Social Justice Class 01

IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON INDIAN SOCIETY (01:06 PM)

• The Impact of Globalisation on Indian society ahs manifold impact, which can be broadly
categorised into:

• ON CULTURE

• 1)HOMOGENISATION

• Establishment of Uniform culture

• Example:

• a)Macdonaldisation of food habits.

• b)Obsession with the English language.

• c)Jeans Culture.

• d)E-commerce.

• e)Secularisation

• f)Walmartisation.

• g)Netflix culture.

• h)Live-in relationship.

• i)Obsession with fair complexion.

• j)De-ritualisation of marriage, For example, court marriages.

• 2)HYBRIDIZATION

• Global + Local = Glocalisation.

• Examples:

• a)Macdonald is going veg during Navratri.

• b)Hinglish

• c)Jeans + Kurta

• d)Different forms of family.Example: Nuclear family + Extended ties.

• e)Netflix India.

• f)Spiderman in Bhojpuri.

• DEFINING GLOBALISATION

• Globalisation is defined as a process by which national, regional, economy, society and

culture are interconnected movement of people, ideas, technology, capital, trade etc.

IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON MARRIAGE (01:29 PM)

 • According to Mazumdar, Marriage as an institution has the following goals:

• a)Sexual gratification.

• b)Transmission of culture

• c)Socialisation of children.

• d)Fulfilling the economic needs.

• Impact of globalisation on marriage:

• 1)PURPOSE

• a)To maintain the purity of lineage.

• b)Progeny meaning reproduction, carrying your lineage ahead.

• But now there is an increasing trend of intercaste & interfaith marriages and there is also the
emergence of the DINK family(Double income + No kid).

• So today marriage is happening for companionship which is also evident from emerging
marriages in the late years of life or the emergence of second marriages.

• 2)NATURE OF MARRIAGE

• It all started with an arranged marriage, Gradually people started moving towards a love
marriage and now it is a confluent marriage,which is nothing but love until further notice.

TYPES OF MARRIAGES (01:40 PM)

• The types of marriages have also undergone a change owing to globalisation:

• a)Weekend marriage - To lead a life based on individualism and not compromise the
lifestyle, Married couples choose to stay together only on weekends.

• b)Living apart together marriages - When couples decide to live separately for work or
financial reasons or prefer to be in different locations for opportunities, It may be also
because they love their space and believe that not being together constantly actually
strengthens their bond.

• c)Empty shell - Lack of emotional connection between the partners, they live together under
societal pressure.

• d)Contractual -

• e)Open marriage -Two people are married to each other but open to having
sexual/emotional relations with others, Found among the urban upper class.

• THREATS OR ALTERNATIVE TO MARRIAGE

• a)Globalisation leading to secularisation because of which divorces and separations are no

longer taboo and the emergence of live-in relationships is a norm.

• b)Attitude concerning marriage

• Neither it is considered universal nor functional any longer.

 • c)De-ritualisation of marriage.

• d)Commercialisation of marriage

• e)Emergence of conjugal symmetrical families(More democratic relations)

IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE MIDDLE CLASS (02:06 PM)

• Middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of the social hierarchy defined by
occupation, income, education, and social status. It is perceived to be associated with
modernity, capitalism, political debate etc.

• The traditional middle class was characterised as the flag bearer of the culture. According
to Neera Chandok, the Middle class is defined as the cornerstone of the Indian democracy.

• It provides a voice to the voiceless.

• It helps in organising the issues of the vulnerable and draws the attention of the government
towards them.

• Due to their educational background, they can provide policy inputs to the government.

• *According to Amartya Sen, the Middle class scrutinises public policy, leads public debate,
and acts as a think tank.

• The middle class contributes to revenue generation as it is a tax-paying community.

• It helps in running the economy by creating domestic demand for the products.

• The middle class is considered a harbinger of social revolution. It provides leadership in

social movements and it has the potential to bring socio-economic changes and is the most
politically mobilised section of society.

• According to Leela Fernandes, Post liberalisation there is an emergence of a new middle class
which is characterised by English speaking, Urban living, Working in the private sector and
being known for the culture of consumption.

• She said that newness is not due to new entrants but due to a new set of norms. For
example: How one's modesty simple living, saving etc mark middle-class ethics but now it is
consumption.

• It is observed that a few tier 2 cities recorded economic growth of 40%.For example: Jaipur,
Patna, Lucknow, Indore and Surat.

• Due to over-urbanisation, the New middle class (NMC) is finding an alternative in tier 2 cities.
They have disposable income which increases their purchasing capacity, with the penetration
of social media, changes in consumption habits, demand for branded products, e-commerce,
Feeling of relative deprivation etc have triggered the culture of consumption which has
boosted the growth of tier 2 cities.

• To meet demand tier 2 cities have emerged as a hub of large medium and small enterprises.

• The digital revolution and rise of the service sector has led to the growth of the Gig economy
which has also contributed to the growth of tier 2 cities.
 • Government initiatives such as Digital India, Smart City, and Startup India have accelerated
urban transformation.

• According to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry,50% of recognised startups are in tier 2
and tier 3 cities.

• Increased consumerism which has challenged delayed gratification, It has further led to
increased aspirations however if not met has created:

• a)Disruption of family.

• b)Breakdown of marriages.

• c)Incidences of domestic abuse/Corporal punishment for the children.

• d)Mental health issues(Increased incidences of Suicide)

• Changing family structure has taken a toll on the way families are raised i.e. not only an
increase in nuclear families but a new style of parenting known as iPad parenting.

• Even though the middle class is learning to discard caste inequality, but class inequality is still
rising.

• Growing detachment from traditional roots for example: Parents evident from increased old
age homes.

• Although globalisation is said to create problems it has resulted in:

• a)More Income Opportunities

• b)Breakdown of taboos.

• c)Making people secular concerning marriage, accommodation and commensality.

• The rise of cosmopolitan culture is making them accommodative of diversity.

• They were always known for their political awareness but in contemporary times they are
failing as a pressure group to influence policy making.

IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE YOUTH (02:55 PM)

• According to the official statistics, Youth fall in the age bracket of (15-35)

• With respect to technology:

• a)It has provided increased access to information, and skill development but due to
overreliance on technology there is an instance of sedentary lifestyle, non-communicable
disease, mental health issues, social media addiction etc.

• With respect to Employment

• Globalisation has created diverse jobs, which are well-paid and highly skilled but it has also
led to displacement of unskilled and semi-skilled youth due to mechanisation.

• With respect to value system

• Secularisation of youth.
 • Disintegration of joint family + lack of agency of social control.

IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON MEDIA AND TRIBAL LIFE (03:03 PM)

• Please refer to the PPTs as suggested by the faculty.

The topic for the next class: Continuation of the Impact on Globalisation

Social Justice Class 02

THE CLASS STARTED WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS TOPICS (04:03 PM)

CHILD ISSUES (04:10 PM)

• Definition of child:

• Child Labour Prohibition Act mentions any individual below (14 years is a child)

• The Factories Act mentions any individual below (15 years is a child)

• The Juvenile Justice Act mentions any individual below (16 years is a child)

• POCSO Act mentions any individual below (18 years is a child)

• UNCRC mentions any individual below (18 years is a child)

• Rights of the Child:

• Right to Survival.

• Right to development.

• Right to Protection.

• Right to Participation.

• Child Issues:

• Sexual abuse

• Child labour

• Juvenile delinquency

• Child Marriage.

• National Policy for Children (2013)

• Every Individual above 18 years is considered a child.

• Ministry of Women and Children development in 2016, issued a National Plan of Action for
Children (NPAC)

• National Plan of Action for Children (NPAC):

• Survival:

• Universal Immunisation.

• Robust MCH.
 • Universalisation with respect to pre-, peri and post-natal care.

• Development:

• Extend the ambit of the Right to education with respect to preschool education and
secondary education.

• Protection:

• Strengthen legislative, administrative and institutional mechanisms and infrastructure to

ensure a 'Zero Tolerance policy with respect to violence against Children'

• Participation:

• Ensure the participation of children in the planning and implementation of policies on the
issues concerning them.

• Example, Bal panchayat (Makkala Panchayat-Karnataka, Raise issues of toilets in schools,

Child Labour, etc.)

• MoWCD has established NCAG (National Coordination and Action Group) to ensure the
implementation of NPAC.

• According to NCRB Data, out of all the crimes against children 36% fall under the ambit of
the POCSO, Act.

• According to MoWCD, 53% of Children are subjected to abuse in more than 90% of the
cases, the known person is involved and Only 6% of cases are getting reported.

CHILD LABOUR (04:43 PM)

• Concept:

• ILO, defines any labour which deprives children of their potential dignity and childhood and
is harmful to their physical and cognitive development as child labour.

• Statistics:

• According to the Census, 10.1 mn children were engaged in labour.

• 7.3% of Child Labour (Globally)

• 80% of child labour in rural areas.

• Maximum child labour is in UP, Bihar, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, MP.

• 62.8% of Child labour is in hazardous work.

• Efforts against Child Labour:

• a) Constitutional Provisions:

• Article 23, Article 24 and Article 39(e).

• b) Statutory Provisions:

• Child Labour Prohibition Act.

• c) Government Schemes:
 • NCL Project.

• NCL Policy.

• PENCIL Portal.

• d) International Convention:

• ILO Convention 138 and 182.

• Causes of Child Labour:

• a) Push Factors:

• Poverty.

• Unemployment of parents.

• High fertility rate.

• b) Pull Factors:

• Cheap Labour

• Low bargaining power

• Easy to hire and fire.

• Way Forward:

• Strict implementation of laws, ensuring certainty

• Adequate budget allocation for successful implementation of NCLP.

• According to the Gurupadswami Report, Till poverty and unemployment exist, child labour
can not be eradicated.

• Kailash Satyarthi's initiative like 'Bachpan Bachao Andolan'

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY (05:08 PM)

• Juvenile:

• A Juvenile is a person less than 18 years old.

• It referred to a large variety of disapproved behaviour for which some kind of punishment is
justified in the public interest.

• Juvenile Justice Act deals with :

• Crime Committed by the Juvenile

• Crime Committed against Juvenile

• Child in need of care and protection. (Child Welfare Committee)(Orphan, Abandoned,

Surrendered children)

• Child legally available for adoption (Central Adoption Resource Authority)

• Types of Crimes:
 • a) Petty Crime

• b) Serious Crime

• c) Heinous Crime.

• Implication of Juvenile Delinquency:

• At Individual Level:

• It restricts access to resources, causes social ostracisation, naming and shaming, High
probability of poverty, isolation and alienation, and increased chances of further committing
deviant acts.

• At Family Level:

• Boycott of family.

• Negative impact on interpersonal relations.

• Negative impact on the standard of living.

• At Societal and National level:

• Threatens peace and harmony.

• Further escalates incidences of crime and demographic disasters.

• Negative impact on economic growth as population turns into a liability.

CHILD MARRIAGE (05:34 PM)

• Premise:

• The Odisha government rolled out a plan to make the state completely free of child
marriage.

• Concept:

• As per the CMPA (2006), Males > 21 years and Females >18 years.

• Statistics:

• India has 1/3rd of global child brides.

• Nearly 16% of adolescent girls (15-19) are currently married.

• Most commonly found in Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan, AP, etc.

• NCRB (2020): 785 cases were registered under PCMA (2006)

• According to Census 2011, 30.2% of married women were married before the age of 18
years.

• Causes:

• Girl children are associated with the honour of family + the absence of safety and security.

• A girl child is perceived as an economic liability.

 • The younger the bride, the lower is dowry.

• In Poor households, the girl child is also treated as the 'Source of income'

• Implication of Child Marriage:

• Domestic violence, sexual abuse and social isolation of girl child.

• Deprieved girl of their education and meaningful work.

• Inter-generational cycle of poverty.

• Way Forward:

• Ensuring the safety and security of girls.

• IEC campaigns + Nukkad Nataks + Television.

• Collective organising to combat the menace of Child marriage.

• Active participation of civil society + NGOs to prevent child marriage.

ELDERLY POPULATION (05:57 PM)

• Statistics:

• According to Census 2011, 8.6% of the population is old age.

• It will increase to 16% by 2041.

• Ruralization of old age = 71%.

• Feminization of old age = 1033/1000.

• Healthy Ageing:

• It has replaced a focus on 'Active Aging' -> Optimizing opportunities for health, participation
and securing to improve the quality of life of the older population.

• It refers to the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables well-
being in older age.

• There exists a stark north-south divide with respect to demography, Discuss its impacts on
policy making.

• Silver Economy:

• It is a system of production, distribution and consumption of goods aimed at using the

purchasing potential of older and ageing people.

• It aims at satisfying their consumption, living and health needs.

• The government has taken an initiative 'SAGE Initiative' (Senior Care Ageing Growth Engine)

• It has been taken to promote entrepreneurs and startups to invest in the silver economy,
fostering innovation in elderly care solutions.

• On the other hand it provides one-stop access for stakeholders including senior citizens and
their families to access a wide range of products and services catering to their needs.
• SACRED Portal (Senior Able Citizens for Re-employment in Dignity):

• It is launched to connect 'Senior Citizens with Job providers

• It empowers them and provides an opportunity to find work which matches their preference
and skills.

• Issues of old age population:

• a) Declining health.

• Ageing is synonymous with declining health and the problem gets aggravated due to lack of
4A'Q with respect to health care.

• b) Income insecurity.

• Their problem is aggravated by to lack of access to income support

• It further escalates due to a lack of understanding of technology and stiff competition with
youth.

• c) Isolation and neglect:

• According to the Agewell Foundation, 43% of old people suffer from depression due to
isolation, Globalization has resulted in the disintegration of joint families, new institutions of
knowledge, Individualism, corruption of value systems, dual career families, and penetration
of technology and social media.

• d) Subjected to abuse:

• Due to the corruption of the value system, old people are often subjected to different types
of abuse for example, Physical, Financial, verbal, emotional, sexual, etc.

• e) Problem of Ageism:

• It is a prejudiced attitude where older people are considered as a liability.

• f) Feminization of old age:

• Underrepresentation of women in paid work makes them financially vulnerable in old age.

• According to the World Widows Report, India is home to the highest number of widows in
the world, who are often subjected to stigma and discrimination.

• Digital divide: 60% of the older women have never used digital devices, and 59% are not
familiar with social media platforms.

• Only, 45% of them are literate, and 43% of them are getting physically abused.

• According to the UN Women Report, Older women are less likely to enjoy income security.

• 65% of them don't have access to health insurance.

• g) Lack of old age homes both with respect to quality and quantity:

• h) Lack of preparedness with respect to old age.

 • In contemporary society, there is no awareness program to prepare them for old age, it sets
in quite and suddenly.

• Way forward:

• Create an age-friendly environment

• Mainstream the concerns for senior citizens

• Recognize the elders as productive assets

• Promote care of the old population within the family and institutional care should be the last
resort.

• Encourage employment opportunities for Example, Self-employment, SHGs, cooperatives,

Old age in Think tanks, Counselling agents, and multi-generational care homes.

• Enhance legislation to promote equality and non-discrimination on the basis of age in

providing health services, insurance policies, etc.

• Combat Ageism.

TOPICS FOR THE NEXT CLASS: TRANSGENDER, POVERTY AND HUNGER.

Social Justice Class 03

TRANSGENDER (05:07 PM)

• A transgender person is someone whose gender identity differs from that typically
associated with the sex they were assigned at birth.

• Crossdressers (Kapil Sharma show characters) are not transgender in our context.

• NALSA JUDGEMENT

• SC observed transgender should be recognised as a third gender, should be given OBC

reservation and should have a commission to protect the rights of the transgenders.

• LIVING AS A GHOST CITIZEN

• Census 2011: 4.8 lakh transgenders are there in India, But this data is not complete as
reporting transgender sex is a stigma.

• Only 30000 registered with the election commission.

• 99% have suffered social rejection.

• 89% are denied the job despite the required qualifications.

• 62% are verbally abused in schools.

• only 2% live with their parents and 53% live under the Guru-Chela system.

• PROVISION TO PROTECT

• Garima greh to provide shelter and food.

• Hudol initiative of Manipur-1st football team.

 • kerala first state to make policy.

• CHALLENGES.

• Health: HIV is high in the general population.

• Livelihood: Because of the rejection they are the victim of social ostracization as a result
indulges in the profession of sex work etc.

• No representation in the legislature.

• Limited access to education and skill development.

• They are subjected to different forms of abuse- mental, emotional and sexual.

• Legal hurdles in getting documents.

• Lack of inheritance right in their favour.

• Administrative apathy towards the community.

• Lack of gender-neutral ICT provisions.

• WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE.

• Introduction of scholarship to encourage them to pursue their dreams.

• Gender-neutral laws.

• Dedicated anti-discrimination bill.

• Sensitisation of all the stakeholders.

• Psychological counselling

• Efforts to make social welfare schemes accessible to the community.

• Give effect to the SC judgement.

• TRANSGENDER ACT

• Right to self-identification by obtaining a certificate from the District Magistrate.

• National Council for Transgender-Statutory Body is not constitutional.

• Provide Health care facilities -HIV surveillance centre, Sex reassignment surgery.

• Welfare by the government, rehabilitation, and Implementation of policies.

• TRANSGENDER PERSON (Protection of rights rules) 2000

• DM will certify the gender of a person based on the affidavit without physical examination.

PERSON WITH DISABILITY (05:36 PM)

• Disability is defined as a lack of ability to perform an activity which is otherwise considered

normal. It is a negatively connoted term and hence differently abled should be used.
 • Often the differently abled person is reduced to being disabled due to public perception of
disability where they are often pitied ridiculed or considered as a retribution of the past
karma for which there is no respite.

• STATISTICS

• 56% men and 46% women among PWD.

• 69% are in rural areas.

• CHALLENGES

• Ambiguity concerning definition.

• Lack of credible data due to the mental stigma associated.

• Stereotypes as many consider disability as retribution of the old karma.

• Poverty and unemployment.

• Lack of infrastructure for health, infrastructure etc.

• WAY FORWARD

• Strict implementation of the policies and acts like a person with disability act.

• Please refer to the handout for the act.

POVERTY (06:13 PM)

• Poverty refers to the deprivation of basic capabilities of life rather than merely lowness of
Income- Amartya Sen

• Poverty is a multidimensional concept.

• You are well placed but not able to preserve culture this is also a poverty.

• Poverty is a violation of human rights only when it is the action or inaction of the
government.

• Government developmental policy and displacement of tribals then is the violation of the
human rights of the tribals.

• GOVERNMENT EFFORTS

• National Social Assistance Programme.

• MGNREGA

• Ujjwala Yojana

• Standup India

• Doubling farmer income

• PMKSY

• ACHIEVEMENTS (06:28 PM)

• Concerning achievement, India's multidimensional poverty has reduced to 11.28% in 2022-
23, this means according to NITI Aayog 24.82 cr people have moved out of multidimensional
poverty.

• Among the states, Bihar, UP and MP saw the largest decline in the number of poor.

• In terms of percentage of their population, Bihar pulled out 7% of its population from
multidimensional poverty.

• CAUSES OF POVERTY (06:35 PM)

• Economic

• Agriculture is in distress

• Immobility of labour

• Lack of investment in Human capital

• Lack of equal pay for equal work

• Jobless growth

• Inflation as it affects the purchasing capacity.

• Mechanisation along with AI-Displacement of labour

• Land alienation

• Demography

• The number of dependent populations is increasing

• The health profile of individuals also defines and determines poverty.

• Socio-cultural Cause

• Caste system

• Patriarchy

• Political and Administration

• Corruption

• Climate change

• Conflict and COVID

• Exclusion error.

• GOVERNMENT EFFORTS

• Please refer to the Handouts.

• APPROACHES TO TACKLE POVERTY

• The capability approach by Amartya Sen Entitlements is significant in reducing poverty.

Example Kerala model.
 • Jadish Bhagwati economic growth model: Growth in the economy will trickle down. Example:
Gujarat Model of Development.

HUNGER (07:00 PM)

• Hunger is defined as a condition of distress associated with a lack of food

• CAUSES

• Lack of food, The reason of which can be diverse:

• Social pathologies

• Wastage of food

• Lack of storage and warehousing facility.

• Cereal-specific green revolution because of which there is a lack of diversified diet.

• Macdonaldisation of food habits.

• Adulteration of food.

• Increased prices.

• IMPLICATIONS (07:20 PM)

• Limited ability to skill

• Increased chances of poverty

• Lack of absorption of nutrition by the body.

• CHALLENGES

• Social structure

• Weak implementation of schemes as it is top-down and not convergent

• Lack of qualified human resources.

• The fragility of the globalised food system.

• Shift in diet and lifestyle.

• Macdonaldisation of food habits.

• WAY FORWARD

• Create awareness.

• Strictly monitor the adulteration.

• Mitigate climate change-Build green infra.

• Collect good-quality data.

• Fortification and biofortification.

• Women as an agency of change.

The topic for the next class is health.

Social Justice Class 04

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS CLASS (5:11 PM)

HEALTH ISSUES (5:13 PM)

• Concept of Good Health:

• According to WHO, good health is defined as a state of physical, mental and social well-being
of individuals rather than mere absence of illness.

• Manifestation:

• Economic good

• Good health is the source of economic growth and prosperity, saving direct and indirect
costs.

• Social good :

• It ensures large benefits to a large section of society.

• For example, improved learning outcomes absorption of skills, better inter-personal

relations, human capital formation etc.

• Political good:

• It ensures political participation and the strengthening of democracy.

• It helps in creating an active citizenry

• Ecological good:

• It provides for social production consumption and development.

ISSUES W.R.T. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM (5:25 PM)

• Lack of infrastructure:

• Lack of health workforce:

• As per the WHO, a 1:1000 (Doctor/population) ratio was recommended.

• As per the Ministry of Health Family Welfare, this ratio for India is 1:834.

• As per WHO, 53% of medical practitioners do not have the required medical qualification.

• Privatisation of healthcare:

• The private sectors see 70% of outpatients and 60% of inpatients.

• There is a lack of regulation in the Private sector:

• i. This regulation is currently looked at by the Clinical Establishment Act (2010).

• ii. Health is a state subject.

• iii. Because of this out of pocket expenditure is high i.e. 47.1%.

 • iv. According to NITI Aayog Report, 80% of doctors 75% of dispensaries and 60% of hospitals
are in urban areas. Thus there is a rural-urban divide.

• Weak primary healthcare increases the burden on secondary and tertiary care.

• Lack of government spending on promotive and preventive care.

• The lack of required infrastructure in existing hospitals makes it difficult to implement

government policies for example PM Jan Arogaya Yojana.

• Absence of medical ethics:

• i. Provider-induced demand

• ii. Prescribing branded medicine instead of generic medicine. According to CDSO, 4.5% of all
generic drugs are identified to be substandard due to a lack of quality testing facilities.

• We are dependent on imports concerning API

• Lack of infrastructure with respect to R&D

• Lack of trust in Ayush

• Lack of integrated health management information system

• Problems of self-treatment

• Dysfunctional state of the integrated disease surveillance programme. (The purpose is to

monitor disease trends, detect and respond, however, due to lack of manpower resources it
has failed to create a robust database).

• According to IRDA, 17% of the population is covered under some kind of insurance.

• Post COVID there has been negative perception of a medical career.

• Lack of digitalisation of healthcare. For example - telemedicine, e-pharmacy, eco-clinics.

• Lack of an adequate number of medical colleges, politicisation and corruption

• Lack of focus on emerging health issues. For example - geriatric care, mental health issues,
lifestyle diseases, addictions etc.

• Health-related taboos: for example - sexual and reproductive health, mental disorders, the
existence of superstitious practices

• Changing nature of disease burden

• Lack of government spending on health

• Attitude towards healthcare

TIER OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS (6:20 PM)

• First primary healthcare, is the backbone of healthcare delivery.

• It is the first point of contact between the community and the healthcare system.

• Its objective is to promote a comprehensive, accessible and relevant healthcare system

 • It includes growth monitoring, oral rehydration, breastfeeding, immunisation, food
supplements family planning and female health education (mnemonic - GOBI-3F).

• According to Alma Ata's declaration which specifies the goals of primary healthcare:

• i. To reduce exclusion

• ii. Organizing the healthcare services around the needs of the people

• iii. Development of appropriate technologies

• iv. Qualitative and Quantitative workforce

• v. Multi-sectoral convergent approach

CHALLENGES WRT PRIMARY HEALTHCARE (6:26 PM)

• Lack of government spending: According to National Health Policy 2017, at least two-
thirds of the health budget should be spent on primary healthcare.

• Increasing in non-communicable diseases and a lack of preparedness to address them. (To

address this under Ayushman Bharat health and wellness centres are created which cover
both Maternal and Child Health and non-communicable diseases).

• Deficit of trust between patient and provider.

• Top-down approach i.e. instead of a holistic approach health planning is done according to
the convenience of the state.

• Poor governance WRT primary healthcare.

• Not understanding the social nature of society.

• Note: Kindly refer to the diagram of PHC drawn by the faculty on smartboards.

SUSTAINABLE GOALS RELATED TO HEALTH (6:41 PM)

• It deals with good health and promoting well-being.

• Reduce MMR

• Fight communicable diseases

• Prevent substance abuse

• Reduce road injury and health

• Promote mental health

• Universal access to reproductive care etc.

• Government efforts:

• Pre- Natal- PMSMA

• Peri-Natal - JSY (Janani Suraksha Yojana)

• Post-Natal- JSSK (Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram )

 • RMNCH+A (Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health) strategy of the
government

• Ayushman Bharat scheme

• WRT communicable disease efforts like Swachch Bharat Mission, Jal Jeevan Mission and
National AIDS Control Programmes

• WRT affordable healthcare efforts like digitalization, Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana etc

• Questions: What are SDG targets with respect to health and to what extent Indian
government is prepared to achieve those targets (150 words/ 10 marks)

• Question: According to Amartya Sen Primary Healthcare is not robust in India. What
according to you are the challenges and how can they be addressed? (150 words/10 marks )

• Question: What do you mean by universal health coverage? In the backdrops of its prospects
examine the challenges in achieving universal health coverage (150 words /10 marks )

• Note: Kindly refer to the handouts for a holistic understanding of universal health coverage.

• Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY:

• Provide affordable/free healthcare to low-income & middle-income families.

• PMJAY: Health insurance scheme (₹5 lakhs per family/year) for 10 crore families.

• ABDM: Develops unified digital health infrastructure.

• PMJAY: Up to ₹5 lakhs annual coverage for 1350+ illnesses at government & private
hospitals.

• ABDM: Improves efficiency & effectiveness of healthcare services.

• Implementation:

• The National Health Agency (NHA) oversees the program.

• 10,000+ Health & Wellness Centers (HWCs) established nationwide.

SECONDARY HEALTHCARE (7:10 PM)

• Community health centre for 80000 to 1.2 Lakh population.

• Challenges:

• Accessibility

• Low government spending

• Weak governance and accountability

• Lack of pending handling capacity

• Non-availability of skilled workforce

• Way forwards:

• Promoting preventive healthcare

 • Involvement of SHG & ASHA worker

• Increasing insurance coverage

• Improving government healthcare spending

DIGITALIZATION OF HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE (7:16 PM)

• Prospects:

• Address resource gap by efficient utilization of existing man force

• Evidence-based planning & decision making

• Ensure national portability in providing health services

• Availability of services in remote via telemedicine

• Enhance the efficiency of healthcare delivery

• Challenges:

• Health is a state subject

• Underdeveloped infrastructure

• Lack of dominant Health IT vendors

• Lack of internet accessibility, the problem of data safety

MENTAL HEALTHCARE (7:23 PM)

• WHO defines mental health as a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with
the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their
community.

• WHO states mental illness makes up 15% of total disease condition

• Note: Kindly refer to the handouts for more better understanding of the Mental Healthcare
Act and Covid and Mental Health.

THE TOPIC FOR NEXT CLASS: EDUCATION

Social justice Class 05

EDUCATION (01:03 PM)

• Framework-

• Concept of Quality of Education-

• Issues- Education System (School || Higher)

• Government Efforts (NEP)

• Contemporary Issues

• Characteristics of Good Quality Education-

• Well designed curriculum

• Moral Education

• Effective financing and infrastructure

• Safe and secure learning environment

• Significance of Quality Education-

• Crucial for the development of children- Early Childhood care

• Education-> Increased productivity level->Better employment-> Increased standard of living

• Improves health and resilience

• Reduce inequality

• Gender sensitization

• Issues- School Education- (01:14 PM)

• Inadequate attention to the quality of education

• Lack of focus on life skills

• Lacunae in the assesment

• Focus on rote learning

• Focus on grades- Unhealthy competition

• Lack of infrastructure and resources

• Corporal punishments by the teachers- prejudiced attitude of teachers

• Lack of participation of parents, community, etc in holding schools accountable.

• Lack of safe infrastructure

• Lack of Counsellors; Eg: Psychiatrist, Career Counsellors

• Lack of comprehensive nature of education

• Eg: Sex education, nutritional education, adolescent education, etc.

• Lack of awareness among parents regarding the significance of education

• Poor learning outcome

• Although online education is meant to improve the accessibility and affordability of

education, however, due to digital divide has led to the exclusion of the marginalized.

• Due to the increase in screen time, it is negatively impacting the health of the child.

• Lack of ethics

• Lack of desirable attitude with respect to the education system despite government efforts

• Way Forward- (01:32 PM)

• Engaging classrooms
• Technology-driven pedagogy

• Teacher training

• Enhanced learning through one-to-one tutoring

• Reshaping the attitude toward teaching as a profession

• Education in the mother tongue

All India Survey of Higher Education- (01:39 PM)

o Ministry of Education

o Annual web-based survey

o Conducted as a Central Sector Scheme

o It is based on voluntary uploading of data.

o GER increased

o The Gender Parity Index is higher

Annual Status Education Report-

o Household survey

o Conducted annually

o Citizen-led survey

o Includes in-school and out-of-school

o It is limited to rural areas

o Conducted- PRATHAM

o Reading ability of class III- Decreased

o Arithmetic ability of class III- Decreased

o Schools with drinking water and girls toiled have

increased

o Gross Enrolment has increased

• Challenges with Higher Education in India- (01:45 PM)

• Rural-urban divide

• Poor employability

• Social Inequity

• Low Gross Enrolment ratio

• Poor quality of educational institutions

 • Lack of faculty (quality and quantity)

• Sub-optimal research ecosystem

• Issues of governance and accountability

• Shortages of resoources

• Way Forward-

• Investment in the education sector

• Hybrid learning

• Upgrading accreditation capacity

• Introduce the concept of Eligibility Enrolment Ratio

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY, 2020 (01:52 PM)

• A new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure, which replaces the existing 10+2 structure.

• A focus on foundational literacy and numeracy skills in the early years.

• The National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) emphasizes the importance of mother
tongue (MT) instruction in early childhood education.

• A more flexible curriculum, with students able to choose from a wider range of subjects.

• Higher Education Commission of India

• Internationalization of Higher Education Institutes

• Equity and inclusion

• Adult Education

• Promoting Indian languages, art, and culture

• Analysis- (02:08 PM)

• Improving quality and infrastructure by increasing GDP share.

• Indian languages will remain relevant

• It will increase employment opportunities.

• HECI will ensure better regulation and standardization.

• Restructuring of school education

• Challenges-

• Fear of privatization

• Lack of coherence between the Right to Education Act and NEP, 2020

• Seeking the cooperation of the state

• 4-year graduation by the University of Delhi has failed.

 • Way Forward-

• Conflicting values with previous policies should be avoided

• Right priorities by the Centre and other stakeholders

• Clear outlining of chain of command

PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION (02:15 PM)

• Fresh tinkering

• Increased expenditure on education

• Private philanthropy

• Collaboration between industry and academia

• Challenges-

• Marginalization

• Inefficient regulation

• Issue of black money

• Way Forward-

• Robust policy to encourage investment

• Appropriate regulatory environment

• Establishing CSR cells

EDTECH (02:18 PM)

• Edtech, short for education technology, refers to the integration of technology into teaching
and learning.

• It encompasses a wide range of tools, software, and hardware used to enhance educational
experiences for students and educators.

• The Edtech industry in India is expected to grow to $4 billion by 2025.

• EdTech as the driver of growth-

• The cost of online education has been reduced.

• Increased penetration of the internet

• Aid as a catalyst in the demographic dividend

• Need for regulation-

• Cyber threats

• Might restrict the development of social skills

• Biased content delivery

• The privacy policy of the companies is not robust.

ALL TOPICS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED- ALL THE BEST!