Number Systems

 To a computer, everything is a number

 Numbers, letters, punctuation marks, sounds and

pictures => all are numbers

 E.g. Consider the following sentence

Here are some words.

 May look like a sequence of characters, but to a

computer it looks like the string of ones and zeros
as shown on next slide.
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 H 0100 1000

e 0110 0101

r 0111 0010

e 0110 0101

0010 0000

a 0110 0001

r 0111 0010

e 0110 0101

0010 0000

s 0111 0011 Computer data

o 0110 1111

m 0110 1101
looks strange
e 0110 0101

0010 0000

w 0111 0111

o 0110 1111

r 0111 0010

d 0110 0100

s 0111 0011

. 0010 1110
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 Number Systems
 Decimal Number System

 Binary Number System

 Octal Number System

 Hexadecimal Number System

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 Decimal Number System
 In our day-to-day life we use decimal number
system.

 In this system base is equal to 10 because there are

altogether 10 symbols or digits
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.

 If we need to represent a number greater than 9,

we use two symbols together as in 9 + 1 = 10

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 Decimal Number System
 As the number starts to become longer, the
concept of place becomes important. E.g. 132510

132510 = (1 x 103) + (3 x 102) + (2 x 101) + (5 x 100)

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 Binary Number System
 In computers all data is represented by the state of
computer’s electronic switches.

 Switch has only two possible values (ON or OFF).

 Represented by 2 numeric values

 When a switch is OFF represents 0, when it is ON

represents 1.
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 Binary Number System
 So the Base of Binary Number System is 2, can
only use two digits 0 and 1.

 Each position in binary number represents a power

of base (2).

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 Conversion of Binary Number
to Decimal Number
 Example: Decimal Equivalent of Binary Number
101012 is
= (1x24) + (0x23) + (1x22) + (0x21) + (1x20)
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 2110

 Example 2: 01012 = ( )10

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 Conversion of Decimal
Number to Binary Number
 Example: Convert 13 to base 2
2 13

2 6 ---- 1
2 3 ---- 0

1 ---- 1 (1101)2

 Example 2: 2310 = ( )2
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Decimal Equivalent of Binary Numbers
OR Counting in Binary Number System
Base 10 Base 2
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
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 Octal Number System
Base is 8
8 symbols: {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
Each place is weighted by the power of 8
Example: (345)8

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 Conversion from Octal to Decimal
 Example : (345)8 =( )10
= (3x82) + (4x81) + (5x80)
= 192 + 32 + 5
= (229)10

Conversion from Decimal to Octal

 Repeatedly Divide by 8
 Example: (952)10 = ( )8

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 Conversion from Octal to Binary
 Expand each octal digit to 3 binary digits.
Example: (725)8 = (111 | 010 | 101)2

Conversion from Binary to Octal

 Combine every 3 bits into one octal digit
Example: (110 | 010 | 011)2 = (623)8

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Conversion from Octal to Binary 2nd
method
 How to Convert Octal To Binary?
 Conversion of octal to binary number is a two-step process. First, we need to
convert the given octal number into its equivalent decimal number and then
convert the decimal into binary. Let us learn the complete steps here.

 Solved Examples
Q.1: Convert 418 to a binary number.
Solution: Given number is 418
418 = (4 * 81) + (1 * 80)
=4*8+1*1
= 32+1
= 33(Decimal number)
Now convert this decimal number into its equivalent binary number. Let us
draw a table to show the conversion of decimal to binary as given below.

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  Convert 1228 into binary number.
 Convert the octal number 2008 into its equivalent binary number.
 Convert (98)8 to a binary number.

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Conversion from Binary to Octal
2nd method
 Binary to Octal conversion Examples
 Example 1: Convert 10101012 to octal
Solution:
 Given binary number is 10101012
 First, we convert given binary to decimal
 10101012 = (1 * 26) + (0 * 25 ) + (1 * 24) + (0 * 23) + (1 * 22) + (0 * 21) + (1 *
20) = 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
 = 64 + 21
 0101012= 85 (Decimal form)
 Now we will convert this decimal to octal form

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 Therefore, the equivalent octal number is 1258.

Link of solved examples: https://byjus.com/maths/binary-to-octal-

conversion/
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 Hexadecimal Number System
 Base is 16
 16 symbols:
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F}
 Each place is weighted by the power of 16

Example:
(3AB)16

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 Conversion from Hexadecimal to
Decimal Number
 (3AB4)16 to Base 10
 (3AB4)16 = 3x163+10x162+11x161+4x 160
= 12288 + 2560 + 176 + 4
= 15028
Conversion from Decimal Number
to Hexadecimal
 Repeated Division by 16 e.g. (428)10 = ()16

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 Conversion from Hexadecimal to
Binary Number
Expand each hexadecimal digit to 4 binary
digits. E.g. (E29)16 = (1110 | 0010 | 1001)2
Conversion from Binary Number to
Hexadecimal
Combine every 4 bits into one hexadecimal
digit
Example: (0101 | 1111 | 1010 | 0110)2 = (5FA6)16
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 Conversion from Hexadecimal to
Octal Number
Method 1: Step 1: HexaDecimal No. to Decimal No.
Step 2: Decimal No. to Octal No.

OR
Method 2: Step 1: HexaDecimal No. to Binary No.
Step 2: Binary No. to Octal No.

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 Conversion from Octal to
Hexadecimal Number
Method 1: Step 1: Octal No. to Decimal No.
Step 2: Decimal No. to HexaDecimal No.

OR
Method 2: Step 1: Octal No. to Binary No.
Step 2: Binary No. to HexaDecimal No.

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 Some Important Conversions to
Remember
Base 10 Base 2 Base 16
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
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 Conversion Summary
Conversion Method
BNS -> DNS Power of 2 (base) method
DNS -> BNS Repeated Division by 2 (base) method
ONS -> DNS Power of 8 (base) method
DNS -> ONS Repeated Division by 8 (base) method
ONS -> BNS Each octal digit to 3 binary digits - Refer Table Octal to Binary
BNS -> ONS Group every 3 bits into 1 octal digit - Refer Table Octal to Binary
HDNS -> DNS Power of 16 (base) method
DNS -> HDNS Repeated Division by 16 (base) method
HNS -> BNS Each hexadecimal digit to 4 binary digits - Refer Table
Hexadecimal to Binary
BNS -> HNS Group every 4 bits into 1 hexadecimal digit - Refer Table
Hexadecimal to Binary
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 Conversion Summary
Conversion Method
HDNS -> ONS Method 1: Step 1: HexaDecimal No. to Decimal No.
Step 2: Decimal No. to Octal No.

Method 2: Step 1: HexaDecimal No. to Binary No.

Step 2: Binary No. to Octal No
ONS -> HDNS Method 1: Step 1: Octal No. to Decimal No.
Step 2: Decimal No. to HexaDecimal No.

Method 2: Step 1: Octal No. to Binary No.

Step 2: Binary No. to HexaDecimal No.
Any NS -> DNS Power of base method
DNS -> Any NS Repeated Division by base method
Any NS -> Any Step 1: Any No. to Decimal No.
other NS Step 2: Decimal No. to Any No.
Note: Any NS could be other than already discussed number systems
26
in this lecture. For example, any NS with base 5, base 9, etc.
‘A prudent question is one-half of wisdom’
(Francis Bacon)