Analysis of Construction Waste Management in Rural and Urban Areas

Based on C&D Waste Management Plan

P. Manisha1, A. Pravallika 2, B. Govardhan3, C. Sucharitha4, K. Phaneendra babu5.
Assistant Professor, Head of The Department, JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula, JNT University,
Anantapur,
2,3,4,5
UG Students (B. Tech), JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula, JNT University, Anantapur.
Emails: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected].
ABSTRACT:
This study presents an analysis of proposed environmental management plan (EMP) for construction waste
management (CWM) in India. It gives the environmental effect analysis due to gradual increase in the rate of
construction and waste generation. LCT plays a role in proper selection of materials and their efficient use
dividing based on LCA and LCC, and it goes with the behavioural analysis of contractors and workers in the
site. The EMP defines actions and activities for different phases and pinpoints the methods and procedures
across the entire building process. Finally, it is applied to two groups of case studies showing the difference
between CWM practices for Low budget buildings and High budget buildings. The outcome shows how the
proposed plan can present a novel approach integrating environmental management and best practices for
CWM. This shall facilitate complying with National standards and building rating systems for achieving
environmental stewardships using waste management rules 2016 by Ministry of Environment Forest and
Climate Change (MoEF&CC).
Keywords: Construction Waste Management; Environmental Management Plan; Life Cycle Costing; Life
Cycle Thinking; Waste Management Hierarchy.
1. INTRODUCTION
When designing a building project, it is critical to identify what extra materials are likely to be
generated and then focus on how those excess materials might be avoided or diverted from landfill.
One strategy is to create a construction waste management plan. The primary goals of any construction
waste management plan should be:
1. Reduce the amount of garbage generated because of the project.
2. Increase the amount of material delivered to reuse, recycling, or reprocessing.
3. Reduce the amount of waste delivered to landfills.
C&D trash is rapidly becoming one of India's major solid waste sources. Metal, concrete, mortar, brick
and block, timber, and plastic are the most common types of C&D trash [1]. Because construction activities
consume many natural resources, materials, and energy [2]. C&D waste is commonly recognized as being
environmentally hazardous. Construction waste (CW), renovation waste (RW), and demolition waste (DW)
are the three categories into which C&D trash can be separated based on the phase of its generation. Numerous
variables, including the degree of urban economic development and the scope of urban construction, influence
the amount of construction and demolition debris produced [3]
As India comes under developing country, it needs more construction activities to satisfy the various
living demands of people and requires the corresponding infrastructure to accompany its rapid economic
development, urbanization and rising standards of living. However, enormous quantities of C&D waste are
currently disposed of in India through simple landfilling or dumping, creating significant threats to regional
ecological stability and sustainable growth [4]. Generation rate calculation method (GRC). This methodology
has got a wide utilization in previous studies because it can be implied to estimate waste from all activities at
both regional and project levels. The fundamental of this methodology is to date [2]. First, they occupy large
areas of land, which is already scared during a rapid urbanization process. Second, while most construction
materials are inert, buildings may have used some materials which would absorb harmful elements [5]. Third,
the massive volume of dumped C&D waste may result in safety hazards such as landslide [7]. It has been
acknowledged that proper quantification of C&D waste is of great importance for establishing an effective
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management system at both project level and regional level [8]. Quantification at project level refers to forecast
the C&D waste production in a particular project. Quantification at regional level refers to estimate the total
C&D generation of all projects in a specified region [8].
1.1 SCHEMES AND REGULATIONS
Laws and policies framed in India related to pollution:
a) Swachh Bharat mission (SBM): A mission with the motto of ‘‘Clean India’’ initiated by the Ministry of
Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in 2014.SBM is an India-wide campaign initiated by the Indian
government in 2014 to manage wastes originating from domestic and C & D [17].
b) Target of the mission: Planning of ‘‘deconstruction’’ activity, establishment of byelaws are included in
the mission. Moreover, based on its importance the SBM doubled the awardable points to 100 [15].
c) Guidelines on environmental management of construction & demolition (C & D) wastes: The central
pollution and control board (CPCB) issued new rules that were published on 29th March 2016 by the
Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF & CC). Construction projects producing
more than 20 tons of C & D waste in a day or 300 tons in a month need to draft and submit the site
waste-management plan (SWMP) to the local authorities [16].
d) Guidelines for Sustainable Habitats (GSH): The central public works department (CPWD) published a
study titled ''Guidelines on re-use of recycled C & D garbage'' in 2014. The rules cover CDW recycling
techniques and precautions, as well as the importance of deconstruction strategies. There is guidance
provided for recovering valuable goods that can be reused without additional processing. [17].
e) Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS): The BIS oversees providing specifications and codes for recycled
items. The amended IS:383(2016) specifies a 25% replacement with recycled aggregate in PCC, 20% in
RCC, and 100% in lean concrete. [17].
1.2 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
CWM is regarded as a major environmental concern because it accounts for most of the municipal solid trash.
Furthermore, garbage collection services are frequently inefficient and insufficient, onsite storage is
inadequate, and collected waste is typically discharged to the nearest landfill. This makes it a growing issue
with serious consequences for the environment and public health. As a result, it is critical to reduce municipal
solid waste throughout the earliest project phases by encouraging C&D waste reduction measures.
Nevertheless, complying with and enforcing current standards is difficult when no tools are available. As a
result, this study fills a knowledge gap by developing a proposed EMP for CWM. The proposed technique is
designed to provide knowledge for applying LCT (Life cycle thinking) in accordance with the idea of avoided
impact of material amounts.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Different literatures are collected and analysed to know the proper cause and situation of construction waste
generation throw-out the world and our country and managed to know different strategies which were involved
in reduction of waste. CWM strategies vary in different countries depending on the existing potentials and
challenges of the construction industry and the local market. Nevertheless, many developing countries lack
the financial and technological means to appropriately manage C&D waste, which may be to blame for the
dearth of studies in this field [4,9,10].
1) An environmental management plan for construction waste management
❑ Published on: March 2023, by Walaa S.E. Ismaeel, Nada Kassim.
First review on Egypt documentation which is based on implementing construction waste management
using method of division of analysis based on EMP. If the project is following environmental
management plan, how it helps to reduce waste and its effectiveness in maintaining sustainability in
construction. If the project did not follow the environmental management plan, where does the waste
is disposing and how it can be reduced with other methods of reduction. In Egypt, CWM is considered
a primary environmental concern because it accounts for about half of all municipal solid waste [10]
2) Environmental management of construction and demolition waste in Kuwait
❑ Published on : December 2004, by Nayef Al-Mutairi.
Second review on Kuwait documentation which is based on construction and demolition [C&D] waste
management. This paper presents the status of C&D waste disposal system in Kuwait and identifies
the potential problems to the environment, people, and economy. It investigates alternative solutions
to manage and control this major type of waste in an economically efficient and environmentally safe

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 manner. Next, the paper describes the feasibility of establishing a C&D waste recycling facility in
Kuwait. It concludes by highlighting the major benefits and bottleneck problems with such a recycling
facility [19]
3) Implementing construction waste management in India: An extended theory of planned behaviour
approach.
❑ Published on: February 2022, by Swarna Swetha K., Tezeswi T.P., Siva Kumar M.V.N.
Third review on Indian documentation, it investigates the workforce motivators for implementing
construction waste management (CWM) in India. A theoretical model based on theory of planned
behavior (TPB) is fundamentally structured by including constructs like knowledge and perceived
utility. The analysis results conclude, perceived behaviour control is consistently crucial construct for
predicting behaviour intention in comparison with attitude and subjective norm [17].
4) Construction and demolition waste management in China through the 3R MARK principle
❑ Published on: September 2017, by (B. Huang).
In fourth review on China documentation, a literature review and personal interviews were conducted
to analyze the current barriers to CDW management. Three groups of stakeholders most relevant to the
CDW industry were interviewed; they were (1) scholars/researchers (11 persons); (2) operators from
building design (5persons), construction (5 persons) and demolition companies (9 persons); and (3)
CDW treatment/recycling companies (10 persons). These interviewees were selected based on the
availability and their familiarity with the CDW industry [18].
3. METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES
The latest data on construction and demolition waste generation of several ongoing projects in local vicinity
were collected through a set of questionnaires from different governmental and private organizations. It is
extremely complex to quantify the C & D waste that is being generated in India.
Currently in India the C & D waste which is being generated onsite is cleared with the help of local
vendors (LV). The LV, charge a nominal amount to clear the site and the LV intern trade the material to the
individual in need. Thus, the existing scenario, makes the recycling targets, processing, and quantification
estimations of CW tougher. As part our research we went through some project in the part our methodology to
collect real time responses from project executers about construction waste generation and its reduction
strategies followed by them in sense of reducing environmental impact.

Selecting Survey about Questionnaire Responses

Conclusion
projects project to the authority from them

Figure 1. Describes the Methodology

3.1 Survey Approach
The described ideas are considered for elaborating the survey questionnaire and interpreting the results.

Different
organization
s
CWD Over
Engineers Appraisal waste
and Work
executers form collecting view and
Project
manager
responses company Results
and assistance
different
Senior
engineers

stage 1 stage 2 stage 3

Figure 2. Describes stages of survey.

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 It is vital to collect feedback from many stakeholders before implementing or improving CDW
management programs. These stakeholders have various levels of jurisdiction (regional, local, and
construction site), and they can be from the public or private sector, regulators, project management teams,
construction companies, managers or resident engineers, or CDW collection companies (Hyderabad); all of
these stakeholders were included in the questionnaire and consulted during this research.
3.2 DATA COLLECTION:
3.2.1 Examples of Selecting projects & Survey about project.
Table 1: Survey projects & their Details
DURATION CONSTRUCTION
COMPANY TYPE OF COST OF
OF WASTE
PROJECTS NAME CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
PROJECT GENERATION (%)
Steel – 10%
JCR
Concrete and dead
Lecture Hall Engineering & New project 12 Months 13 Cr.
mortar-12%
Infra
Brick bats - 2%
Steel-3%
Skill JCR
Concrete and dead
Development Engineering & New project 9 Months 7 Cr.
mortar - 5%
Building Infra
Brick bats – 2%
Steel- 4%
City Centrum KPC Projects Concrete and dead
New project 18 Months 87 Cr.
of Pulivendula Ltd. mortar- 5%
Brick bats- 5%
DEC Steel- 10%
YSR Medical
Infrastructure Concrete and dead
College New Project 30 Months 369 Cr.
(India) Pvt. mortar- 5%
Pulivendula
Ltd. Brick bats- 6%
Steel-5%
Rayalaseema Concrete & Dead
Gurukulam New Project 12 Months 40 Cr
constructions mortar- 4%
Brick bats- 6%

3.3 RELATIVE IMPORTANT INDEX

Table 2: Relative Index
Partially Partially Total
S.no Statements Agree Disagree Total *N II Ranks
agree disagree number(N)
Construction
1. waste causes 0 39 8 1 8 25 100 0.68 5
land pollution.
Dumping of
construction
waste causes
2. 4 9 20 1 4 25 100 0.74 4
changes in
properties of
landfill areas.
Local projects
don’t consider
3. 2 36 18 2 8 25 100 0.68 5
environmental
consequences
All the projects
follow
construction
4. 4 18 16 4 2 25 100 0.62 7
waste
management
plan.

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 All the projects
don’t follow
construction
5. 2 12 18 7 9 25 100 0.49 9
waste
management
plan.
Construction
waste increases
with the time
6. 6 21 4 1 2 25 100 0.82 3
and causes
drastic effects
on environment.
Construction
and demolition
waste (CDW)
7. has become the 0 18 26 1 5 25 100 0.65 6
major
environmental
problem.
All the
materials of
8. construction 4 45 6 6 1 25 100 0.61 8
waste can be
recycled.
Maximize the
efficient use of
9. resources while 4 0 6 0 0 25 100 0.90 2
minimizing the
wastage.
The most
effective
environmental
solution may
10. 4 0 6 1 1 25 100 0.91 1
often be to
reduce the
generation of
waste.
3.3.1 In urban CW&D waste managing units
Their IEC Activities:
One Zonal In charge, along with 15 Field Officers assigned to each circle and a dedicated Command Control
Centre, have been established to streamline operations.
Raising awareness about C&D waste services involved distributing pamphlets and stickers door-to-
door for each household within the respective circles. Additionally, a toll-free number has been promoted
across various platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, etc.
Letters have been dispatched to builders and building demolition contractors to inform them about the
newly introduced C&D waste services.

Figure 3. C&D WASTE PROCESSING PLANT

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 Figure 4. SAND & AGGREGATES PREPARED FROM C&D WASTE
3.3.2 Graphic representation of 3R conditions in rural areas without C&D waste processing unit.

Reuse Data

ysr medical college

skill development building

city centrum

lecture hall

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

others concrete and dead mortar steel

Graph-1: Describes the Re-use data of the Survey projects.

Reduce data
ysr medical college

skill development building

city centrum

lecture hall

0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4

others concrete and dead mortar steel

Graph-2: Describes the Reduce data of the Survey projects.

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 Recycle data

ysr medical college

skill development building

city centrum

lecture hall

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

others concrete and moertar waste steel

Graph-3: Describes the Recycle data of the Survey projects

Figure 5. Y.S.R. medical college Pulivendula.

Figure 6. Lecture Hall, JNTUACEP. Figure 7. City centrum, Pulivendula.

4. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Waste reduction strategies
Most of the literatures studied in this study emphasized the importance of waste management in sustainable
construction [4]. In most cases, produced waste is reduced in the earliest stage through source and material
quality control. Later, the debris generated during construction was used as filler material in ramps and stages.
As the total budget of the construction increases, CW is normally lowered, thus they were employing the
created waste if it was possible to some works like brick bats for subterranean sumps and soak pits. In most
circumstances, recycling methodology is not implemented in rural areas because the factories are too far away,
putting a strain on the budget for transportation, but only in the case of steel are they sent to scrap.
Therefore, the most practical approach to minimizing the effect of waste on the environment is to
prevent generating waste [10,11,12].

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 Compared the CWM of the four projects across different project phases following the proposed EMP.
The data were obtained based on the project’s documentation and team members’ assistance. Further, the EOL
(End of Life) scenarios were assumed based on the project’s team members’ expectations.
For those answering with ‘No’, survey participants indicated that C&D waste was often handled by a
waste collector who was hired by the contractor to remove the waste from the construction site. Waste haulers
usually adopted a range of disposal techniques, disregarding their long-term environmental impact, and
landfilling was perceived as the least expensive option. Also, the waste reduction strategies were seldom
considered during early project phases, and they were later considered in the construction stage. They added
that tracking the quantities of C&D waste was performed in the form of weight or volume without considering
their environmental impact. Additionally, specifying and procuring.
5. CONCLUSION
Based on the above survey reports we can see that there is less amount of waste generating in the projects
which follows environmental management plan (CWMP). If the amount of waste generates more than limits
the project will suffer economical problem and environmental pollution. That’s why they follow
environmental waste management plan in stages to reduce waste generation during construction.
Table 3: Survey results on major sources of waste
S.No. MATERIALS PERCENTAGE OF MATERIALS
GENERATION IN TOTAL WASTE
1 Concrete and dead mortar 30.25%
2 Steel 21.55%
3 Formwork 15.25%
4 Scaffolding 11.22%
5 Tails finishing & flooring stones 10.75%
6 Ceiling card boards and sheets 10.98%

PERCENTAGE OF MATERIALS GENERATION IN TOTAL WASTE

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1. Concrete and 2. Steel 3. Formwork 4. scaffolding 5. Tails finishing 6. Ceiling card
dead mortor & flooring stones boards and sheets

Table 4: Waste is generated in different ways according to the survey

Overall
waste
Waste used Waste Waste to Demolition
Projects generation
for land fills recycled dump yards waste
on entire
site
Y.S.R medical college 5 0.75 0.15 0.75 0
City centrum 5 0.75 0.075 1 0
Lecture hall 5 0.75 0.1 1 0
Skill development hall 5 0.75 0.15 0.5 0
Gurukulam 5 0.75 0.125 0.6 0
GHMC waste management 5 0.75 1.25 0.25 3.75
Kvm constructions 5 0.75 0.2 1 0

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 Percentages of wastage generated in example sites
6

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
OVER ALL WASTE GENERATION ON ENTIRE SITE
WASTE USED FOR LAND FILLS
WASTE RECYCLED
WASTE TO DUMP YARDS
DEMOLISION WASTE

After all the discussions we had with the authorities on sites we conclude that Construction and waste
generation are influenced by a multiple factor.
1. Scale of the Project:
The scale of a construction project plays a crucial role in determining the volume of materials used and the
complexity of construction activities. Larger projects inherently involve higher material volumes and more
intricate processes, resulting in increased waste generation. This is due to the need for more extensive
excavation, structural work, and finishing, which collectively contribute to a larger waste footprint.
2. Contractor Profit Margins:
The profit margins of contractors significantly influence waste management practices on construction sites.
When profit margins are tight, contractors may prioritize speed and cost-efficiency over waste reduction
measures. This can lead to practices that generate more waste, such as over-ordering materials to ensure project
deadlines are met or opting for cheaper but less sustainable construction methods.
3. Construction Methods and Technologies:
The choice of construction methods and technologies can greatly impact waste generation. Modern
construction techniques offer opportunities to minimize waste through efficient material and process
utilization. For instance, prefabrication and modular construction methods can reduce material waste by
optimizing cutting and assembly processes. Similarly, advancements in technology, such as Building
Information Modelling (BIM), enable better material management and coordination, further reducing waste.
4. Material Selection:
Material selection is a critical factor influencing waste generation. Certain materials are more recyclable or
reusable than others, directly affecting the overall waste footprint of a project. Additionally, using materials
with higher durability and longevity can reduce the need for frequent replacements, thus decreasing waste
generation over the project's lifecycle.
5. Compliance with Regulations and Policies:
Compliance with regulations and policies, including government mandates and industry standards, shapes
waste management practices in the construction sector. Adherence to waste disposal regulations and
environmental guidelines ensures proper handling and disposal of construction waste, minimizing
environmental impact and promoting sustainability.
6. Labor Efficiency:
Labor efficiency is essential for minimizing waste on construction sites. Skilled labour and efficient project
management contribute to waste reduction by ensuring proper handling and installation of materials. By
reducing errors and material wastage, efficient labour practices play a significant role in mitigating
unnecessary waste generation.
7. Client Preferences and Requirements:
Client preferences and requirements can indirectly influence waste generation by impacting design choices
and construction methods. Clients may prioritize certain materials or construction techniques based on
aesthetic preferences, functionality, or sustainability goals, all of which can influence the amount and type of
waste generated during the construction process.
8. Site Conditions:
Site conditions, including factors such as location, accessibility, and environmental considerations, have a
significant impact on waste generation and management practices during construction. Adverse site conditions,
such as limited space or difficult terrain, may necessitate additional waste management measures to ensure
safe and efficient waste handling. Furthermore, environmentally sensitive sites may require stricter adherence
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to sustainable construction practices to minimize ecological impact, thereby influencing waste generation
levels.
ANNEXURE – 1
3.2 QUESTIONNAIRE AND RESPONSES
3.2.1 Appraisal form
Does the construction company apply CWM plan?
If yes…
1. When is the plan was set?
a) Planning stage b) Construction stage
2. Which project phases integrate this plan?
a) Initiation b) Construction c) Design d) Operating and maintenance
e) End of life
3. Who is responsible for setting and implementing the plan?
a) Design team b) Construction team c) Contractor
d) Quantity-control e) Project management
4. Does the plan specify diversion rates?
Yes No
5. Does the plan specify diversion targets?
Yes No
6. How much amount of waste is recycled?
a) 0 – 15% b) 15 – 30% c) 30 – 50%
7. Does the plan consider...
a) Environmental plan b) Economical c) Both
8. Does the plan consider life cycle thinking, such as LCA or LCC of materials?
LCC (Life Cycle Costing)
Yes No
LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)
Yes No
9. How much amount of construction waste is generating approximately?
a) < Five percent of project b) 5 – 10% of project c) >10% of project
10. How much amount of construction waste is disposed to landfills?
a) 0 – 15% of total waste b) 15 – 30% c) 30 – 50% d) Above 50
10. Is there any demolition waste before construction? If yes, what is the amount of demolition waste?
a) 0 – 15% of total waste b) 15 – 30% c) 30 – 50% d) Nill
11. Is there any material separation methos followed to dispose demolition/construction waste?
a) On site sorting b) Manually c) Mechanically d) Another Methods
12. What are the approximate methods in the field to estimate waste based on plinth area?
a) Plinth area method b) Grade of material
c) Any other method____________________

Does the construction company apply a CWM plan?

If no…
1. Who manages managing construction waste?
a) Planning team b) Site in charge c) Contractor
2. How is construction waste managed?
a) By using 3R’s b) By following EMP
3. Is there a system functioning to divert construction waste?
Yes No

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4. Is waste reduction taken into consideration during design, material specification, procurement, and
construction?
Yes No
5. Is there a system in place to track the amount of construction waste generated?
Yes No
6. Where does the waste is disposed?
a) Dump yards b) Landfills c) Open areas
7. How much amount of construction waste is disposed to landfills? __________________
ANNEXURE - 2
S.No. STATEMENTS PARTIALLY PARTIALLY
AGREE DISAGREE
AGREE DISAGREE
Construction waste causes land
1.
pollution.
Dumping of construction waste
2. causes changes in properties of
landfill areas
Local projects don’t consider
3.
environmental consequences.
All the projects follow construction
4.
waste management plan
All the projects don’t follow
5. construction waste management
plan.
Construction waste increases with
6. the time and causes drastic effects
on environment.
Construction and demolition waste
7. (CDW) has become the major
environmental problem.
All the materials of construction
8.
waste can be recycled.
Maximize the efficient use of
9. resources while minimizing the
wastage.
The most effective
environmental solution may often
10.
be to reduce the generation of
waste.
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