ST.
XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL,
MEENAKSHI NAGAR, BERHAMPUR
BERHAMPUR
PHYSICS
PROJECT
Session:
2024-25
Project Title- To find The Refractive Index of
Water, Oil Using a Plane Mirror and A
Equiconvex Lens and An Adjustable Object
Needle.
Submitted by- Tilak Raj
Patro
Class-XII
Under the guidance
of
Dr. Basanta Kumar
Certificate
This is to certify that TILAK RAJ PATRO student of class XII
(Science) has successfully prepared the report on the Project
entitled
“To find The Refractive Index of Water, Oil Using a Plane Mirror and
A Equiconvex Lens and An Adjustable Object Needle”
under the guidance of
Dr. Basanta Kumar Parida (PGT Physics).
The report is the result of his/her efforts & endeavours. The
report is found worthy of acceptance as final Project report for
the subject Physics of class XII (Science).
Signature of PGT Physics Signature of External
Examiner
------------------------------ ---------------------------
Signature of Principal
-------------------------
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work
entitled finding The Refractive Index of Water,
Oil Using a Plane Mirror and A Equiconvex Lens
and An Adjustable Object Needle
submitted to St, Xavier High School,
Meenakshinagar, Berhampur, is prepared by
me.
Name :- TILAK RAJ PATRO
Class: XII (Science)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my physics
teacher Dr. Basanta Kumar Parida.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me to
finish this project within the limited time
frame.
Finally, I would like to thank everyone
without whose help I could not have
completed my project successfully.
INDEX
Introduction
Objective
Materials Required
Theory
Procedure
Observation
Calculation
Results
Precautions
Sources of error
INTRODUCION
In optics, the refractive index of an optical
medium is a dimensionless number that
indicates the light-bending ability of that
medium.
The refractive index determine shows much
the path of light is bent, or refracted when
entering a material. This is described by
Snell's law of refraction,
N1 sin θ1 = N2 sin θ2
where θ1 and θ2 are the angles of incidence
and refraction, respectively, of a ray
crossing the interface between two media
with refractive indices
N1 and N2.
OBJECTIVE
To find the refractive index of
water, oil using a plane mirror
rand an equiconvex lens and an
adjustable object needle
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Convex lens
Plane mirror
Water
Oil
Clamp stand
Optical needle
Plumb line
Knitting needle
Half meter scale
Glass slab
spherometer
THEORY
If f1 and f2 be the focal length of glass
convex lens and liquid lens and F be
the focal length of their combination
then
Liquid lens formed is a plano concave
lens with R1= R(radius of curvature of
convex lens surface), R2 =∞
Where,
n=Refractive index of the liquid
R=The radius of the curvature of the
convex lens.
The radius of the lower surface of the
convex lens is given by :
Here, l is the average distance
between the legs of the
spherometer and h is the difference
in the reading of the spherometer
when placed first on the convex
lens and the non plane mirror.
PROCEDURE
For focal length of convex lens :-
1) Take any one convex lens and
and its rough focal length.
2) Take a plane mirror and place
it on the horizontal base of the
iron stand.
3) Place the convex lens on the
plane mirror.
4) Screw tight the optical needle
in the clamp of the standard hold
it horizontally above the lens at
distance equal to its rough focal
length.
5) Bring the top of the needle at
the vertical principal axis of the
lens, so that tip of the needle
appears touching the top of its
image.
6) Move the needle up and down
and remove parallax between
tips of the needle and its image.
7) Measure distance between tip
and upper surface of the lens by
using a plumb line and half meter
scale.
8) Also measure distance
between tip and the surface of its
plane mirror.
For focal length of the combination :-
1) Take a few drops of
transparent liquid on the plane
mirror and put the convex lens
over it with its same face above
as before (A piano concave liquid
lens is formed between plane
mirror and convex lens).
2) Repeat step 6,7 and 8.
3) Record your observations as
given below.
For radius of curvature of convex lens :-
1) Determine the pitch and
the least count of the
spherometer.
2) Remove the convex lens
and dry incompletely. Put the
spherometer on this lens
surface.
3) All the three legs of the
spherometer should be
placed symmetrically on the
lens and adjust the central
screw tip to touch the surface
of the lens.
4) Remove the spherometer
from the surface of the lens
and place on the plane mirror
surface and record the
reading.
5) Repeat the step 10 and 11
three times.
6) Obtain the impressions of
the three legs of the
spherometer on a paper and
mark them and their average
distance.
OBSERVATION
Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm
Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
1) AB = 3 cm
2) BC = 3 cm
3) CA = 3 cm
Table for calculation of ‘h’
To measure focal length ‘f’ of convex lens
CALCULATION
Mean distance between two legs :-
L=(AB+BC+CA)/3 = 3 cm
Mean of h :-
=(0.555+0.6)/2 = 0.5775 cm
To find the radius of the curvature of the
convex lens:-
R = l2/6h + h/2 = 2.8861 cm
Measurement of refractive index of water
and oil :-
1. With water between the convex lens
and the plane mirror -
µ1 = 1+R/f2 = 1+2.8861/34.7 =
1.0831
2. With oil between the convex lens and
plane mirror –
µ2 = 1+R/f2 = 1+2.8861/10 = 1.2889
CONCLUSION
The refractive index of
water(µ1) is = 1.0831
The refractive index of
oil(µ2) is =1.2886
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Help from Internet
2) Help from teachers
3) NCERT textbook
4) NCERT lab manual
5) www.google.com
6) www.scribd.com
7) www.wikipedia.com
THANK YOU
