Elon Reeve Musk FRS (/ˈiːlɒn/; born June 28, 1971) is a businessman known for his key roles in

the space company SpaceX and the automotive company Tesla, Inc. His other involvements
include ownership of X Corp., the company that operates the social media platform X (formerly
Twitter), and his role in the founding of the Boring Company, xAI, Neuralink, and OpenAI. Musk
is the wealthiest individual in the world; as of December 2024, Forbes estimates his net worth to
be US$432 billion.[2]

A member of the wealthy South African Musk family, Musk was born in Pretoria and briefly
attended the University of Pretoria before immigrating to Canada at the age of 18, acquiring
citizenship through his Canadian-born mother. Two years later, he matriculated at Queen's
University at Kingston in Canada. Musk later transferred to the University of Pennsylvania and
received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend
Stanford University but never enrolled in classes, and with his brother Kimbal co-founded the
online city guide software company Zip2. The startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million
in 1999. That same year, Musk co-founded X.com, a direct bank. X.com merged with Confinity in
2000 to form PayPal. In 2002, Musk acquired US citizenship, and that October eBay acquired
PayPal for $1.5 billion. Using $100 million of the money he made from the sale of PayPal, Musk
founded SpaceX, a spaceflight services company, in 2002.

In 2004, Musk was an early investor in electric-vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (later
Tesla, Inc.), providing most of the initial financing and assuming the position of the company's
chairman. He later became the product architect and, in 2008, the CEO. In 2006, Musk helped
create SolarCity, a solar energy company that was acquired by Tesla in 2016 and became Tesla
Energy. In 2013, he proposed a hyperloop high-speed vactrain transportation system. In 2015,
he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit artificial intelligence research company. The following year
Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company developing brain–computer
interfaces, and The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. In 2018 the U.S. Securities
and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Musk, alleging that he had falsely announced that he had
secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. To settle the case Musk stepped down as the
chairman of Tesla and paid a $20 million fine. In 2022, he acquired Twitter for $44 billion,
merged the company into the newly-created X Corp. and rebranded the service as X the
following year. In March 2023, Musk founded xAI, an artificial-intelligence company.

Musk's actions and expressed views have made him a polarizing figure. He has been criticized
for making unscientific and misleading statements, including COVID-19 misinformation,
promoting right-wing conspiracy theories, and endorsing an antisemitic trope; he has since
apologized for the latter, but continued endorsing such statements. His ownership of Twitter has
been controversial because of the layoffs of large numbers of employees, an increase in hate
speech, misinformation and disinformation posts on the website, and changes to website
features, including verification.
By early 2024, Musk became active in American politics as a vocal and financial supporter of
Donald Trump, becoming Trump's second-largest individual donor in October 2024. In
November 2024, Trump announced that he had chosen Musk along with Vivek Ramaswamy to
co-lead Trump's planned Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) advisory board which
will make recommendations on improving government efficiency through measures such as
slashing "excess regulations" and cutting "wasteful expenditures".

Early life and education

Childhood and family

See also: Family of Elon Musk

Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa's administrative capital.[3]
[4] He is of British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[5][6] His mother, Maye (née Haldeman), is
a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa.[7][8][9] His
father, Errol Musk, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant,
emerald dealer, and property developer, who partly owned a rental lodge at the Timbavati
Private Nature Reserve.[10][11][12][13] Elon has a younger brother, Kimbal, and a younger
sister, Tosca.[9][14] Elon has four paternal half-siblings.[15][16][17]

The family was wealthy during Elon's youth.[13] Despite both Elon and Errol previously stating
that Errol was a part owner of a Zambian emerald mine,[13] in 2023, Errol recounted that the
deal he made was to receive "a portion of the emeralds produced at three small mines".[18][19]
Errol was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid
Progressive Party and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of apartheid.[3]

Elon's maternal grandfather, Joshua N. Haldeman, was an American-born Canadian who took his
family on record-breaking journeys to Africa and Australia in a single-engine Bellanca airplane;
Haldeman died when Elon was still a toddler.[16][20][21][22] Elon has recounted trips to a
wilderness school that he described as a "paramilitary Lord of the Flies" where "bullying was a
virtue" and children were encouraged to fight over rations.[23]

After his parents divorced in 1980, Elon chose to live primarily with his father.[5][10] Elon later
regretted his decision and became estranged from his father.[24] Elon attended Bryanston High
School.[25] In one incident, after an altercation with a fellow pupil, Elon was thrown down
concrete steps and beaten severely by the boy and his friends, leading to him being hospitalized
for his injuries.[26] Elon described his father berating him after he was discharged from the
hospital, saying, "I had to stand for an hour as he yelled at me and called me an idiot and told
me that I was just worthless."[26] Errol denied berating Elon but claimed, "The boy had just lost
his father to suicide and Elon had called him stupid. Elon had a tendency to call people stupid.
How could I possibly blame that child?".[27] After the incident, Elon was enrolled in private
school.[26][27]

Elon was an enthusiastic reader of books, later attributing his success in part to having read The
Lord of the Rings, the Foundation series, and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[12][28] At
age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to
program from the VIC-20 user manual.[29] At age twelve, Elon sold his BASIC-based game
Blastar to PC and Office Technology magazine for approximately $500.[30][31]

Education

An ornate school building

Musk graduated from Pretoria Boys High School in South Africa.

Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, and then Pretoria
Boys High School, where he graduated.[32] Musk was a good but not exceptional student,
earning a 61 in Afrikaans and a B on his senior math certification.[33] Musk applied for a
Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother to avoid South Africa's mandatory military
service,[34][35] which would have forced him to participate in the apartheid regime,[3] and to
ease his path to immigration to the United States.[36] While waiting for his application to be
processed, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months.[37]

Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989, connected with a second cousin in Saskatchewan,[38] and
worked odd jobs including at a farm and a lumber mill.[39] In 1990, he entered Queen's
University in Kingston, Ontario.[40][41] Two years later, he transferred to the University of
Pennsylvania, where he studied until 1995.[42] Although Musk has said that he earned his
degrees in 1995, the University of Pennsylvania did not award them until 1997 – a Bachelor of
Arts in physics and a Bachelor of Science in economics from the university's Wharton School.[43]
[44][45][46][47][48][excessive citations] He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to
help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to
Google Books.[49]

In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley: one at energy storage startup Pinnacle
Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and
another at Palo Alto–based startup Rocket Science Games.[50][51] In 1995, he was accepted to
a graduate program in materials science at Stanford University, but did not enroll.[46][43][52]
Musk decided to join the Internet boom, applying for a job at Netscape, to which he reportedly
never received a response.[53][34] The Washington Post reported that Musk lacked legal
authorization to remain and work in the United States after failing to enroll at Stanford.[52] In
response, Musk claimed he was allowed to work at that time and that his student visa
transitioned to an H1-B. According to numerous former business associates and shareholders,
Musk claimed he was on a student visa at the time.[54]

Business career

Zip2

Main article: Zip2

External videos

video icon Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech
at University of Southern California on YouTube

In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded Global Link Information Network,
later renamed Zip2.[55][56] The company developed an Internet city guide with maps,
directions, and yellow pages, and marketed it to newspapers.[57] They worked at a small rented
office in Palo Alto,[58] with Musk coding the website every night.[58] Musk and his brother's
immigration statuses during this period were described by Musk as a "gray area", although
Kimbal maintained they were working as illegal immigrants.[59][60] A Washington Post exposé
from October 2024 reported Musk worked illegally while building the company, citing an email
from Musk submitted as evidence during a 2005 defamation trial and the funding agreement
from venture capital firm Mohr Davidow Ventures.[52]

Eventually, Zip2 obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune.[49] The
brothers persuaded the board of directors to abandon a merger with CitySearch;[61] however,
Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted.[62] Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in
cash in February 1999,[63][64] and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.[65]

X.com and PayPal

Main articles: X.com (bank), PayPal, and PayPal Mafia

In March 1999,[66] Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment
company with $12 million of the money he made from the Compaq acquisition.[67] X.com was
one of the first online banks that was federally insured, and over 200,000 customers joined in its
initial months of operation.[68]

Musk's friends expressed skepticism about the naming of the online bank, fearing it might have
been mistaken for a pornographic site. Musk brushed off their concerns, emphasizing that the
name was meant to be straightforward, memorable, and easy to type. Additionally, he was fond
of the email addresses derived from it, such as "[email protected]".[66] Although Musk founded the
company, investors regarded him as inexperienced and replaced him with Intuit CEO Bill Harris
by the end of the year.[69]

In 2000, X.com merged with the online bank Confinity to avoid competition,[58][69][70] as the
latter's money-transfer service PayPal was more popular than X.com's service.[71] Musk then
returned as CEO of the merged company. His preference for Microsoft- over Unix-based
software caused a rift among the company's employees, and eventually led Confinity co-founder
Peter Thiel to resign.[72] With the company suffering from compounding technological issues
and the lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel
in September 2000.[73][a] Under Thiel, the company focused on the money-transfer service and
was renamed PayPal in 2001.[75][76]

In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—PayPal's largest
shareholder with 11.7% of shares—received $176 million.[77][78] In 2017, more than 15 years
later, Musk purchased the X.com domain from PayPal for its "sentimental value".[79][80] In
2022, Musk discussed a goal of creating "X, the everything app".[81]

SpaceX

Main article: SpaceX

Musk shakes hands with NASA Administrator Charles Bolden before a SpaceX Dragon capsule

Then-NASA Administrator Charles Bolden congratulating Musk by the SpaceX Dragon following
its 2012 mission

In early 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society and discussed funding
plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars.[82] In October of the same year, he
traveled to Moscow, Russia with Jim Cantrell, Adeo Ressi, and future NASA Administrator
Michael D. Griffin[83] to buy refurbished intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could
send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with the companies NPO Lavochkin and
Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice[84] and the group returned to the United
States without an agreement to purchase Russian launch services. In February 2002, the group
returned to Russia to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were
offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. He instead decided to start a company
that could build affordable rockets.[84] With $100 million of his own money,[85] Musk founded
SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and chief engineer.[86][87]

SpaceX attempted its first launch of the Falcon 1 rocket in 2006.[88] Although the rocket failed
to reach Earth orbit, it was awarded a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program
contract from NASA, now led by Michael D. Griffin as Administrator.[89][90] After two more
failed attempts that nearly caused Musk and his companies to go bankrupt,[88] SpaceX
succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.[91] Later that year, SpaceX received a
$1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services contract from NASA for 12 flights of its Falcon 9
rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS), replacing the Space
Shuttle after its 2011 retirement.[92] In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, a first for
a commercial spacecraft.[93]

Musk examining F9R Dev1 debris in 2014

Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage
of a Falcon 9 on a land platform.[94] Later landings were achieved on autonomous spaceport
drone ships, an ocean-based recovery platform.[95] In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy;
the inaugural mission carried Musk's personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload.[96][97]

Since 2019,[98] SpaceX has been developing Starship, a fully-reusable, super-heavy-lift launch
vehicle intended to replace the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy.[99] In 2020, SpaceX launched its
first crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into
orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.[100] In 2024, NASA awarded SpaceX an $843
million contract to deorbit the ISS at the end of its lifespan.[101]

Starlink

Main article: Starlink

See also: Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War

50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019

In 2015, SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low-Earth-orbit satellites to

provide satellite Internet access,[102] with the first two prototype satellites launched in
February 2018. A second set of test satellites, and the first large deployment of a piece of the
constellation, occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched.
[103] The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation was
estimated by SpaceX in 2020 to be $10 billion.[104][b] Some critics, including the International
Astronomical Union, have alleged that Starlink blocks the view of the sky and poses a collision
threat to spacecraft.[107][108][109]

During the March 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Musk sent Starlink terminals to Ukraine to
provide Internet access and communication.[110] In October 2022, Musk stated that about
20,000 satellite terminals had been donated to Ukraine, together with free data transfer
subscriptions, which cost SpaceX $80 million. After asking the United States Department of
Defense to pay for further units and future subscriptions on behalf of Ukraine,[111] Musk
publicly stated that SpaceX would continue to provide Starlink to Ukraine for free, at a yearly
cost to itself of $400 million.[112][113][114] At the same time, Musk refused to block Russian
state media on Starlink, declaring himself "a free speech absolutist".[115][116]

In September 2023, Ukraine asked for the activation of Starlink satellites over Crimea to attack
Russian naval vessels located at the port Sevastopol; Musk denied the request, citing concerns
that Russia would respond with a nuclear attack.[117][118][119]

Tesla

Main article: Tesla, Inc.

Musks stands, arms crossed and grinning, before a Tesla Model S

Musk next to a Tesla Model S, 2011

Tesla, Inc., originally Tesla Motors, was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc
Tarpenning. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's
involvement.[120] Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004; he invested
$6.35 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as
chairman.[121][122] Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster
product design, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[123]

Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Eberhard
was ousted from the firm.[124][page needed][125] Musk assumed leadership of the company as
CEO and product architect in 2008.[126] A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated
Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.[127][128] As of 2019, Musk
was the longest-tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally.[129] In 2021, Musk
nominally changed his title to "Technoking" while retaining his position as CEO.[130]

Musk speaking with a microphone, a projected image of a Tesla is behind him

Musk before a Model X at the 2014 Tesla Inc. annual shareholder meeting

Tesla began delivery of the Roadster, an electric sports car, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500
vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells.[131]
Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model S sedan in 2012.[132] A crossover, the Model X was
launched in 2015.[133] A mass-market sedan, the Model 3, was released in 2017.[134] In 2020,
the Model 3 became the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and in June 2021 it
became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.[135][136] A fifth vehicle, the Model Y
crossover, was launched in 2020, and in December 2023, became the best-selling vehicle of any
type,[137] as well as the all-time best-selling electric car.[138] The Cybertruck, an all-electric
pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019,[139] and delivered in November 2023.[140] Under Musk,
Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, named
Gigafactories.[141]

Since its initial public offering in 2010,[142] Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the
most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,[143][144] and it entered the S&P 500 later that year.
[145][146] In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth company in
US history to do so.[147] In November 2021, Musk proposed on Twitter to sell some of his Tesla
stock.[148] After more than 3.5 million Twitter accounts supported the sale, Musk sold $6.9
billion of Tesla stock within a week,[148] and a total of $16.4 billion by year end, reaching the
10% target.[149] In February 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that both Musk and his
brother Kimbal were under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for
possible insider trading related to the sale.[150] In 2022, Musk unveiled Optimus, a robot being
developed by Tesla.[151] In June 2023, Musk met with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in
New York City, stating he was interested in investing in India "as soon as humanly possible".
[152]

SEC and shareholder lawsuits regarding tweets

In 2018, Musk was sued by the SEC for a tweet stating that funding had been secured for
potentially taking Tesla private.[153][c] The lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading,
and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded
companies.[153][157][158] Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or
denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk
was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.[159]
Shareholders filed a lawsuit over the tweet,[160] and in February 2023, a jury found Musk and
Tesla not liable.[161] Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet
that triggered the SEC investigation.[162][163]

In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.[164] The SEC
reacted by asking a court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of the 2018 settlement
agreement. A joint agreement between Musk and the SEC eventually clarified the previous
agreement details,[165] including a list of topics about which Musk needed preclearance.[166]
In 2020, a judge blocked a lawsuit that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price
("too high imo") violated the agreement.[167][168] Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)-released
records showed that the SEC concluded Musk had subsequently violated the agreement twice
by tweeting regarding "Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price".[169]

SolarCity and Tesla Energy

Main articles: SolarCity and Tesla Energy

Two green vans sporting the SolarCity logo

SolarCity solar-panel installation vans in 2009

Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon
and Peter Rive founded in 2006.[170] By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar
power systems in the United States.[171] In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building
an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in
the United States.[172] Construction of the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017.
It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020.[173][174]

Tesla acquired SolarCity for $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create Tesla
Energy. The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price; at the
time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.[175] Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit
against Musk and Tesla's directors, stating that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to
benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.[176][177] Tesla directors
settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.[178][179] Two
years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.[180]

Neuralink

Main article: Neuralink

Musk standing next to bulky medical equipment on a stage

Musk discussing a Neuralink device during a live demonstration in 2020

In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company, with an investment

of $100 million.[181][182] Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with artificial
intelligence (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain. Such technology could
enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.[182][183] The company
also hopes to develop devices with which to treat neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's
disease, dementia, and spinal cord injuries.[184]

In 2019, Musk announced work on a device akin to a sewing machine that could embed threads
into a human brain.[181] In an October 2019 paper that detailed some of Neuralink's research,
[185] Musk was listed as the sole author, which rankled Neuralink researchers.[186] At a 2020
live demonstration, Musk described one of their early devices as "a Fitbit in your skull" that
could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and
publications criticized these claims,[187][188][189] with MIT Technology Review describing
them as "highly speculative" and "neuroscience theater".[187] During the demonstration, Musk
revealed a pig with a Neuralink implant that tracked neural activity related to smell.[184] In
2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.[190]

Neuralink has conducted further animal testing on macaque monkeys at the University of
California, Davis' Primate Research Center. In 2021, the company released a video in which a
Macaque played the video game Pong via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—
which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of animal cruelty. The
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has alleged that Neuralink's animal trials have
violated the Animal Welfare Act.[191] Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to
accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In
2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.[192] In
September 2023, the Food and Drug Administration approved Neuralink to initiate human trials,
and it plans to conduct a six-year study.[193]

The Boring Company

Main article: The Boring Company

Musk speaks to a crowd of journalists. Behind him is a lighted tunnel.

Musk during the 2018 inauguration of the Boring Test Tunnel in Hawthorne, California

In 2017, Musk founded The Boring Company to construct tunnels, and revealed plans for
specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour
(240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.[194][195] Early in 2017,
the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot
(9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of
SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.[196] The Los Angeles tunnel, less than two miles
(3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model Xs and was reported to be
a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.[197]

Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.
[198][199] However, a tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early
2021.[200] Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.[201]

Twitter / X

Further information: Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk and Twitter under Elon Musk

Avatar of Elon Musk

Elon Musk
@elonmusk

Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

I made an offer

https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar...

April 14, 2022[202]

Musk expressed interest in buying Twitter as early as 2017,[203] and had questioned the
platform's commitment to freedom of speech.[204][205] Additionally, his ex-wife Talulah Riley
had urged him to buy Twitter to stop the "woke-ism".[206] In January 2022, Musk started
purchasing Twitter shares, reaching a 9.2% stake by April,[207] making him the largest
shareholder.[208][d] When this was publicly disclosed, Twitter shares experienced the largest
intraday price surge since the company's 2013 initial public offering.[210] On April 4, Musk
agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from
acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.[211][212] However, on April 13, Musk made a $43
billion offer to buy Twitter, launching a takeover bid to buy 100% of Twitter's stock at $54.20 per
share.[208][213] In response, Twitter's board adopted a "poison pill" shareholder rights plan to
make it more expensive for any single investor to own more than 15% of the company without
board approval.[214] Nevertheless, by the end of the month Musk had successfully concluded
his bid for approximately $44 billion.[215] This included about $12.5 billion in loans against his
Tesla stock and $21 billion in equity financing.[216][217]

Tesla's stock market value sank by over $100 billion the next day in reaction to the deal.[218]
[219] He subsequently tweeted to his 86 million followers criticism of Twitter executive Vijaya
Gadde's policies, which led to some of them engaging in sexist and racist harassment against
her.[220] Exactly a month after announcing the takeover, Musk stated that the deal was "on
hold" following a report that 5% of Twitter's daily active users were spam accounts.[221]
Although he initially affirmed his commitment to the acquisition,[222] he sent notification of his
termination of the deal in July; Twitter's board of directors responded that they were committed
to holding him to the transaction.[223] On July 12, 2022, Twitter formally sued Musk in the
Chancery Court of Delaware for breaching a legally binding agreement to purchase Twitter.[224]
In October 2022, Musk reversed again, offering to purchase Twitter at $54.20 per share.[225]
The acquisition was officially completed on October 27.[226]

Immediately after the acquisition, Musk fired several top Twitter executives including CEO Parag
Agrawal;[226][227] Musk became the CEO instead.[228] He instituted a $7.99 monthly
subscription for a "blue check",[229][230][231] and laid off a significant portion of the
company's staff.[232][233] Musk lessened content moderation, including reinstating accounts
like The Babylon Bee.[234][235] The Southern Poverty Law Center noted that Twitter has
verified numerous extremists;[236] hate speech also increased on the platform after his
takeover.[237][238]

In December 2022, Musk released internal documents relating to Twitter's moderation of

Hunter Biden's laptop controversy in the leadup to the 2020 presidential election.[239]
Comments on these internal documents by journalists Matt Taibbi, Bari Weiss, Michael
Shellenberger and others were posted on Twitter as the Twitter Files. Musk and many
Republicans alleged the documents showed the FBI had engaged in government censorship by
ordering Twitter to suppress a New York Post story about the laptop. Upon review of the
documents, Taibbi said he had found no evidence to support the allegation, and Twitter
attorneys denied the allegation in a subsequent court filing.[240][241] The United States House
Committee on the Judiciary held hearings on the Twitter Files on March 9, 2023, at which Taibbi
and Shellenberger gave testimony.[242]

In late 2022, Musk promised to step down as CEO after a Twitter poll posted by Musk found that
a majority of users wanted him to do so.[243][244] Five months later, Musk stepped down from
CEO and placed former NBCUniversal executive Linda Yaccarino in the position and transitioned
his role to executive chairman and chief technology officer.[245]

On November 20, 2023, in a U.S. District Court in Texas, X filed a lawsuit stating that Media
Matters "manipulated" the X platform, in that it used accounts that followed major brands, and
"resorted to endlessly scrolling and refreshing" the feed until it found ads next to extremist
posts.[246]

The Wall Street Journal reported in August 2024 that the $13 billion Musk borrowed to buy
Twitter "is now considered the worst deal in merger finance that banks have participated in
since the 2008 to '09 financial crisis", adding that "the allure of banking Elon Musk, providing
capital for him to buy a company, not only would reward them handsomely if things went
according to plan" but "you can certainly say things have not gone according to plan".[247] The
Washington Post reported in September 2024 that the company had lost $24 billion in equity
value, "a vaporization of wealth that has little parallel outside the realm of economic or
industry-specific crashes, or devastating corporate scandals".[248] Two years after the
acquisition, Fidelity Investments estimated the value of its stake in X that implied the company
had lost 79% of its value.[249]

Leadership style

Musk is pictrued delivering a speech to SpaceX employees while standing at a podium besides a
capsule in 2012
Musk giving a speech to SpaceX employees in 2012

Musk is often described as a micromanager and has called himself a "nano-manager".[250] The
New York Times has characterized his approach as absolutist.[251] Musk does not make formal
business plans.[251] He has forced employees to adopt the company's own jargon and launched
ambitious, risky, and costly projects against his advisors' recommendations, such as removing
front-facing radar from Tesla Autopilot. His insistence on vertical integration causes his
companies to move most production in-house. While this resulted in saved costs for SpaceX's
rocket,[252] vertical integration (as of 2018) has caused many usability problems for Tesla's
internal corporate software.[250][needs update]

Musk's handling of employees—whom he communicates with directly through mass emails—

has been characterized as "carrot and stick", rewarding those "who offer constructive criticism"
while also being known to impulsively threaten, swear at, and fire his employees.[253][254]
[255] Musk said he expects his employees to work for long hours, sometimes 80 hours per
week.[256] He has his new employees sign strict non-disclosure agreements and often fires in
sprees,[257][255] such as during the Model 3 "production hell" in 2018.[255] In 2022, Musk
revealed plans to fire 10 percent of Tesla's workforce, due to his concerns about the economy.
[258] That same month, he suspended remote work at SpaceX and Tesla and threatened to fire
employees who do not work 40 hours per week in the office.[259] He laid off more than 10
percent of the Tesla workforce in early 2024.

Musk's leadership has been praised by some, who credit it with the success of Tesla and his
other endeavors,[250] and criticized by others, who see him as callous and his managerial
decisions as "show[ing] a lack of human understanding".[255][260] The 2021 book Power Play
contains anecdotes of Musk berating employees.[261] The Wall Street Journal reported that,
after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as "self-driving", he faced criticism from his
engineers for putting customer "lives at risk", with some[quantify] employees resigning in 2017
in consequence.[262]

Other activities

Musk Foundation

Main article: Musk Foundation (charity)

Musk is president of the Musk Foundation he founded in 2001,[263][264] whose stated purpose
is to: provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas; support research, development, and
advocacy (for interests including human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy and
"safe artificial intelligence"); and support science and engineering educational efforts.[265]
As of 2020, the foundation has made 350 donations. Around half of them were made to
scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia
Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and his brother Kimbal's nonprofit
Big Green.[266] From 2002 to 2018, the foundation gave $25 million directly to nonprofit
organizations, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI,[267] which was a nonprofit at the
time.[268] The Foundation also allocated $100 million of donations to be used to establish a
new higher education university in Texas.[269]

Musk at a conference in 2024

In 2012, Musk took the Giving Pledge, thereby committing to give the majority of his wealth to
charitable causes either during his lifetime or in his will.[270] He has endowed prizes at the X
Prize Foundation, including $100 million to reward improved carbon capture technology.[271]

Vox said in February 2021, "the Musk Foundation is almost entertaining in its simplicity and yet
is strikingly opaque", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text.[267] In 2020,
Forbes gave Musk a philanthropy score of 1, because he had given away less than 1% of his net
worth.[266] In November 2021, Musk donated $5.7 billion of Tesla's shares to charity, according
to regulatory filings.[272] However, Bloomberg News noted that all of it went to his own
foundation, bringing Musk Foundation's assets up to $9.4 billion at the end of 2021. The
foundation disbursed $160 million to nonprofits that year.[273] Reporting by The New York
Times found that in 2022, the Musk Foundation gave away $230 million less than the minimum
required by law to maintain tax-deductible status, and that in 2021 and 2022 over half the
foundation's funds went to causes connected to Musk, his family, or his businesses.[274]

Hyperloop

Main articles: Hyperloop and Hyperloop pod competition

A long white tube about 10 feet in diameter

A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition sponsored by SpaceX

In August 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vacuum tube train and assigned a
dozen engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to establish the conceptual foundations and create
initial designs.[275] Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the
Hyperloop.[276] The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the
Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[277] The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional
route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and
the San Francisco Bay Area, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.[278] The proposal, if
technologically feasible at the costs cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other
mode of transport for such long distances.[279] Biographer Ashlee Vance noted that Musk
hoped Hyperloop would "make the public and legislators rethink the high-speed train" proposal
current in California at the time and consider more "creative" ideas.[280]

In 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop
pods, to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track, for a 2015–2017 Hyperloop pod
competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company
had started a tunnel project, with Hawthorne Municipal Airport as its destination.[281] In July
2017, Musk said that he had received "verbal government approval" to build a Hyperloop from
New York City to Washington, D.C., with stops in Philadelphia and Baltimore.[282] Mention of
the projected DC-to-Baltimore leg was removed from The Boring Company website in 2021.
[283] The tunnel project to Hawthorne was discontinued in 2022 and is planned to be converted
into parking spots for SpaceX workers.[284]

Mobility experts have criticized the Hyperloop concept for potential safety issues, planning
complexity, low passenger capacity, and extremely high costs.[285][286] Jose Gomez-Ibanez, a
professor of urban planning and public policy at Harvard, said, "It gives me pause to think that
otherwise intelligent people are buying into this kind of utopian vision."[287]

OpenAI and xAI

Further information: OpenAI and xAI (company)

In December 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research
company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to
humanity.[288] A particular focus of the company was to democratize artificial superintelligence
systems, against governments and corporations.[24] Musk pledged $1 billion of funding to
OpenAI.[289] In 2023, Musk tweeted that he had ended up giving a total of $100 million to
OpenAI. TechCrunch later reported that, according to its own investigation of public records,
"only $15 million" of OpenAI's funding could be definitively traced to Musk. Musk subsequently
stated that he had donated about $50 million.[290]

In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of
Tesla as Tesla increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.[291] Since then,
OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning, producing neural networks such as
ChatGPT (producing human-like text),[292] and DALL-E (generating digital images from natural
language descriptions).[293]

On July 12, 2023, Elon Musk launched an artificial intelligence company called xAI, which aims to
develop a generative AI program that competes with existing offerings like ChatGPT. The
company hired engineers from Google and OpenAI.[294] Musk obtained funding from investors
in SpaceX and Tesla.[295]

On February 29, 2024, Musk sued OpenAI, its Chief Executive Sam Altman, and its President
Greg Brockman. He accused the company of violating its founding agreement by prioritizing
profits over AI safety.[296]

Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case

Further information: Tham Luang cave rescue

In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of
children trapped in a flooded cavern in Thailand.[297] Richard Stanton, leader of the
international rescue diving team, encouraged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle
as a backup in case flooding worsened. However, Stanton concluded that the mini-submarine
would not work and said that Musk's involvement "distracted from the rescue effort".[298]
Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid
oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.[299][300] Thai
authorities ultimately declined to use the submarine, stating that it wasn't practical for the
rescue mission.[297][301] In March 2019, Musk was one of the 187 people who received various
honors conferred by the King of Thailand for involvement in the rescue effort.[302]

Soon after the rescue, Vernon Unsworth, a British recreational caver who had been exploring
the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the operation, criticized the
submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance
of success, maintaining that Musk "had no conception of what the cave passage was like" and
"can stick his submarine where it hurts". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have
worked and referred to Unsworth as a "pedo guy".[303] He then deleted the tweets,[303]
apologized,[304] and deleted his responses to critical tweets from Cher Scarlett, a software
engineer, which had caused his followers to harass her.[305] In an email to BuzzFeed News,
Musk later called Unsworth a "child rapist" and said that he had married a child.[306][307]

In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit seeking $190 million in damages.[308][309]

[310] In his defense, Musk argued that, "'pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa
when I was growing up ... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's
appearance and demeanor."[32] During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the
tweet. In December 2019, the jury ruled that Musk was not liable.[311][312]

2018 cannabis incident

In September 2018, Musk was interviewed on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast, during which
he appeared to smoke a joint.[313] In 2022, Musk said that he and other SpaceX employees had
subsequently been required to undergo random drug tests for about a year following the
incident, as required by the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 for Federal contractors.[314] In a
2019 60 Minutes interview, Musk had said, "I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that
podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot."[315]

Music

In March 2019, Musk, through his own label Emo G Records, released a rap track, "RIP
Harambe", on SoundCloud.[316][317] The track refers to the killing of Harambe the gorilla and
the subsequent Internet sensationalism surrounding the event.[318] The following year, Musk
released an EDM track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.[319] While
Guardian critic Alexi Petridis described it as "indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but
unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on SoundCloud",[320] TechCrunch said
it was "not a bad representation of the genre".[319]

Private jet

Main articles: ElonJet and 2022 Twitter suspensions

Musk uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a
second jet in August 2020.[321][322] His heavy use of the jets—which flew over 150,000 miles
in 2018 alone—and the consequent fossil fuel usage has received criticism.[321][323] Musk's
flight usage is tracked on social media through ElonJet. After Musk said that his son X AE A-XII
had been harassed by a stalker after the account posted the airport at which his jet had landed,
[324][325][326] Musk banned the ElonJet account on Twitter, as well as the accounts of
journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including Donie O'Sullivan, Keith
Olbermann, and journalists from The New York Times, The Washington Post, CNN, and The
Intercept.[327] Musk equated the reporting to doxxing.[328] Police do not believe there is a link
between the account and alleged stalker.[329] Musk later took a Twitter poll on whether the
journalists' accounts should be reinstated, which resulted in reinstating the accounts.[330]

Company towns

Main articles: Boca Chica Village, Texas and Snailbrook, Texas

After 2020, thousands of acres of land just outside Austin, Texas, were acquired by Musk and his
companies with a total value of $2.5 billion.[331][332] The project to build the company town
named Snailbrook in Bastrop County, Texas began in 2021 according to reports by The Wall
Street Journal.[333] Musk's then-girlfriend Grimes and Kanye West were involved in the
planning.[333] The name "Snailbrook" alludes to The Boring Company's stated goal of building a
machine that can bore tunnels faster than a snail can move.[333] In 2023 the town had a
reported population of 12 people.[334] There are plans to establish a school and a university
there.[331]

Wealth

Main article: Wealth of Elon Musk

Musk was first listed on the Forbes Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.[335]

Personal actions, views, and social media usage

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Further information: Views of Elon Musk

Musk credits science fiction writers, particularly Robert A. Heinlein, for inspiring many of his
personal views and business ventures, including SpaceX, Grok, and his libertarian inclinations.
[336][337] Since joining Twitter (now known as X) in 2009,[338] Musk has been an active user
and has over 163 million followers as of November 2023.[339] He posts memes, promotes
business interests, and comments on contemporary political and cultural issues.[340] Musk's
statements have provoked controversy, such as for mocking preferred gender pronouns[341]
[342] and comparing Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau to Adolf Hitler.[343]

The New York Times describes his contributions to international relations as "chaotic", and
critics of Musk argue that there is a lack of separation between his opinions and his business
interests.[344] As CEO of Twitter, Musk emerged as a source of misinformation and right-wing
conspiracy theories, for example by suggesting online details about mass murderer Mauricio
Garcia's apparent interest in Nazism could have been planted as part of a psyop.[345]
Allegations of him being transphobic appeared as well in response to actions taken by Twitter
under his guidance.[346][347]

Finance

Musk said that the US government should not provide subsidies to companies, but impose a
carbon tax to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[348][349] The free market, in his view, would
achieve the best solution, and producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should have
consequences.[350]

Tesla has received billions of dollars in subsidies.[351] As of February 2024, Tesla has made $9
billion from government-initiated systems of zero-emissions credits.[352] Tax credits offered in
California, at the United States federal level, and by other governments have enabled Tesla's
battery electric vehicles to be price-competitive in comparison with internal combustion engine
vehicles and facilitated initial consumer adoption of Tesla vehicles.[353]
Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it
should be illegal.[354][355] Wired magazine speculated that Musk's opposition to short-selling
stems from how short sellers have an incentive to find and promote unfavorable information
about his companies.[356] In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze.[357]
[358]

In December 2022, Musk sold $3.6 billion of his stock in Tesla, equal to 22 million shares in the
company,[359] despite pledging earlier in the year that he would not sell any additional shares.
[360]

Technology

Musk has promoted cryptocurrencies and supports them over traditional government-issued
fiat currencies.[361] Given the influence of Musk's tweets in moving cryptocurrency markets,
[362] his statements about cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulation by
some, such as economist Nouriel Roubini.[363] Musk's social media praising of Bitcoin and
Dogecoin was credited for increasing their prices. Consequently, Tesla's 2021 announcement,
against the backdrop of Musk's social media behavior, that it bought $1.5 billion worth of
Bitcoin, raised questions.[364] Tesla's announcement that it would accept Bitcoin for payment
was criticized by environmentalists and investors, due to the environmental impact of
cryptocurrency mining. A few months later, in response to the criticism, Musk announced on
Twitter that Tesla would no longer accept payments in Bitcoin and would not engage in any
Bitcoin transactions until the environmental issues are solved.[365][366]

Despite The Boring Company's involvement in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk has
criticized public transport and promoted individualized transport (private vehicles).[367][368]
[369] His comments have been called "elitist" and have sparked widespread criticism from both
transportation and urban planning experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in
dense urban areas is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space
than private cars.[368][370][369]

Existential threats

Musk standing at a wooden podium talking at the 2006 Mars Society Conference

Musk giving details about Falcon 9 and Dragon spacecraft at the 2006 Mars Society Conference

Musk has been described as believing in longtermism, emphasizing the needs of future
populations.[371] Accordingly, Musk has stated that artificial intelligence poses the greatest
existential threat to humanity.[372][373] He has warned of a "Terminator-like" AI apocalypse
and suggested that the government should regulate its safe development.[374][375] In 2015,
Musk was a cosignatory, along with Stephen Hawking and hundreds of others, of the Open
Letter on Artificial Intelligence, which called for the ban of autonomous weapons.[376] Musk's
AI stances have been called alarmist and sensationalist by critics such as computer scientist Yann
LeCun and Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg,[377][378] and led the think tank Information
Technology and Innovation Foundation to award Musk its Annual Luddite Award in 2016.[379]

Musk has described climate change as the greatest threat to humanity after AI,[380] and has
advocated for a carbon tax.[381] Musk was a critic of President Donald Trump's stance on
climate change,[382][383] and resigned from two presidential business advisory councils
following Trump's 2017 decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.[384]
In 2021, Musk donated $100 million to fund a competition for new carbon removal ideas.[385]
However, Musk's lifestyle has been criticized for high greenhouse gas emissions,[386] and
SpaceX has been found violating environmental regulations by repeatedly polluting waters in
Texas.[387][388] In an interview with Trump in August 2024, in the lead-up to the 2024 United
States presidential election, Musk tried to educate Trump on climate change,[389] supporting
solar and nuclear energy,[390] but chose not to challenge Trump's dismissive remarks on the
issue.[391][392] In the same interview, Musk stated that the economy would collapse without
oil and gas, repeating previous statements that it was wrong to "vilify" the oil and gas industries.
[390][393][394][395]

Musk has long promoted the colonization of Mars and argues that humanity should become a
"multiplanetary species".[396] He has suggested the use of nuclear weapons to terraform Mars.
[397][398] He envisioned establishing a direct democracy on Mars, with a system in which more
votes would be required to create laws than remove them.[399] Musk has also voiced concerns
about human population decline,[400][401] saying that, "Mars has zero human population. We
need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization."[402] Speaking at The Wall Street
Journal's CEO Council session in 2021, Musk claimed that the supposedly declining birth rate,
and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest risks to human civilization.[403]
According to anonymous sources inside SpaceX speaking with The New York Times, Musk has
repeatedly volunteered his sperm to help colonize Mars.[404] He denied the claim.[405]

Politics

Musk with Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Mike Johnson and President-elect
Donald Trump on November 16, 2024

By early 2024, Musk had become a vocal and financial supporter of Donald Trump.[406] By
October 2024, he was Trump's second-largest individual 2024 presidential campaign donor.[407]
Musk's views are generally described as right-wing and conservative.[408][409][410][411][412]
While previously considered relatively apolitical and moderate, he has since shifted to the right
and become more vocal about his views, notably since acquiring Twitter in 2022.[413] He is an
outlier among social media executives who typically avoid partisan political advocacy. Musk has
shared far-right misinformation[414][415][416] and numerous conspiracy theories.[417][418]
Despite this, Musk still describes himself as politically moderate, rejecting the conservative label.
[419]

Musk was a registered independent voter when he lived in California. Historically, he has
donated to both Democrats and Republicans.[420] many of whom are in states in which he has a
vested interest.[421] Beginning in the late 2010s, his political contributions have shifted almost
entirely to supporting Republicans.[422]

Musk voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election.[423] In the 2020 Democratic
Party presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for
his proposed universal basic income.[424] He also endorsed Kanye West's 2020 presidential
campaign.[425] He said he voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 US presidential election.[426] In May
2022, Musk said that he could "no longer support" the Democrats because they are the "party
of division & hate",[427][428] and wrote a tweet encouraging "independent-minded voters" to
vote Republican in the 2022 US elections.[429][430] That fall he gave over $50 million to Citizens
for Sanity, a conservative political action committee that ran advertisements in swing states
attacking Democrats on issues such as transgender care and illegal immigration.[431] He has
supported Republican Ron DeSantis for the 2024 US presidential election, giving $10 million to
the campaign in 2023,[431] and hosted DeSantis's campaign announcement on a Twitter Spaces
event.[432][433][434] In August 2023, Musk suggested Republican presidential candidate Vivek
Ramaswamy should be the vice presidential candidate on the Republican ticket.[435]

After the attempted assassination of Donald Trump, Musk wished Trump a speedy recovery and
endorsed him for president.[436][437] In a July 2024 post on X, Musk shared a deepfake video
of Vice President Kamala Harris, Trump's opponent in the 2024 presidential election, which
appeared to show Harris saying she was the "ultimate diversity hire" and did not know how to
manage the United States.[438] Musk wrote that the video was "amazing" and did not reveal
that it was edited, despite X prohibiting "synthetic, manipulated" content "that may deceive".
[438] In August 2024, Musk and Trump spoke for over two hours on a livestream on X, in which
Musk suggested that Trump create a government efficiency commission which he offered to
serve on.[439] Trump said he would "love" to have Musk involved and later said he needed
Musk's help to eliminate the Department of Education.[439] On September 15, 2024, after the
second assassination attempt on Donald Trump, Musk wrote on X that it was odd that nobody
had tried to kill Biden or Kamala Harris. He then deleted the post following widespread
condemnation.[440] On September 19, the United States Secret Service announced that the
agency was probing the post.[441] In October 2024, Musk joined Trump on stage at a campaign
rally.[442] He has used his X account in support of Trump to repeatedly push falsehoods about
immigration and voter fraud.[443][444] After becoming president-elect, Trump announced that
Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy would advise a new Department of Government Efficiency.[445]

Musk opposes a "billionaire tax",[446] and has argued on Twitter with more left-leaning
Democratic politicians such as Bernie Sanders,[447][448] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,[449] and
Elizabeth Warren.[450] He has raised questions about the Black Lives Matter protests, partially
based on the fact that the phrase "Hands up, don't shoot" was made up.[451][452] Musk
promoted a baseless theory relating to the attack of Speaker Nancy Pelosi's husband, but Musk
deleted his tweet.[453] He also used X to spread disinformation and "election conspiracy
theories" about the Federal Emergency Management Agency's relief efforts for Hurricane
Helene.[454] Musk repeatedly used his platform on X to promote the claim that Democrats had
been "importing" immigrants to vote for them. Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger
requested that X remove a fabricated video purporting to show a Haitian immigrant who had
voted multiple times. Musk complied, but the video had already gone viral.[455]

Conservative PAC activities

In July 2024, Bloomberg reported that Musk donated an unknown sum to the pro-Donald Trump
America PAC, a super PAC;[456] in a later interview, Musk clarified that he created America PAC.
[457] In October 2024, a Federal Election Commission filing showed that Musk contributed
almost $75 million to his America PAC during the previous three months, and during that time,
the PAC spent approximately $72 million to support Trump's campaign.[458][459]

In October 2024, Musk promoted a sweepstakes conducted by his America PAC, offering to pay
$1 million per day to randomly selected registered voters in battleground states who signed a
petition pledging support of the First and Second Amendments. Within days the U.S. Justice
Department wrote America PAC warning that the sweepstakes might be illegal. Compensating
people to register to vote violates federal law, and although registering to vote was not a
condition to signing the petition, some legal analysts said the sweepstakes might induce people
to register in order to participate. Musk's defenders said signing the petition did not specifically
induce people to register, although he had previously said registering voters was one of his goals
in Pennsylvania and had begun describing prize winners as America PAC "spokespeople".[460]
[461] After receiving the Justice Department's warning, Musk awarded two people $1 million
each.[462] On October 28, Philadelphia District Attorney Larry Krasner, sued Musk and America
PAC.[463] Although Musk had originally said that the prize would be "randomly" awarded, his
lawyer argued that recipients "earn" the money after being "selected based on their suitability
to serve as spokesperson for America PAC". After an all-day hearing on November 4, the day
before Election Day, the judge ruled that Musk could continue his daily giveaway.[464]
Musk provided over $50 million in 2022 to fund Citizens for Sanity, a group created by former
Trump senior advisor Steven Miller to finance $93 million in advertisements related to culture
war issues. The New York Times and OpenSecrets reported in October 2024 that some of Musk's
donations were routed through Building America's Future, a hub of a dark money network
supporting Trump. Building America's Future created "Progress 2028", presented as the left's
response to Project 2025, that promoted misinformation about the agenda of Democratic
presidential candidate Kamala Harris. Musk has promoted the Fair Election Fund, which is
heavily funded by Building America's Future, and offers rewards for evidence of election fraud.
That group is heavily involved in America PAC, founded and funded exclusively by Musk.[465]
[466][467][468]

In October 2024, OpenSecrets, a nonprofit organization that tracks and publishes data on
campaign finance and lobbying, reported that Musk and other donors had reportedly funneled
over $100 million into Building America's Future, a dark money network backing Donald Trump.
This network operates Progress 2028, a campaign posing as a pro-Kamala Harris initiative but
aimed at undermining her support by spreading divisive and misleading information.[469][470]

International politics

Musk has praised China and has been described as having a close relationship with the Chinese
government, allowing access to its markets for Tesla.[471] After Gigafactory Shanghai produced
its first batch of vehicles, Musk thanked the Chinese government and Chinese people while
criticizing the United States and its people.[472]: 207–208 In 2022, Musk wrote an article for
China Cyberspace, the official publication of Cyberspace Administration of China, which enforces
Internet censorship in China. His writing the article was described as conflicting with his
advocacy for free speech.[473][474] Musk later advocated for Taiwan to become a "special
administrative zone" of China which drew cross-party criticism from Taiwanese lawmakers.[475]
[476][477]

In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll and "peace plan" to resolve the Russian invasion of
Ukraine by allowing Russia to keep the Crimea Peninsula, while Ukraine would adopt a neutral
status and drop the bid to join NATO.[478][479] It was reported that Musk allegedly spoke with
Russian president Vladimir Putin prior to the proposal, which Musk denied.[480][481][482]
Musk has repeatedly expressed concern that a protracted war between Russia and Ukraine
could lead to the use of nuclear weapons and the outbreak of World War III.[483][484][485]
[486]

Musk with Israeli president Isaac Herzog in Jerusalem, November 27, 2023
In a YouTube podcast interview on November 10, 2023, Musk criticized Israel's retaliatory
actions in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war, saying that Hamas "wanted to commit
the worst atrocities that they could in order to provoke the most aggressive response possible
from Israel". He added that, "if you kill somebody's child in Gaza, you have made at least a few
Hamas members who will die just to kill an Israeli."[487] On November 17, 2023, Musk
announced a policy change on the X platform, stating that X users who use terms such as
"decolonization" and "from the river to the sea", or similar expressions that "necessarily imply
genocide" of the Jewish people in Israel, will be suspended.[488] Several weeks later, Musk
traveled to Israel where he toured with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu the kibbutz
Kfar Aza, site of one of the worst atrocities during the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel. He
described the experience as "jarring".[489]

In August 2024, Musk criticized UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer amid the riots taking place in
that country, saying, "Shouldn't you be concerned about attacks on *all* communities?".[490]
Responding to a tweet with footage of the disorder that said the riots were due to the "effects
of mass migration and open borders", Musk tweeted, "Civil war is inevitable." His comments
were condemned by Starmer's official spokesman. Musk had previously restored far-right UK
activist Tommy Robinson's account (after Robinson had been banned under Twitter's previous
owners) and interacted with him on the platform.[491][492][493][494] Musk went on to refer to
Starmer as "two-tier Keir" and ask, "Why aren't all communities protected in Britain?".[495]
[496] Musk promoted a conspiracy theory that the UK government was planning to build
detainment camps in the Falkland Islands to hold rioters.[497][498] In November 2024, he wrote
that Britain was "going full Stalin" following the Labour government's decision to end the
inheritance tax exemption on agricultural assets worth more than £1 million.[499] In December
2024, it was reported that Musk was planning to donate $100 million to Nigel Farage's Reform
UK party ahead of the next UK election, aiming to help Farage become Prime Minister. It was
suggested that Musk could route the funds through X's UK branch to bypass donation laws.[500]

The Wall Street Journal reported in October 2024 that Musk had been in regular contact with
Vladimir Putin, Sergey Kiriyenko, and other high ranking Russian government officials since late
2022, discussing personal topics, business and geopolitical matters. The Kremlin denied the
report, stating Musk and Putin had spoken only once.[501][502] The Journal reported that in
one instance Putin had asked Musk to avoid activating his Starlink satellite system over Taiwan,
to appease Chinese president Xi Jinping, according to a former Russian intelligence officer
briefed on the situation.[503] Bloomberg and others had also previously reported in July 2023
that communications between Taiwan and SpaceX had broken down over the ownership of
Starlink's subsidiary in the country.[504][505] The communications with Putin were reported to
be a closely held secret in government, given Musk's involvement in promoting the presidential
candidacy of Donald Trump. One person said no alerts were raised by the US government,
noting the dilemma of the government being dependent on Musk's technologies.[503]
Democrat lawmakers and NASA administrator Bill Nelson stated that it should be investigated to
find out if the report was accurate. "We should investigate what Elon Musk is up to to make sure
that it is not to the detriment of the national security of the United States", elaborated
Representative Adam Smith.[506] SpaceX officially responded via their X account stating,
"Starlink is not available [in Taiwan] because Taiwan has not given us a license to operate, and
regulators declined to remove a requirement that a foreign entity own 51% of Starlink to
operate there. SpaceX has not accepted such a condition for any market in which it
operates."[507]

Government advisory roles

US president-elect Donald Trump announced on November 12, 2024 that Musk would become
an inaugural leader of the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), a governmental
advisory body that will "slash excess regulations [and] cut wasteful expenditures". Vivek
Ramaswamy would be tasked with leading the department alongside Musk.[508][509]

Accusations of antisemitism

The Israeli government and several media outlets have accused Musk of sowing antisemitism
due to his promotion of George Soros conspiracy theories,[510] although some Israeli officials
defended Musk and denied that his criticism of Soros constituted antisemitism.[511]

On November 15, 2023, Twitter user Charles Weber, who identifies as a Jewish conservative,
posted a video from StopJewishHate.org condemning the phrase "Hitler was right"; Weber
captioned the video: "To the cowards hiding behind the anonymity of the internet and posting
'Hitler was right': You got something you want to say? Why don't you say it to our faces."[512]
[513] In response, a second user posted "Okay. Jewish communities have been pushing the
exact kind of dialectical hatred against whites that they claim to want people to stop using
against them. I'm deeply disinterested in giving the tiniest shit now about western Jewish
populations coming to the disturbing realization that those hordes of minorities that support
flooding their country don't exactly like them too much. You want truth said to your face, there
it is." To this second user, Musk replied, "You have said the actual truth."[512][513] Musk
further clarified that he doesn't believe that "all Jewish communities" hate white people, but
specifically took aim at the Anti-Defamation League (ADL).[514] He added, "You [sic] right that
this does not extend to all Jewish communities, but it is also not just limited to ADL."[515]

The first tweet was widely regarded as echoing white nationalist sentiments[516] and affirmed
another antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews push "hatred against Whites".[517][518] The
following day, Musk made a tweet which critics regarded as supporting white pride.[519][520]
Advertisers distanced themselves from his tweets.[521]
At the DealBook Summit on November 29, 2023, after comments from Disney CEO Bob Iger
explaining his decision to stop advertising on X after Musk's recent post, journalist Andrew Ross
Sorkin questioned Musk about the withdrawal of advertisers. Musk responded, "I hope they
stop. Don't advertise" and "If somebody is going to try to blackmail me with advertising,
blackmail me with money, go fuck yourself. Go fuck yourself. Is that clear? I hope it is"; Musk
singled out Iger, saying, "Hey Bob, if you're in the audience."[522][523] Musk acknowledged to
Sorkin that one of his tweets—the one affirming an antisemitic conspiracy theory—was a
mistake, saying, "I handed a loaded gun to those who hate me and to those who are antisemitic
and for that I am quite sorry."[524] Musk described his tweet as "one of the most foolish, if not
the most foolish, thing I've done".[525][526]

In January 2024, Musk visited the Auschwitz concentration camp with European Jewish
Association Chairman Rabbi, conservative political commentator Ben Shapiro and Holocaust
survivor Gidon Lev.[527] He also spoke on a conference about rising antisemitism.[528] The New
York Times described the trip as a part of an image "rehabilitation tour".[529]

COVID-19

Musk wearing a face mask

Musk wearing a bandana as a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic, April 2021

Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
[530][531] He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting a widely discredited
paper on the benefits of chloroquine and claiming that COVID-19 death statistics were inflated.
[532]

In March 2020, Musk stated, "The coronavirus panic is dumb."[533][534] In an email to Tesla
employees, Musk referred to COVID-19 as a "specific form of the common cold" and predicted
that confirmed COVID-19 cases would not exceed 0.1% of the US population.[530] On March 19,
2020, Musk predicted that there would be "probably close to zero" new cases in the US by end
of April.[531] Politico labeled this statement one of "the most audacious, confident, and
spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]".[535] Musk also falsely stated that children
"are essentially immune" to COVID-19.[536][537]

Musk condemned COVID-19 lockdowns and initially refused to close the Tesla Fremont Factory
in March 2020, defying the local shelter-in-place order.[530][538][539] In May 2020, he
reopened the Tesla factory, defying the local stay-at-home order,[540][541] and warned
workers that they would be unpaid, and their unemployment benefits might be jeopardized, if
they did not report to work.[541] In December 2022, Musk called for prosecution of former
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director Anthony Fauci.[542][543]
In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla would make ventilators for COVID-19 patients if there
were a shortage.[544] After figures such as New York City mayor Bill de Blasio responded to
Musk's offer,[545] Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a
third party.[544] However, Musk ultimately purchased and donated BiPAP and CPAP machines
rather than ventilators.[546][547]

In September 2020, Musk stated that he would not get the COVID-19 vaccine, because he and
his children were "not at risk for COVID".[548][549] Two months later, Musk contracted COVID-
19 but suggested his COVID-19 rapid antigen test results were dubious, as he had been tested
four times on the same device with the same nurse but had received equal numbers of positive
and negative results.[550] Following this, a postdoctoral fellow at the Princess Margaret Cancer
Centre in Toronto explained in a Tweet why this result does not undermine the value of the test,
referring to Musk as "Space Karen", which then trended on Twitter.[550][551] In December
2021, Musk said that he and his eligible children had received the vaccine, saying that the
science behind the COVID vaccines was "unequivocal" but expressing his opposition to COVID
vaccine mandates.[552]

Personal life

Musk became a US citizen in 2002.[553] From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in
California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.[554] He then relocated to Austin, Texas,
saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.[554][555][556]
While hosting Saturday Night Live in 2021, Musk stated that he has Asperger syndrome,
although he has never been medically diagnosed.[557][558]

Musk trained in Brazilian jiu-jitsu while preparing for a proposed fight with Mark Zuckerberg.
[559] In his leisure time, he plays video games including Quake, Diablo IV, Elden Ring, and
Polytopia.[560][561] Musk has stated he uses doctor-prescribed ketamine for occasional
depression and that he uses it "once every other week",[562] while The Wall Street Journal has
repeatedly alleged he uses it and other drugs recreationally.[563][564][565]

Relationships and children

Musk has at least 12 children, one of whom is deceased.[1] He met his first wife, Canadian
author Justine Wilson, while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; they married in
2000.[566] In 2002, their first child died of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of 10
weeks.[567] After his death, the couple used in vitro fertilization (IVF) to continue their family;
[568] they had twins in 2004 followed by triplets in 2006.[568] The couple divorced in 2008 and
shared custody of their children.[569][570]
In 2022, the elder twin officially changed her name to Vivian Jenna Wilson,[571] reflecting her
gender identity as a trans woman and using her mother's surname because she no longer
wished to be associated with Musk.[571] Musk blamed the estrangement of his daughter on
what the Financial Times characterized as "the supposed takeover of elite schools and
universities by neo-Marxists", and has said that her gender transition is primarily what sparked
his drive to "destroy the woke mind virus".[572][573] In a July 2024 episode of Jordan Peterson's
podcast, Musk said regarding Vivian that he had "lost [his] son, essentially" because of gender-
affirming care. He commented: "You know, they call it deadnaming for a reason. The reason it's
called deadnaming is because your son is dead", and went on to state that the eldest twin "is
dead, killed by the woke mind virus".[574] Vivian responded publicly, criticizing Musk for lying
about her and the circumstances of her transition; saying that Musk was "cold", "quick to
anger", "uncaring and narcissistic", whose infrequent visits commonly involved him berating her
for being feminine.[575] On November 7, 2024, in response to a news article about his
daughter's reaction to Trump's win, Elon Musk wrote "the woke mind virus killed my son."[576]

In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley.[577] They married two years later at
Dornoch Cathedral in Scotland.[578][579] In 2012, the couple divorced, before remarrying the
following year.[580] After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,[580] Musk finalized a second divorce
from Riley in 2016.[581] Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017;[582] he had
reportedly been pursuing her since 2012.[583]

In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes said that they were dating.[584] Grimes gave birth
to their son in May 2020.[585][586] Musk and Grimes originally gave the baby the name "X Æ A-
12", which would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in
the modern English alphabet,[587][588] which they then changed to "X Æ A-Xii".[589][590] They
have received criticism for choosing such an impractical and difficult to pronounce name.[591]

In December 2021, Grimes and Musk had a second child, a daughter born via surrogacy.[592]
Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in
September 2021; in an interview with Time in December 2021, he said he was single.[593][594]
In March 2022, Grimes said of her relationship with Musk: "I would probably refer to him as my
boyfriend, but we're very fluid."[592] Later that month, Grimes tweeted that she and Musk had
broken up again.[595] In September 2023 it was reported that the pair had a third child, a son.
[596] In October 2023, Grimes sued Musk over parental rights and custody of their eldest son.
[597][598][599]

In July 2022, Insider published court documents revealing that Musk had twins via IVF with
Shivon Zilis, director of operations and special projects at Neuralink, in November 2021.[600]
They were born weeks before Musk and Grimes had their second child via surrogate in
December. The news "raise[d] questions about workplace ethics", given that Zilis directly
reported to Musk.[601] Their third child together was born in early 2024 via surrogacy.[602][1]
Also in July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with Nicole
Shanahan, the wife of Google co-founder Sergey Brin, in 2021, leading to their divorce the
following year.[603] Musk denied the report.[604] Musk also had a relationship with Australian
actress Natasha Bassett, who has been described as "an occasional girlfriend".[605] In October
2024, The New York Times reported Musk bought a Texas compound for his children and the
mothers of his children.[606]

Legal matters after 2020

Further information: Personal and business legal affairs of Elon Musk; List of lawsuits involving
Tesla, Inc.; and Criticism of Tesla, Inc.

In May 2022, Business Insider cited an anonymous friend of an unnamed SpaceX contract flight
attendant, alleging that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct in 2016. The source stated that in
November 2018, Musk, SpaceX, and the former flight attendant entered into a severance
agreement granting the attendant a $250,000 payment in exchange for a promise not to sue
over the claims.[607] Musk responded, "If I were inclined to engage in sexual harassment, this is
unlikely to be the first time in my entire 30-year career that it comes to light." He accused the
article from Business Insider of being a "politically motivated hit piece".[608][609] After the
release of the article, Tesla's stock fell by more than 6%,[610] and Barron's wrote, "...some
investors considered key-man risk – the danger that a company could be badly hurt by the loss
of one individual."[611]

In April 2023, the government of the U.S. Virgin Islands sought to subpoena Musk for documents
in a lawsuit alleging that JPMorgan Chase profited from Jeffrey Epstein's sex trafficking
operation.[612] The efforts to subpoena Musk for documents do not implicate him in any
wrongdoing and do not seek to have Musk testify under oath.[612]

Musk's former girlfriend Grimes filed a parental relationship petition in late September 2023 as
part of a custody dispute. The petition came a month after Grimes openly accused him in a
social media post of blocking her access to the youngest of their three children.[613][614] On
July 27, 2024, Grimes' mother accused Musk of withholding the passports of her grandchildren.
[615]

Ben Brody, a 22-year-old Los Angeles-based college graduate, initiated a defamation lawsuit in
October 2023 against Musk for over $1 million. He alleged Musk had falsely identified him as a
participant "in a violent street brawl on behalf of a neo-Nazi extremist group" near Portland,
Oregon.[616][617][618] According to Brody's complaint, one of Musk's X posts promoted
conspiracy theories that "Ben Brody's alleged participation in the extremist brawl meant the
incident was probably a 'false flag' operation to deceive the American public".[616] The
complaint also alleged that Musk's accusations led to Brody and his family being subjected to
harassment and threats.[616][617][619] In February 2024, Musk was ordered to testify in a
deposition for the lawsuit.[620] In the deposition, Musk denied knowing who was suing him and
admitted to doing no research on whether his claims were true. Musk attempted to keep the
deposition from being made public.[621][622]

In October 2023, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Musk over his refusal
to testify a third time in an investigation into whether he violated federal law by purchasing
Twitter stock in 2022.[623][624][625] Musk claimed the SEC was harassing him.[623][625] In
February 2024, Judge Laurel Beeler ruled that Musk must testify again.[626]

In January 2024, Delaware Judge Kathaleen McCormick ruled in a 2018 lawsuit that Musk's $55
billion pay package from Tesla be rescinded.[627] McCormick called the compensation granted
by the company's board "an unfathomable sum" that was unfair to shareholders. In response to
the ruling, Musk posted on X: "Never incorporate your company in the state of Delaware."[628]
A re-ratification shareholders' vote passed in mid-June 2024, although much follow-up litigation
is expected, including a lawsuit filed by a Tesla investor beforehand that alleged Musk employed
"coercive tactics" to move the vote in his favor.[629]

In June 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported Musk had a "romantic relationship" with a
former intern at SpaceX, confirmed with affidavits supplied by the intern's lawyers who also
represent Musk, and alleged that he had sexual relations with a woman who directly reported to
him there. The article further alleges he also pursued sex with other SpaceX employees, and
repeatedly asked an employee who reported directly to him to "have his babies".[630] In the
same month, eight ex-employees, the same eight who were previously fired for penning an anti-
Musk letter at SpaceX, filed a lawsuit against Musk alleging sexual harassment.[631]

Also in June 2024, a former Twitter executive sued Musk for "cheating" him and other ousted
executives out of $200 million in severance pay.[632]

In August 2024, Musk sued advertisers for a boycott of X (formerly Twitter).[633][634][635]

Later that month, Olympic boxer Imane Khelif filed a lawsuit for cyber harassment against X over
alleged "acts of aggravated cyber harassment", in which Musk was named.[636]

In October 2024, Musk and his America PAC were sued in Pennsylvania for allegedly operating
an unlawful lottery before the 2024 US presidential election.[637] Musk's lawyer argued the
giveaway wasn't a lottery since the recipients weren't chosen by chance, leading one
prosecuting attorney to call the effort a "scam" designed to influence the election.[638] in
November 2024, he was sued again regarding the lottery[639] and two US senators called for a
probe into alleged contacts with Putin.[640]

Public perception

Further information: Elon Musk filmography and List of awards and honors received by Elon
Musk

Musk (right) with then-President Barack Obama and Air Force Colonel Lee Rosen at the Cape
Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40, launch site of the SpaceX Falcon 9, 2010

Although his ventures have been highly influential within their separate industries up to current
day, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He has been described as an eccentric
who makes spontaneous and impactful decisions, while also often making controversial
statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses.
Musk's actions and his expressed views have made him a polarizing figure.[641] Biographer
Ashlee Vance described people's opinions of Musk as polarized due to his "part philosopher,
part troll" role on Twitter.[642]

Musk was a partial inspiration for the characterization of Tony Stark in the Marvel film Iron Man
(2008).[643] Musk also had a cameo appearance in the film's 2010 sequel, Iron Man 2.[644]
Musk has made cameos and appearances in other films such as Machete Kills (2013),[645] Why
Him? (2016),[646] and Men in Black: International (2019).[647] Television series in which he has
appeared include The Simpsons ("The Musk Who Fell to Earth", 2015),[648] The Big Bang Theory
("The Platonic Permutation", 2015),[649] South Park ("Members Only", 2016),[650][651] Young
Sheldon ("A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®", 2017),[652] Rick and Morty ("One Crew over the
Crewcoo's Morty", 2019),[653][654] and Saturday Night Live (2021).[655] He contributed
interviews to the documentaries Racing Extinction (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed Lo
and Behold (2016).[656][657]

Awards for his contributions to the development of the Falcon rockets include the American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low Transportation Award in 2008,[658] the
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Gold Space Medal in 2010,[659] and the Royal
Aeronautical Society Gold Medal in 2012.[660] In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in
engineering and technology from Yale University[661] and an Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers Honorary Membership.[662] Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal
Society (FRS) in 2018.[663]
Time has listed Musk as one of the most influential people in the world on four occasions: in
2010,[664] 2013,[665] 2018,[666] and 2021.[667] Musk was selected as Time's "Person of the
Year" for 2021. Then Time editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal wrote that, "Person of the Year is a
marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth,
and potentially life off Earth too."[668][669]

In February 2022, Musk was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.[670]

In 2024, Musk’s Royal Society membership was criticized by 74 members over his alleged anti-
scientific behavior and promotion of misinformation, prompting debates about the society’s
standards on membership and leading to Dorothy Bishop, a renowned neuropsychologist at
University of Oxford, to resign over her dissatisfaction with the Society's response.[671]

Musk has been described as an American oligarch due to his extensive influence over public
discourse, social media, industry, politics, and government policy.[672]