CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1

LESSON 1: SEX VS GENDER LESSON 2: GENDER ROLES

GENDER ROLES
PRETEST 1. Productive- this relates to production of goods for consumption or
income through work in or outside the house.
Identify if the following statements refer to Gender or Sex. Write G for
Gender and S for Sex. 2. Reproductive- this relates to domestic or household tasks associated
with creating and maintaining children and family.
1. Women breast-feed their babies while men bottle-feed their babies.
3. Community-Management –this relates to tasks and responsibilities
2. Only women give birth to babies.
carried out for the benefit of the community.
3. It refers to being a female or a male.
4. Constituency-Based Politics-this relates to task involving decision-
4. Labor Force Participation as of 2018 is: female: 46.6% while male: 75.1%. making and organization at all political levels in behalf of the
constituency’s interest.
5. Its attributes are masculinity and femininity.

6. The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) projected the population as of Gender roles have 3 aspects:
2019 at 108.4 M. The number of male population remain slightly higher at • POSITIONS within the social structure/hierarchy indicating:
54.7M compared to 53.7M females. ♀♂ where women and men belong, or ♀♂ are expected to belong.
• BEHAVIORS prescribed for women and men.
7. Even if the male-female ratio of our population is almost equal, there • PROPER RELATIONSHIPS between roles.
remains a wide disparity in terms of labor force participation.
These aspects of Gender Roles determine to a large extent the
8. Little girls play dolls, little boys play toy cars. SOCIAL RELATIONS between women and men which is also known as
GENDER RELATIONS.
9. There are courses dominated by male students while other courses have a
lot of female enrollees.

10. . It is universal and relatively fixed at birth.

SEX AND GENDER

SEX
Traditional gender roles
➢ Refers to the biologically determined differences between men
➢ Deny women access to the public world of:
and women
* Work * Power
➢ Used whatever reference is made to women and men as different
* Achievement * Independence
physical categories
➢ Physical identity of a person; genetic
➢ Deny men access to the:
➢ Attributes: maleness; femaleness
* Nurturant * Motive
* other-oriented world of domestic life

GENDER The private-public divide

➢ Women are confined to the private concerns of the HOME and
➢ refers to the social differences between men and women that are FAMILY
learned, changeable over time and have wide variations within - Outside work are extensions of their domestic functions.
and between cultures ➢ Men engaged in the public world of WORK and POLITICS
➢ refers to “the economic, social, political, and cultural attributes
and opportunities” associated with being male and female Why are gender roles highly resistant to change?
➢ is a socio-economic variable to analyze roles, responsibilities, This is due to continuous exposure and reinforcement of gender
constraints, opportunities and needs of men and women in any differentiation.
context
➢ since gender is a social construct, the particular socio-economic A majority of behavioral scientists agreed that gender roles are
and cultural/religious context cannot be ignored in determining not inborn. They are learned. Learning of gender roles begin in the early
women’s roles, needs, priorities and activities stages of childhood. As an outcome, male gender roles and female gender
➢ socially learned behaviors roles develop.
➢ expectations associated with the two sexes
➢ attributes: masculinity ; femaleness Therefore, traditional gender roles limit the psychological and
social potentials of human beings.
SEX
➢ Only women can give
born with birth Gender Roles do CHANGE
➢ Only men can produce
sperm
cannot be changed
CHAPTER 1
LESSON 3: GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR

GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR

• In non-industrial communities, almost households are involved in the
GENDER
primary sector; agriculture, herding foraging
➢ Women can do • What define most gender roles is the division of labor
socially
traditionally male jobs • May be defined as an arrangement whereby men perform some tasks
constructed
➢ Men can take good care and women others.
of the children • Refers to the assignment of tasks and roles to women and men on the
changeable basis of their sex.

➢ Does every society have different work for males and females?
- The answer is generally yes.
 In the Philippines, sexuality is described as a disgusting, and a
➢ Do the women and men divide work in similar ways? taboo topic because of our culture and very traditional aspects.
- It depends on the society, its environment, and its technology.
SEX AND GENDER
➢ Men generally handle heavier tasks that are often dangerous Sex refers to a set of biological attributes in humans and animals.
- They usually engage in warfare and usually exercise political It is primarily associated with physical and physiological features including
leadership. chromosomes, gene expression, hormone levels and function, and
• According to researches, a leader should be physique which is carried reproductive/sexual anatomy (Canadian Institute of Health Research)
mostly by male. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours,
expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse
➢ Women generally handle domestic duties and rear children. people. It influences how people perceive themselves and each other, how
- Often the tasks they handle are compatible with child care. they act and interact, and the distribution of power and resources in society
- Nurturer and household chores (Canadian Institute of Health Research)
-
SHARED TASK PUBERTY
• Either or both genders perform handicrafts: weaving, leatherworks, One to three-year process of hormonal and physical changes that causes
pottery, basketry, and others young person to reach sexual maturity, girls usually entering it about a year
• Both genders tend and milk cattle, and other herd animals, plant the [ or two] earlier than boy” (Pickhardt, 2010, para 3)
fields, tend them during the growing season, and harvest crops. *Women develops 1-2 years earlier than men
• They handle other sundry tasks, such as smoke or otherwise preserve
meat or fish
EROGENOS ZONE- Sigmund Freud
TO EXPALIN: -Males and females experiences stimulations once genitals have touched
❖ POWER OF CONSENT should be clear (minors can’t give
There have been three main categories of explanations to predict how labor consent)
is allocated cross-culturally: Consent should be FRIES:
➢ Freely given
➢ STRENGTH ➢ Reversible
• Men are said to be able to mobilize strength in quick burst of energy. ➢ Informed
• Matches most tasks done by males including hunting, clearing land, ➢ Enthusiastic (participative)
and heavy construction. ➢ Specific
• However, women handle tasks involving heavy labor, fishing, herd
large animals, clear land, and even carry heavy loads while cultivating.

➢ COMPATABILITY-WITH-CHILD-CARE
• Women handle tasks compatible with child care (especially at
breastfeeding)
• Tasks do not place children in danger
• Tasks are interruptible to tend to child (such as working outside)
• Women often exchange child care with other women

➢ MALE EXPENDABILITY
• Men usually engage in dangerous work (warfare) UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE
• Loss of men is less disadvantageous to society’s survival than loss of “Falling in love is stronger than the sex drive” ( Fisher 2005, p.60)
women, who have reproductive power
• Shortcomings: Women also take on dangerous tasks

➢ ALL EXPLANATIONS DO NOT APPLY TO ALL PLACES

GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR

• We have seen in this series that most, if not all explanations, accout for
all cases.
• This applies to all generalizations in social sciences
• We are dealing with volitional beings, and explaining facts about their
tasks is really a great job especially for anthropologist

IN CONCLUSION

• Sex is the first organizer of human society

• This is filtered culturally through gender
• Gender labor and status depends on cultural factors
• Explanations for these differences is a continuing process

STAGES:
1. AROUSAL
CHAPTER 1 2. PLATEAU
LESSON 4: SEXUALITY 3. ORGASM
4. RESOLUTION- post-sex
SEXUALITY *Refractory period- period of time before arousal again
Sexuality is commonly defined as “the ways people experience
and express themselves as sexual being. ” (King, 2014. P .373). SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES/INFECTIONS
But the World Health Organization (WHO) provides a working
definition of the term sexuality that encompasses or specific much more. Involvement in sexual contact, either vaginal, oral or anal may
Sexuality education equips children and young people with the give temporary intense pleasure and the possibility of transmitting more than
knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that help them to protect their health, 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites ('Sexually transmitted' 2016, para.
develop respectful social and sexual relationships, make responsible choices 2) that may result in a lifetime of sexually transmitted infections. In our
and understand and protect the rights of others. (World Health Organization) country the number of HIV and AIDS cases increase every year. In August
-ways people express themselves 2017, the Philippines was said to have the highest HIV growth rate in the
- encompasses or specific much more Asia – Pacific ( Reuters2017)
THE LINK BETWEEN HIV AND MENTAL HEALTH
There are so many misconceptions regarding HIV and AIDS. Sadly,
there is still so much discrimination towards people living with HIV, often
due to a lack of education about what HIV really is. One of the most common
misunderstandings is of course that HIV can prevent a person from living a
healthy life.

Are People Living with HIV at a Higher Risk for Mental Health Issues?
While mental health issues are more common than ever across all
demographics. But sadly, for people living with HIV, mental health issues are
even more prevalent. Some reports estimate that about people living with
HIV are two to five times more likely to struggle with mental health illnesses

Can HIV Cause Depression, Stress, and Mental Disorder?

The answer here is no – HIV does not directly cause any mental health
problems. Most mental health illnesses, such as depression and bipolar
disorder, are caused by a chemical and hormonal imbalance in the brain.
These may be a result of many things, such as trauma or even genetics.

How Can People Living with HIV Get Help for Mental Health Issues?
Some signs that a person is experiencing mental health problems related to
HIV include:
• Disconnection or isolation from friends, family, and social
gatherings
• Loss of interest in things that they once loved
• Persistent worrying or expressing negative assumptions and
thoughts
• Suicidal thoughts or behaviors
• Changes in eating habits (eating far more or far less than normal)
• Increased use of substances like alcohol, drugs, or prescription
medications to alter their mood
• Changes in sleep (trouble sleeping or oversleeping)
• Difficulty concentrating and remembering things

- The development of any mental health issue while having this kind of
infection wasn’t caused directly by it but it is because of your reaction
and your response towards it. The feeling of depression and lost are
some examples of your reaction, you may not feel it as early but
sometimes you project it to your doings.

“Many people suffering from AIDS and not killed by the disease itself are
killed by the stigma. ” Nelson Mandela, 14th International AIDS Conference,
Barcelona July 2022

THE ABC PREVENTION

To prevent this kind of infection you must remember:
➢ ABSTINENCE
➢ BE FAITHFUL TO YOUR PARTNERS
➢ CONDOMS