he mentioned „Mubahela‟ in
which he had accompanied Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a) as his
„son‟. Then he said,
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 33

“We have superiority in the light of the Holy Quran and the
traditions of Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a). Therefore, we are the ones
most eligible for caliphate. Others have oppressed us and
usurped our rights.”41
Besides, in the clauses of the peace treaty, we have seen that
Imam Hasan (a.s) had clearly stated that neither would he
address Muawiyah as Ameerul Momineen nor agree to this
title for him. Therefore, how can one say that Imam Hasan
(a.s) had paid allegiance to Muawiyah? If that was the case,
Imam (a.s) would have willingly accepted and followed
Muawiyah‟s orders. But history is witness, that Imam (a.s)
never valued or followed Muawiyah‟s instructions.
When the Khwarijis had rebelled against Muawiyah, he asked
Imam Hasan (a.s) to fight against them. Imam flatly refused
and said, “If I had wished to fight the „people of Kaaba‟, then I
would have started with you.”42
We see that the historical analysis done by the Orientalists is
with the sole intent of creating discord and conflict in the
Muslim society. Otherwise, their research is devoid of
intellectual depth and is bereft of historical facts.

41
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 44, pg 62
42
Kaamil ibn Athir, vol 3 pg 208 from Hayat Imam Hasan ibn Ali, vol 2 pg 279
 34 I Infallible Guides Series

Imam Hasan (a.s) had signed the peace treaty purely for the
benefit and success of Islam. He did not sign the treaty due to
coercion. And nor did he consider Muawiyah worthier than
himself for caliphate.

Baseless allegation
Another pointless argument put forward by a group is that a
leader should consult and take the opinion of his subjects.
Imam Hasan (a.s) had hastily agreed to sign the peace treaty
with Muawiyah, while the Shias were willing to continue the
battle.
Continuing the war was neither in the interest of Islam nor of
the Muslims. In such a scenario, it is not incumbent on the
leader to listen to his subjects and take their views.
According to the Shias, the Imamat of an Imam is similar to
the Prophethood of Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a). In other words,
it is divinely ordained. Thus, an Imam has a special and unique
connection with Allah. Consequently, all decisions of Imam
Hasan (a.s) are indisputable and have an aim and purpose.
Therefore, neither can his decisions be debated, nor can they
be opposed.
Often it has happened that the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a)
or Imams (a.s) have taken steps that the people have not
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 35

approved. But with time, the rationale of those decisions

became evident on the people who then appreciated the
wisdom of the Imams (a.s)
A case in point is the treaty of Hudaibiyyah signed by Holy
Prophet (s.a.w.a) with the Meccan polytheists. After firmly
establishing Islam's foundations by signing treaties with the
opponents or defeating the enemies in battles, Holy Prophet
(s.a.w.a) decided to visit the Holy Kaaba in Mecca with his
contingent of followers. This would have been the first time
he would be returning to his native place. Holy Prophet
(s.a.w.a) and his companions had sent a message that they
would like to visit the Holy Kaaba. But the Meccan
polytheists were averse to his coming to Mecca. They
considered the return of Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a) to the Holy
Kaaba as their defeat and a moral victory of the Muslims.
When the Muslim caravan had reached a place called
Hudaibiyyah, the polytheists blocked that path and refused to
let them go further. Despite Holy Prophet‟s (s.a.w.a) appeals
and requests, the polytheists did not budge. A lot of letters
and communications took place between the two sides. But
the polytheists were unwilling to relent and allow the
Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a) to visit the Holy Kaaba. Finally, a
treaty was signed between the Muslims and polytheists to
end the stalemate. The clauses of the treaty were
 36 I Infallible Guides Series

1. The Muslims would return to Madina that year. The

following year, Muslims should be given control of the
Holy Kaaba and its precincts for three days to allow them
to fulfil their religious obligations and rituals vis-à-vis the
Holy Kaaba.
2. There will not be any formal relations between the
Quraish and the Muslims. They will not interfere in each
other‟s affairs. Muslims will be free to come and go to
Mecca.43
3. There will be no restrictions upon the Muslims in
practising their religion in Mecca.
4. If a Meccan flees from Mecca and seeks asylum in Madina,
he shall be returned to the polytheists. But if the Meccan
polytheists arrest a person from Madina, then it would not
be mandatory for them to return him to the Muslims.44
Although Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a) accepted the treaty in toto,
the Muslims were unhappy with the last clause. They
objected to this condition and were upset with this

43
Tareekh Yaqubi, vol 2 pg 44, 45
44
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 20, pg 368
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 37

45
compromise. Seeing their discontent, Holy Prophet
(s.a.w.a) said,
“I am the servant of Allah and His Messenger. Therefore, I will
never challenge His orders, nor will I suffer any loss.”46
And this is precisely what happened. The ceasefire, the
signing of the peace treaty, and the regular travelling of the
Muslims to Mecca had a very positive effect on the image of
Islam. The accurate picture of Islam came to the fore, and
apprehensions of the polytheists were laid to rest. Gradually,
they started appreciating and liking the religion. Hordes of
polytheists started accepting Islam. Soon, Islam was widely
accepted in Mecca, and it became the state religion even
though the duration of the peace treaty (of three years) had
still not lapsed.47
Zuhri says that the number of people who accepted Islam in
these two years was more than all the previous years. Ibn
Hesham has endorsed the claim of Zuhri, and he writes that
the people who had accompanied Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a) at
the time of the treaty of Hudaibiyyah were fourteen
hundred. Still, two years later, at the time of „Fateh Mecca‟,

45
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 20, pg 350
46
Seerat ibn Hisham, vol 4 pg 368
47
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 20, pg 350
 38 I Infallible Guides Series

the number of Muslims had swelled to ten thousand. 48

Therefore, the statement of Zuhri, „No conquest was greater
than the Conquest of Mecca‟,49 is very apt and accurate.
Imam Sadiq (a.s) says, “No event is greater than the treaty of
Hudaibiyyah.”50
Those who have faith and certainty in the Imamat of our
Infallible Imams (a.s) will never harbour an iota of doubt
about the peace treaty of Imam Hasan (a.s).
He often used to advise those who complained about the
peace treaty (like those who objected to Holy Prophet
(s.a.w.a) when he signed the treaty of Hudaibiyyah), not to
interfere in matters Imamat. He urged them to follow their
Imam since he had signed the treaty on the orders of Allah
under certain circumstances. However, the people did not
comprehend its wisdom.
Abu Saeed Aqisa says that I asked Imam Hasan (a.s), “Why
did you compromise with Muawiyah and sign the peace
treaty? While you were on truth and Muawiyah was the
oppressor. Imam said, “Am I not the Hujjat of Allah after my
father?” Aqisa replied, “Certainly, yes.” Imam continued,
48
Seerat ibn Hisham, vol 4 pg 322
49
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 20, pg 345
50
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 20, pg 368
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 39

“Was it not about me and my brother that Holy Prophet

(s.a.w.a) had said, “Hasan and Husain are the leaders of the
youth of Paradise”? Aqisa said, “Surely, yes” Then Imam said,
“Hence, I am an Imam, whether I am standing or sitting”
Then Imam went on to elaborate on the reasons for not
rebelling against Muawiyah. He said, “I compromised with
Muawiyah precisely for the same reasons for which Holy Prophet
(s.a.w.a) had compromised with the Bani Hamza, Bani Asja‟a
and with the Meccans at Hudaibiyyah. The difference is that he
had signed a treaty with the polytheists. But in this case,
Muawiyah has done „kufr‟ in his orders.” Then Imam (a.s)
continued and said, “O Abu Saeed! Since I‟m the divine
representative, it is incumbent upon you to give credence to my
opinion and views, even if their actual reason and purport may
be hidden from you.
Our example is similar to H Khizr and H Moosa (a.s). Since H
Moosa was unaware of the purpose of H Khizr‟s actions, he
would constantly object to whatever he (J Khizr) did. But when
H Khizr would explain the reason, H Moosa would become
convinced. Maybe I have hurt your sentiments since you too are
unaware of the rationale of my actions. Suffice it is for you to
 40 I Infallible Guides Series

know that if I had not signed a peace treaty with Muawiyah,

then not a single Shia would remain on the face of the earth.”51

Muawiyah‟s treason
When the foundations of his reign were firmly established,
Muawiyah began showing his true colours and his despicable
side. Hence in a sermon at Nukhayla, he said, “I did not
wage war to establish prayers, fasting and Hajj. Rather, I was
eager to rule over you. And I have fulfilled my wish. So now I
announce publicly that I no longer respect the clauses of the
peace treaty, and I am not bound by them anymore.”52
Muawiyah did try to appease Imam Hasan (a.s) from time to
time in deference to his (a.s) stature and lineage. Once, Ziyad
was attempting to arrest one of the Shias of Imam (a.s).
When news reached Imam (a.s), he wrote to Ziyad asking
him to go easy and avoid arresting his companion. Ziyad
rejected Imam‟s suggestion and reported back that he would
do as he wishes. Imam forwarded Ziyad‟s reply to Muawiyah.
He was upset when he read Ziyad‟s response. He castigated
Ziyad and asked him not to harass the friends of Imam (a.s) as
I have not given you that authority.53

51
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 44, pg 1
52
Behaarul Anwaar, vol 44, pg 49
53
Sharh Nahjul Balagha, vol 16. Pg 18, 19
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 41

Return to Madina
Due to the ever-increasing oppression and audacity of
Muawiyah, things became difficult for Imam Hasan (a.s) in
Kufa. Not only did Muawiyah harass Imam Hasan (a.s), but
also he made the Shias the target of his persecutions. Once,
Muawiyah abused H. Ali (a.s) in a gathering where Imam
Hasan (a.s) was present.54 Hearing this abuse, Imam stood up
immediately and gave a fitting reply to Muawiyah and shut his
mouth. Yet, the constant taunts and intimidation were getting
unbearable for Imam Hasan (a.s). So finally, he decided to
return to Madina, which was his birthplace.
This homecoming didn‟t make much difference for Imam.
Because Marwan, the rude and insolent aide of Muawiyah,
was the governor of Madina. About Marwan, Holy Prophet
(s.a.w.a) had said, “He is accursed and the son of an
accursed” 55
He continued the vindictive policies of Muawiyah and
constantly harassed the family of H. Ali (a.s). Things had
become so complicated that the Shias couldn't visit Imam
Hasan (a.s) due to constant surveillance. Although he (a.s)
stayed ten years in Madina, yet people were not able to
54
Kitabul Irshad, pg 173
55
Hayat Imam Hasan ibn Ali, pg 218
 42 I Infallible Guides Series

benefit from this „ocean of knowledge‟ due to the severe

restrictions put in place by Marwan. Consequently, we don‟t
find many traditions narrated by Imam Hasan (a.s).
Marwan always tried to belittle and malign H. Ali (a.s). He
would encourage people to defame Imam Hasan (a.s) in
gatherings and assemblies.56
All governors after Marwan continued the policies of Marwan
and left no stone unturned in the harassment of Imam (a.s).

Martyrdom
Muawiyah, who refused to pay allegiance to Imam Hasan (a.s)
on the pretext of „young age‟, himself became busy making
arrangements to appoint his immoral, irreligious and
debauched son Yazid, as his heir apparent. So that after his
death, the caliphate should seamlessly pass on to his son.
In implementing this sinister plan, Muawiyah considered
Imam Hasan (a.s) as the most significant obstacle. He was
afraid that after his death, people would turn to Imam Hasan
(a.s) since they were not very receptive to Yazid due to his
immoral and crude behaviour. Therefore, on numerous
occasions, Muawiyah unsuccessfully tried to poison Imam

56
Tareekh Khulafa, pg 190
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 43

(a.s). Finally, using all his deceit and cunningness, he managed

to poison Imam Hasan (a.s).
Imam Hasan (a.s) attained martyrdom and passed away from
this world on the 28th of Safar 50 AH. He was buried in the
cemetery of Baqi in Madina
May Allah‟s salutations descend on Imam Hasan (a.s)

Radiant sayings of Imam Hasan (a.s)

ِّ ‫إلوّ ُ ْؤ ُم أَ ْن َل ج َ ْش ُم َر‬
‫إهن ْل ًَة‬
1. Vile and debased people are ungrateful to divine bounties and
virtues.
ْ َ ُ ْ َ ً ْ ُ َّ ْ َ
‫ه ْي َس ِت إه ِلفة ِب َدإ ِف َل ٍة ِرزقا َو ل إْل ِْرص ِ َِباه ٍِب فضال‬
2. Neither chastity is an obstacle in acquiring sustenance nor
greed attracts more wealth.
َ َّ َ َ ُ ْ َّ َ َ ْ ّ َ َ ُ ْ ُّ َّ َ َ َّ ُ ْ َ ْ
.ِ‫ازهة‬ ِ ‫ش ِفي ِه إهشمر يع‬
ِ ‫إهنلً ِة و إهصْب لَع إهن‬ ‫إْلْي إه ِذي ل‬
3. The virtue that has no evil – gratitude on bounties and
patience on calamities
َّ َ ِ ُ َ ْ َ ُ َ ْ
‫إهنار‬ ‫إهلار أهون م‬
4. Insult and humiliation (even though bitter) are better than
the Hellfire (which is an eternal punishment)
 44 I Infallible Guides Series

ُّ َ َ ُ َ َ ُ ُ ْ ُ َ ْ َ
َ ُ ‫إهش‬
.‫ات‬
ِ ‫ُب‬ ‫وب يا طهر ِم‬
ِ ‫أاوى إهقو‬
5. The purest heart is the one that is free from doubts and
scepticism.
َّ َ ْ ُ َ َّ َ َ ْ َ
َ‫إهس َفر ْإا َتلد‬
ِ ‫م ثذلر بلد‬
6. The one who remembers the lengthy journey of the hereafter
prepares accordingly.
َ ُ ُ َ ْ َ َّ
‫ِب أ ْن يُ َصا ِح ُبوك‬
ّ ‫َصا ِح ِب إهناس ِ ِِبثن يا ُت‬
ِ
7. Behave with the people as you would like them to behave
with you.
َ ُ ُ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ْ ّ َ َ َ َ َ َّ َ َ ْ
‫ول أ َج ِوك‬
ِ ‫إاتلد هِسف ِرك و ح ِصن زإدك قبن حو‬
8. Prepare yourself and collect the provisions for the hereafter
before death overtakes you.
ْ ِ ‫او َر َق ْو ٌم إ ّ َل ُه ُدوإ إ ََل ُر ْش ِد‬
.‫ِه‬ َ ‫َيا ج َ َش‬
ِ ِ
9. Those who consult each other are guided towards progress
and goodness.
َّ َّ َّ ََ َ َ َ ْ
‫ات َو َها ِذ ِم إلوذإت‬
ِ ًَ ‫إهن ِق‬ ِ ‫َِب ِد ُروإ إه َل ًَن ق ْبن ُيق ّط َل‬
‫ات‬
10.Perform (virtuous) actions before the falling of calamities and
the arrival of death. 57

57
Tohful Uqool
Imam Hasan (a.s.) I 45