NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 4.

Calculate h in the U-tube shown in

Two small pillars, each of cross-sectional area
1. oil 0.9 cm°, density of ea
load of 40 kg mass. Calculate the figure. (Density of g
artsn)
=

10 cm, support a
and density
pressure sustained by the pillars, g 10 ms. =
tetrachloride = 1.6 g cm of
mercury
SOLUTION. The total cross-sectional area of the pillars is 13.6g cm ").
A2 x 10 cm 20 10 m. OIL
The force acting on them normally (vertically downwards) is
F 40 kg-wt = 40 x 10 =400 N. CAREON
the pressure on pillars is 20cm ETRA
CHLORIDE
400 N 20cm-h
p = 2x 10 N m'.
A 20 x 10 m2
2. Find the pressure on a swimmer 10 m below the P
surface ofa lake. Take density of lake water = 10° kg m
8=10 msand atmospheric pressure P = 1.01x 10° Pa. - MERCURY

SoLUTION. The pressure at a depth h below the

surface of a liquid open to the atmosphere is equal to the SoLUTION. The pressure at the level PP in both the
atmospheric pressure P plus the pressure of the liquid limbs of the U-tube must be the same. Thus
column of height h, that is, h pg where p is density of the hx 0.9 g cmxg + (20 cm -h) x 13.6 g cm
liquid. = 20 cm x 1.6 g c m g
Thus, the pressure on the swimmer is or (h x 0.9) +272 cm - 13.6h = 20 cmx 1.6
p P +h pg or 0.9 h + 272 cm 13.6 h = 32 cm
=
(1.01 x
10° Nm)+ (10 mx 10 kg mx 10 N/kg) or 272 cm-32 cm =13.6 h -0.9h
=2.01x Nm 10 or 240 cm= 12.7 h
=2.01x 10° Pa 2 atm. h 240
12.7cm= 18.9 cmm.
The excess of pressure, p P, -

at depth h is called 'gauge

pressure' at that point. 5. To what height should a cylindrical vessel be
3. Find at a depth of 1000 m in an ocean (a) absolute filled 1with a homogeneous liquid to make the force
with which the liquid presses on the walls of the vessel
pressure, (b) gauge pressure, (c) force acting on a to be equal to the force exerted
window of area 400 cm of a submarine whose interior by the liquid on the
is maintained at sea-level bottom of the vessel?
atmospheric pressure. SOLUTION. Let h be the height of the liquid of densty
Given atmospheric
pressure 1.01 x
10 Pa, of =

density p in the cylinder of radius r. The

sea-water = 1.03 x 10 kg m° andg= 10 ms*. pressure of the liqu
column at the bottom of the is h pg. Therefore, tne
SoLUTION. (a) In usual notations, the absolute force exerted by the liquid cylinder
column on the bottom of the
pressure at a depthh is cylinder is
p P+h pg F1
=
(1.01 x 10 N m)+{1000 mx (1.03
=
pressure x area of the bottom =
hpgxt
The pressure of the
1 0 kg m)x 10 N kg')
liquid column on the walls
vessel varies from zero at the top of the column tootntne
s
{(1.01x 10) +(1.03x 10)) Nm2 at the bottom.
=
Thus, the average pressure on the wal
{(1.01 x 10°) + (103x 10 )} Nm2
=
is
104.01 10° Pa» 104 atm.
=
=hpg. Therefore, the force exerted by tne
(b) The gauge pressure is liquid column on the walls of the cylinder is
P P hpg 103x 10° Pa 103 atm. =

(c) The
F2pressure x
area of walls =hpg x 2nrh:
pressure outside the submarine is P + h pPg
and that inside is P ForF2 F1, we should have
(given). Hence, net
pressure acting
the window is the gauge pressure
on
h pg (= 103 x 10 2
Nm). The area of the window is, A 400 cm
h pg x 2nrh =h pg nr
x
=
=
0.04 m".
Hence, the force acting on the window is or
F h =

pressure x area =
(103 10° N m) The height of the
x
x 0.04 m2 liquid column in the cylinder should
=
4.12 x
10 N. qual to the radius of the
cylinder.
pressure 1s a SCalar q u a l i l t y
heel shoes balances
A 50 kg girl wearing high
heel. The heel is circular with a diameter
on a single
exerted by the heel on the
1.0 cm. What is the pressure
horizontal floor? (g= 9.8 N /kg)
SoLUTION. The radius of the heel is,
1.0cm o5 cm =0.005 m.
2
pressure exerted by the heel on the
floor is given by
F Mg 50kg 9.8 N/kg = 6.2 xx 10 N/m
P 2
A 3.14x (0.005 m)
3. Toricelli's barometer used mercury. Pascal
3
duplicated it using French wine of density 984 kg m
Determine the height of the wine column for normal
atmospheric pressure 1.013x 10° N m.
Take g =9.8 msor 9.8 N/kg.
SOLUTION. Let h be the height of the wine column and
p the density of the wine. Then, the pressure exerted by the
column is h pg.
This should be equal to the normal atmospheric
pressure P, that is,
hpg = P.

P 1.013x 10° Nm2

h = -1
P8 984 kg m x 9.8 Nkg
= 10.5 m.
4. AA vertical off-shore structure is built to
wi
Stand a maximum stress of 10 Pa. Is the structure
suitable for putting up on top of an oil well in ocean ?
table for
 5. A hydraulic automobile lift is designed to lift
cars with a maximum mass of 3,000 kg. The area of
cross-section of the piston carrying the load is 425 cm
What maximum pressure would the smaller piston
have to bear ? Take g = 9.8 m s .
SoLUTION. Let A be the area of cross-section of the
bigger piston and F the force applied on it (that is, load
lifted by it). Then, the pressure on this piston is
(3, 000 x 9.8) N
6.92x 10 N m2
A 425 x 10m2
This pressure is transmitted unchanged through the liquid of
the hydraulic to the piston of smaller cross-section (Pascal's
law). Hence, the smaller piston would bear a pressure of
6.92 x 10° Pa.
6. (a) AU-tube contains water and spirit
separated
by mercury. The mercury columns in the two arms are
in level with 10.0 cm of water in one arm and 12.5 cm
of spirit in the other. Calculate the relative
the spirit.
density of
(b) If 15.0 cm of water and spirit each are further
poured into the respective arms of the U-tube, what will be
the difference in the levels of mercury in the two arms?
The
relative density of mercury is 13.6.
SOLUTION. (a) The given situation is shown in the
figure. Since, the mercury levels A and B are in the same
horizontal line, the pressure at A due to 10.0 cm of
water
column is equal to the pressure at B due to 12.5
cm of spirit
column. Thus
h Pw 8 = hs Ps 8,

SPIRIT

WATER
10.0 cm 12.5 cmn

A B

MERCURY
 8.
A manometer reads the pressure of a gas in a»
enclosure as shown in Fig. (a). when Some of the gas
s is
removed by a pump, the manometer reads as
Fig. (b). The liquid used in the manometer is mercu in
and atmospheric pressure is 76 cm of mercury. (i) Give
the absolute and gauge pressures of the gas in the
enclosure for cases (a) and (6), in units of cm
of
mercury. (ii) How would the levels change in (b) if
13.6 cm of water is poured in the right limb of the
manometer ? (Ignore the small change in volume of
the
gas).

.'.

GAS .
20 cm

MERCURY

TO RUMP

GAS.

18cm
A

SOLUTION. The atmospheric pressure is P 76 Cm of =

mercury.
) Points A and B in Fig. (a) are at the same
level of mercury.
Therefore, horizontad
the absolute gas pressure at A
is same as the
pressure at B that is,
P+ 20 cm of mercury (76 +20)
=

The
=
96 cm of mercury.
gauge pressure at A is
P 20 of
In Fig. mercury.
(b), pressures at points A' and
cm
B are equal.
the absolute gas
pressure at A is
Therefore
P-18 cm of
The
mercury (76 18) =58 cm of mercury
= -

gauge pressure at A is
P 18 cm of mercury.
 U , Dur, wiCr uiu OIuo uu urc vcoou a r u mouuvrur

Two vessels have the same base area but base, as in vessel (a), the force F has a non-zero vertical
different shapes. The first vessel takes twice the volume
downward component. Hence, vessel (a) gives a higher
of water that the second vessel fill up to a reading than vessel (b) on a weighing scale.
requires to
particular common height. (a) Is the force exerted by 10. During blood transfusion, the needle is inserted
water on the base of the vessel the same in the two vein where the gauge pressure is 2000 Pa. At what
in a
the container be placed so that the
cases? (b) If so, why do the vessels filled with water to height should blood
that same height give different readings on a weighing blood may just enter the vein? The density of blood is
scale? 1.06 x10 kg m".
ANS. (a) Since, SoLUTION. height of the blood container
Let h be the
pressure h pg depends above the vein.
Then, the gauge pressure at the vein will be
upon the height of hpg, where p density blood. Thuus
is of
water column, there hpg 2000 Pa
=

will be same pressure hh = 2000Pa 2000 Nm

on the base of each P8 (1.06 x 10* kg m*) x 9.8 N kg
vessel. As base area of (a) () = 0.192m =0.2 m.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
1,Water flows at a rate of (i) 480 cm/min
3000 cm/mmin through a tube of
G 3000 velocity gradient = 8.0 cm/s 80s1
(i) diameter 1.25 cm.
Characterise the type of flow in each case. 0.1 cm
Coefficient
of viscosity of water is 10 Pa-s. 3. There is a 1 mm thick of
SOLUTION. () Flow rate Q =A x U= 480 cm°/min between a flat plate of area 100
layer
glycerine
the coefficient of
cm big and
plate. If
a
480 x 106 viscosity glycerine is 1.0 kg/(m-s),
of
m°/s then how much force is required to move the plate with
60 a
velocity of 7.0 cm/s?
=
8x 10 m/s
SOLUTION. To move the plate with a constant velocity,
Q the necessary force will be equal to the viscous force F
Thus, velocity of flow v =

nD/4 nD2 (say). Now,

Reynold's number for this flow F=nA
Az

k =PUDe. 40.p -4pQ Here n - 1.0 kg/(m-s), A = 100 cm 10 m,

TD2 TnD AU, =7.0x 10 m/s and Az =1 mm 10 m. =

Putting values, .F1.0x10 x(7.0x 10) = 0.70 N.

k = - 4x103x 8x 106 103

3.14 x10 x 1.25 x 102 4. Calculate the terminal velocity of an oil drop
3200 = 815 (approx.) falling freely in air. The radius of the drop is 0.01 mm

3.14 x 1.25 and the density of oil is 1.1 x 10 kg/m".

The coefficient
ofviscosity of air is 1.8 x N-s/m and g 9.8 m/s.
10 =

Since k<2000, hence the flow is streamlined

The density of air is negligible.
(or laminar).
SoLUTION. By Stokes' law, the terminal velocity of a
(i) Other parameters (p, n, D) remain same. water drop of radiusr is given by
kQ
U = 2rp-o)g .)
Sothat k =200 815 5095 (approx.) 9 n
480
where p is the density of water, o is density the of air and
Here, k> 3000, hence the flow is turbulent. air. Here o is negligible
2. The relative velocity between two layers of water n the coefficient of viscosity of
the (o=0), andr= 0.01 mm =10 m m = 10 m. Substituting
8.0 cm/s. If the perpendicular distance between
layers is 0.1 cm, find the velocity gradient. the values

SOLUTION. velocity gradient AUx = _2 (10m) x(1.1 x 10°kg/m°)x9.8N/Ag

Az 9 1.8 x10N-s/m
8.0 cm/s and
ere, relative velocity between layers, Auy
=

= 1.33x 10 m/s.
distance between the layers Az =0.1 cm.
480
2 x(1.0 x 10 m)*(1.9 x 10" - 1.0 x 10 ) kg/m
5. terminal oil drop in air is
velocity of an
The
? If two
5.0 x 10 m/s. What is the radius of the drop
*
(10 N)
such drops coalesce then what will be the terminal 9x (1.0 x 10 Ns/m)
velocity of the resultant drop? Coefficient of viscosity
= 40 m/s.
of oil is 1.8 x 10 kg/(m-s) and density is 9 x 10 kg/mn°.
From eq. (), we have
and
The density of air in comparison to oil is negligible 40 m/s x 40 m/s
(2)4=1.59, g = 9.8 m/s*. h = 80 m.
SoLUTION. By Stokes' law, the terminal velocity of oil 2g 2x 10m/s4
drop of radius r in air is given by 7. An air bubble of radius 1.0 mm rises xith
uniform velocity through a viscous liquid of denxi
.() 1625 kg/m'. Calculate the velocity of the bubble the
is the density of air and is
coefficient of viscosity of the liquid is 10 poise an h
where p is the density of oil, a n
of air is negligible. (g =10 m/s).
the coefficient of viscosity ofair. Here a is negligible. density
SOLUTION. The bubble is of air, hence its weight is
negligible. Now, two forces act upon the rising bubble
2 P8 4
Substituting the values () Upthrust of the liquid,nr°og (downward),
where r is the radius of the bubble and o is the density of
9(5.0x 10 m/s)1.8 x10 kg/m-s) liquid.
2 (9x 10 kg/m°)(9.8 m/s)
(i) Viscous force, 6 Tnrv (downward), where nis
= 2.14 x 10m. coefficient of viscosity of the liquid and v is the velocity of
Now, suppose on coalescing of two drops, the radius of the the bubble.
resultant
have
drop is R. Since, the total volume is fixed, we The bubble is rising upward with uniform velocity
hence net force on it is zero, that is

2r-nR r'og+ 6Tnrv=0.

or R=(2)r.
If the critical velocity of the resultant drop be u', then from
eq. (), we have
Here n = 10 poise 1 kg/(m-s). Putting this and other
given values
(2 3/3 1.59
v 1.59v= 1.59 x (5.0 x 10* m/s) 1.0x 10m) x(1625/kg/m')x(10m/s)
7.95 x 10 m/s.
=
*
1kg/(m-s)
6. A metal sphere of diameter 2.0 = - 3.61x 10° m/s.
x
10 m and
density 1.9 x 10* kg/m° enters water after
falling a 8. A small
sphere falls from rest under gravity in
distance h freely in the gravitational field of the a viscous
earth. medium, producing heat due to friction. Pind
After entrance in water, its
velocity remains unchanged. how rate of
production of heat does depend upon the
Calculate the value of h. The coefficient of radius of the
viscosity of sphere at terminal velocity.
water 1.0x 10
Ns/m", density of water
1.0x 10* kg/m SOLUTION. The terminal
and acceleration due to
sphere of radius r and densityvelocity
gravity 10 N/kg. attained by a smail
SoLUTION. The velocity attained by the p falling in a medium o
falling freely from a height h is sphere in density o and viscosity n is given by
U = 2gh.
v 2rp-ag
This is the
terminal
by Stokes law, we have
velocity of the
sphere in water. Hence
By Stokes' law, the viscous the
sphere at terminal velocity (frictional) force acting o
=2rp-
9
v is given by
where r is the
radius of the The
F=6Tnru.
material of the sphere, o is sphere,
the
p is the density of the rate of production of heat due to force F is
coefficient of viscosity of water. density of water and n is
Putting the given values: a=Fu =6mnru
 hsituting the value of from eq. (), we get SoLUTION. IfA is the area of cross-section of a pipe at
a point and v is the velocity of flow of water at that point,
dQ 6rnro then by the principle of continuity, we have
dt
AU = constant
or
A U A2 U2
or
27
or
dQ
dt
Here r = 1.5 cm = 1.5 x 10 m, rz = 3.0 cm = 3.0 x 10 m
Thus, the rate of production of heat is directly proportional and v = 4.0 m/s.
to the fifth power of the radius.
9. Water at a pressure of 4.0 x 10* N/m* flows at . U2
(1.5x 10 x4.0 1.0 m/s.
20 m/s through a pipe of 0.02 m cross-sectional area 3.0x 10?
which reduces to 0.01 m". What is the pressure in the By Bernoulli's theorem
smaller cross-section of the pipe ?
SoLUTION. Let us consider a horizontal pipe of non-
uniform cross-section through which water is flowing. By
the principle of continuity, if at one place the area of cross-
section is A and the velocity of water vj; and at another
or
P=P -v).
place the area of cross-section is A2 and the velocity of
For water, p =1.0 10 kg/m°,
x
vj = 4.0 m/s, v2 = 1.0 m/s
water is v2, then andP 2.0 x 10 N/m.
A1 x U = A2 x U2
Pa- (2.0x 10) +x (1.0 x 10) x{(4.0 -(1.0
Or =
(2.0x 10) + (0.75 x
10) =
2.75 x
10 N/m2
A2 11. Water flows in a horizontal tube as shown in
Substituting the given values figure. The pressure of water changes by 5mm Hg between
A and B where the areas of cross-section are 20 cm and
V2
.02mx 2.0 m/s = 4.0 m/s. 10 cm respectively. Find the rate of
0.01m2
the tube. (Density of Hg 13.6 x 10°
flow of water through
=
kg /m, Density of
F the pressure of water in the cross-sectional is water 1.0 x 10 kg/m*)
area Aj P1
and in A2 is P2, then by Bernoulli's theorem:

or SoLUTION. According to Bernoulli's theorem, the

...() pressure difference is given by
where p is density of water (=
Here u =(2.0 m/s)
10 kg/m). P-Pap-u)
(4.0 m/s)
-

4.0 =
16 By the
-12 m/s. principle of continuity, we have
Substituting
this in we have eq. (i), A U = A2 U2

Pa-(4.0x 10 N/m)+ ao' kg/m)(-12m?/ From this v2 Aa

=

10 N/m (6.0 10kg/m-s

(4.0 x -
x
=
(4.0 10' N/m)- (0.6 10" N/m)
3.4 x 10 N/m.
x x
-A-et4uf-u)-o
Water is flowing through two horizontal nines Hence 2-29-82, 2x5x10 x 13.6 x 10 x 9.8
or different diameters which are connected 3p 3x 1.0x 10*
n the
first pipe the speed of water is 4.0 m/stogether.
and the 0.44
Pressure is 2.0 x 10 N/m. Calculate the speed and U 0.66
ressure of water in the second pipe. The diameters of
e
The rate of flow of water Q= A U
pipes are 3.0 cm and 6.0 cm 2 0 x 10x 0.66 =1.32 10*m
respectively. x
s
482 14. Water flows into a horizontal pipe whose c
12. A liquid is kept in a
end is closed with valve and the reading of a pree
a
cylindrical vessel which is being the pipe is 5.5 x 10° N/m2 T
rotated about its axis. The liquid rises gauge attached to This
of the pressure gauge falls to 1.0 x 105 N
at the sides. If the radius of the vessel reading
when the valve is opened. Calculate the speed of wate
is 0.05 m and the speed of rotation water
is 2 rev/s, find the difference in the flowing into the pipe.
SOLUTION. According to Bernoulli's theorem, we haue
heights of the liquid at the centre of
the vessel and at its sides.
have
SoLUTION. According to Bernoulli's theorem, we

P+pconstant or

Here v 0 (the valve is initially closed, and so the velodity

At the sides the velocity is the pressure is
higher so
of water is zero).
lower. Since, the pressure on a given horizontal level must
be same, the liquid rises at the sides to compensate for the P
drop in pressure. Here p (for water) = 1 x 10° kg/m, P1 = 5.5 x 10 N/m2
h and P2= 1.0 x 10" N/m.
pu°= hpPg or
2
x (5.5x 10° -1.0 x
10 ) N/m2
But v=or= 2nnr=2x 3.14 x 2/s x 0.05 m =0.628 m/s. (1.0 x10 kg/m*)
h . 6 2 8m/s)2 = 900m/s2
= 0.02 m = 2.0 cmn.
2x 9.8 m/s* or U2 30 m/s.
15. Air is streaming past a horizontal aeroplane
13. The pressure difference between two points
which water is wing such that its speed is 120 ms'at the upper surface
along a horizontal pipe, through and 90 ms at the lower surface. If the density of airis
flowing, is 1.4 cm of mercury. If, due to non-unifornm
cross-section, the speed of flow of water at the point of 1.3 kg/m, find the difference in pressures between the
greater cross-section is 60 cm/s, calculate the speed at two surfaces of the wing. If the wing is 10 m long and
the other point. Density of mercury = 13.6 x 10° kg/m", has an average width of 2 m, then calculate the gross
lift on it.
g 9.8 N/kg.
SoLUTION. By Bernoulli's theorem, we have SoLUTION. By the principle of continuity and the
Bernoulli's theorem, the difference in pressure between the
upper and the lower surfaces of the aeroplane wing is

or
- -R).
P Here v and vg are speeds of air streams at upper and lower
The speed of water will be greater at the place when the surfaces respectively and p is density of air. Substitutig
cross-section is smaller. the values

-A)+. AP 13ke/m'a20-(90|n°*
4095 kg/(m-s*) = 4095 N/m
Here P-P2 1.4 cm of mercury= (1.4 x 10m) x (13.6 x If the area of the wing is A, then the gross lift on it is
10 kg/m) x
(9.8 N/kg)= 1.87 x 10° N/m,P (density of F APxA
water) 1.0 x 10° kg/m', vj= 60 cm/s =0.60 m/s.
(4095 N/m) x 20 m=81900 N.
2 16. Find outthe velocity of efflux of water from
.u 1.0x 10 ke/m3(.87x10°N/m*)+(0.60m/s)* hole in the wall ofa tank made at 20 mbelow the
surface of water in the tank. g 10 m/s
=
3.74 N-m/kg +0.36 m/s SOLUTION. The velocity of efflux of water from
the
t
3.74 m/+0.36 m/s2 hole is
4.10 m/s U= 2gh,
or
v2 2.02 m/s. where h is the depth of hole from the free surface of wa water

Here h =20 m.
 5. Fig. (a) and (b) below refer to the steady flow
of a (non-viscous) liquid. Which of the two figures is
incorrect and why ??

(a)
SOLUTION. Fig. (a) is incorrect, as area of the pipe at
of
the throat of the tube is less so according to the principle
fluid will bee
continuity (A v a constant) here velocity of
=

more. But, according to Bernoulli's theorem

for horizontal

pipes (P+p= a constant) where velocity is more

2
there pressure should be less or length of water column in the
manometer should be less. But the length of water column in
manometer inserted at the throat is more which is incorrect.

Ap7 Aa
6.The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has a cross-
section of 8.0 cm, one end of which has 40 fine holes
each of diameter 1.0 mm. If the liquid-flow inside the
tube is 1.5 m per minute, what is the speed of ejection
of the liquid through the holes?
SoLUTION. Let Aj and v be cross-sectional area of the
tube and velocity of liquid-flow in the tube, and Az and va.
the cross-sectional area of all the 40 holes and the velocity
of ejection of the liquid through the holes. Then, by the
principle of continuity, we have
A Ui=A2 V2
9022/1
 Here A = 8.0 cm = 8.0x 10 mi, vj = 1.5 m min-1

1.5 0.025
0.025 ms, Az
=
= 40 t r is radius of a hole)
60
where p is the density of air. The pressure difference (excess 40 x 3.14x (0.5 x 10 m)=31.4 x 10 mn2
pressure on the lower surface) is
A 8.0 x10"mx0.025 m
P2-P1p-u), U2
A2 31.4x10°m2
Here p 1.3 kg m, u =
70 ms and v2 = 63 m
s = 0.637 ms

Pa P-x(1.3 kg m*)x [(70? -(63)?1m?s2 7. (a) What is the largest average velocity of
blood flow in an artery of radius 2 x 1 0 m if the
605 kg m 605 Nm (or Pa). flow must remain stream-lined ? (b) What is the
This difference of pressure provides the lift to the aeroplane. corresponding flow rate ? (Take viscosity of blood to be
force of dynamiclift on the wing is 2.084 x 1 0 Pa s, density of blood = 1.06 x 10° kg m
Reynold's number = 2000)
pressure difference x surface area of wing
605 N m*x 2.5 m = 1.5 x 10 N. SoLUTION. (a) The critical velocity for a liquid flowing
5. Fig. (a) and (b) below refer to the steady flow in a tube is given by
of a (non-viscous) liquid. Which of the two figures is
incorrect and why ? Ro
where n and p are coefficient of viscosity and density of
the liquid, D is the diameter of the tube and Re is Reynold's
number.
Putting the given values, we have

Ve 2 0 0 0 x 2.084x10 Nms
(a) (1.06 x10 kg m*)x (4 x10 m)
SoLUTHON. Fig. (a) is incorect, as area of the pipe at = 0.98 ms
the throat of the tube is less so according to the principle of
continuity (A U = a constant) here velocity of fluid will be (b) Rate of flow of blood is
more. But, according to Bernoulli's theorem for horizontal Ave arv
pipes (P+pu=a constant) where velocity is more =3.14x (2 10 m) x x 0.98 ms
1.23 10* m s
= x

there pressure should be less or length of water column in the

manometer should be less. But the length of water column in 8. A plane is in level fight at constant speed and
each of its two wings has an area of 25 m. Ifthe speed
manometer inserted at the throat is more which is incorrect. of the air is 180 km/h over the lower wing and 234 km/h
over the upper wing surface, determine the plane's mass.
(Take air density to be 1.0 kg m,g= 10 ms*)
SoLUTION. Let v and uz be the speeds of flow of air over
the upper and the lower surfaces of the wings respectively
and P1 and p2 the corresponding air pressures. Then, by
Bernoulli's theorem, we have
Ap Ag
6.The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has a cross-
section of 8.0 cm, one end of which has 40 fine holes
each of diameter 1.0 mm. If the liquid-flow inside the where p is density of air. The excess of pressure over the
tube is 1.5 m per minute, what is the speed of ejection lower surface of the wings is
of the liquid through the holes?
SOLUTION. Let Aj and v be cross-sectional area of the P2-P p - .
tube and velocity of liquid-flow in the tube, and Az and
the cross-sectional area of all the
40
2 Now, the weight óf the plane in level flight is balance
of ejection of the liquid through theholes and the velocity
holes. Then, by the by the upward force due to the excess pressure (directe
principle of continuity, we have upwards). Thus, if M be the mass of the plane, then
A U1 =A2 U2 Mg (P2-P1) xA

2022 31 9847
FLOW OF LIQUIDS 485
where A is total wing area. From the above two
equations, SoLUTION. By Stokes' law, the terminal speed of the
we have drop of radius r is given by
M Pu-u)A
28
234x 1000
Here u=234 km/h = = 65 m s , where p is density of oil, a is density of air and n thee
60x 60
coefficient of viscosity of ai. As buoyancy of the drop due
U2 180 km/h _180x 1000 = 50 ms, to air is neglected, G = 0.
60x 6 0

A 2x 25 m = 50 m (for both the wings of the plane), 9 n

p=1.0 kg m" and g = 10 m s
Putting the given values, we get
AM1.0kgm x
[(65 50 )ms2]x 50 m2
2x 10 mns 2(2.0 x 10 m) x(1.2x1o kg m*) x 9.8 N kg"
1.8 x 10 Nsm
= 4312 kg.
is 5.8 x
10 ms
In Millikan's oil-drop experiment, what
=

9.
the terminal speed of a drop of radius 2.0x 10 mn The viscous force on the drop at this terminal speed is

and ? Viscosity of air at thee

10 kg m"
density 1.2 x
Ns m4.
F= 6T nru
is 1.8 x 10
emperature of the experiment = 6 x 3.14x (1.8 x 10- N sm)x (2.0 x 10 m)
on the drop at that
iow much is the viscous force x (5.8x 1o m sl
the drop due to air.
peed ? Neglect buoyancy of =3.93 x 10 N.
g9.8 m s)
SUKFA

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES area

increase in surface
is formed on a rectangular frame Work done W= surface tension
x

1 . .A
Soap film
cm x 3 cm. If the size of the film is W Tx AA = Tx 12 rR.
of size 3
ofwire
4 then calculate the work done
to3 cm x cm, 1.0 x 10 m.
Here, T=0.465 N/m and R 1.0 =
mm
The surface tension of soap film is
changed =

this process. 10J.

3x 1 0 N/m. W 0.465x 12x3.14 x(1.0x10'=1.75x
surface-area of the film 1000 small
SOLUTTON. Initial 4. A big drop is formed by coalesing
9 cm 9x 10 m the change in surface
film 12 cm= 12 10 m2. droplets of water. What will be
Final surface-area ofthe between the total surfacz
= x

= 12x 10*- 9 x10 energy? What will be the ratio

Increase in surface-area the
the surface energy of 51
3.0 x 10m. energy of the droplets and
surfaces. Hence net increase in surface-area drop ?
silm has two Volume of 1000
SoLUTION. Volume of big drop =

of the film is small droplets

AA 2x 3.0 x 10 = 6.0 x 10m.

done surface tension x increase in area R-1000r

work =

3 x 10 N/m x 6.0 x 10m R 10r

r = R/10.
1.8x 10-SJ. Then surface
Let T be the surface tension of water.
2. The surface tension of a soap solution is
energy of 1000 droplets is
0.03 N/m. How much work is required to form a bubble
of 1.0 cm radius from this solution?
SoLUTION. The work done in making a bubble by 1000 Tx4nr=100o Tx 4

of
blowing is stored in the form of energy in the surface 10 (Tx 4T R}).
the bubble. The soap bubble has two surfaces, external and
internal. The area of both the surfaces is Surface energy of the big drop =Tx 4 rR
A 2x 4r= 8T Thus, surface energy will decrease.
where r is the radius of the bubble. Here, r = 1.0 cm
totalsurfaceenergy of 1000 droplets 10(Tx4TR`)
1.0 x 10m. surface energy of the big drop Tx 4TR
A =8x 3.14 x (1.0x 10) = 2.51 x 10 m.
=10:1.
work done = energy of the extended area
It will decrease to 1/10 of its previous value.
= surface tension x area
5. 5.582 r R^ joule work is done in breaking a
= (0.03) x (2.51 x 10) = 7.53 x 10"SJ. big drop of water of radius R into-8900 small drops of
3. A mercury drop of radius 1.0 mm breaks up equal volume. Find out the surface Tension of water.
64 droplets of
into volumes. Calculate the work
equal SoLUTION. Volume of big drop = Volume of 8000

one this process. (Surface tension for mercury is

in
0465 N/m)
small drops

SOLUTION. Let R be the radius of the drop and r the R8000xr

radius of each droplet.
or R 20 r
Volume of one big drop = Volume of 64 droplets
or r R/20

TR-64 x Let T be the surface tension of water, then surface energy

of 8000 droplets is
R = 4r.

Thus r R/41 8000[Tx 4nr] 8000 = Tx

nCrease in surface-area is
- 20 (Tx 4T R)
4=64 4m2- 4T R2 4r (64 r
x = -

R<) increase in surface energy = 20 {T x 4n R} - Tx 4rR2

4 64 (R/4? R- 44R -R=12nR?.

-

19 (T x 4r R}.
 8. Water rises in a capillary tube to a
2.0 cm. In an another capillary whose radius isheight
one
third of it, how much the water will rise? If the e
first
capillary is inclined at an angle of 60° with the vertical
then what will be the position of water in the
tube?
SoLUTION. Height of water-column in a
capillary of
radius of r is, in usual notations, given by

60 h

h 2 cos
TP8
or " 2 Tcos e
P8
or hr constant.
[: T, 0, P, g are constants.
In a
capillary tube of radius one-third (r/3), water will rise
more. Suppose it rises to a height h'. Then,
Hr/3) = hr
or
h 3hr/r =
3h= 3x2.0 =
6.0 cm.
When the first
capillary is inclined at an angle 60° to tn
vertical, the vertical height h (= 2.0
will remain the cm) of the liqu
same. Thus, if the
f capillary be h' length of water in e
tne
cm, then from the
h h
figure, we have
2.0 cm
Cos 60° 1/2
4.0 cm.
the drop assumes a spherical shape.
2. A U-shaped wire is dipped in a soap solution
and removed. The thin soap film formed between
the wire and a light slider supports a weight of
1.5x 10N (which includes the small weight of the
slider). The length of the slider is 30 cm. What is the
surface tension of the film?
SoLUTION. Since, there are two free surfaces of the
film, the force acting on the slider oflengthl due to surface
tension of the film is
F = T x 21.
In equilibrium, the force on the slider due to surface tension
is equal to its supported weight Mg. Thus,
T x.2l =
Mg
or T M= 1.5x10N = 0.025N m
21 2x(30x10
10m)
3. The figure (a) shows a thin soap-water film
supporting a small weight of 4.5 x 104 N. What is the
weight supported by a film of the same liquid at the
same temperature in
Fig. (b) and (c)? Explain.

4 0 cm
40 cm
:40 cm-
4-5x10N

(a)
(C)
ANS. As length (say) 1 of the
sliding wire is same in
all the three figures, the
weight supported by the liquid
film will be same in all of them. This is
because the
supported by a liquid film of surface tension T is weight given by
W=Tx21.
As T and 1 are same, the weight
b) and (c) is 4.5 x 10 N, same supported in each
as in (a). " s