APPLIED PHYSICS
By –
Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), Mumbai
Email: [email protected]
06/09/2023
APPLIED PHYSICS
UNIT 1 : Solid State Physics & Semiconductor Physics
Crystal Structure of Solids: unit cell, space lattices and Bravais lattice, Miller indices, directions and crystallographic planes, Cubic crystals: SSC, BCC, FCC, Hexagonal
crystals: HCP, atomic radius, packing fraction, Bragg’s law of x-ray diffraction, determination of crystal structure using Bragg spectrometer Semiconductor Physics:
Formation of energy bands in solids, concept of Fermi level, classification of solids: conductor, semiconductor and insulator, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, effect of
doping, mobility of charge carriers, conductivity
UNIT 2 : Physics of Fluids
A revision of the basic concepts of hydrostatics and ideal fluid flow: Equation of continuity and Bernoulli’s equation. The concept of viscosity, Newton’s law of viscosity,
Reynold’s number, Poiseuille’s equation for streamline flows . An introduction to Rheology: Parameters of viscous flows, Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior,
Variation of viscosity with shear rate, shear time, temperature, and pressure (qualitative ideas with illustrative examples), measuring properties of viscous flows. The
concept of viscoelasticity, Maxwell and Kelvin models of relaxation, relaxation spectrum, and creep testing.
Applied Physics- (common)
Quiz (continuous Assessment) I + Mid-sem exam + Quiz (continuous Assessment) II + End-sem exam
(10 marks) (30 marks) (10 marks) (50 marks)
Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
UNIT 2: Physics of Fluids
A revision of the basic concepts of hydrostatics and ideal fluid flow: Equation of continuity and Bernoulli’s
equation.
The concept of viscosity, Newton’s law of viscosity, Reynold’s number, Poiseuille’s equation for streamline flows
An introduction to Rheology: Parameters of viscous flows, Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior, Variation of
viscosity with shear rate, shear time, temperature, and pressure (qualitative ideas with illustrative examples),
measuring properties of viscous flows.
The concept of viscoelasticity, Maxwell and Kelvin models of relaxation, relaxation spectrum, and creep testing.
What is the Physics of Fluids?
The physics of fluids is the basis of hydraulic engineering that is
applied in many fields.
Chemical engineering : To study the fluid flow in the
Hydraulic system and
Chemical reactor operation,
Polymer/Surface Engg & Tech: Visco-elastic properties of MELT
FLUID
Food Engg & Tech: Flowability, Mixing, and Blending properties of
fluids during Manufacturing/Processing/Transport of Food Products.
06/09/2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
What is the Physics of Fluids?
Pharmaceutical Engg & Tech: Drug Manufacturing processes and drug
administering processes.
Dyestuff Engg & Tech: Dye dispersion and diffusion in fluids during
dyeing
Oils and Surfactant Engg & Tech: Interaction of surfactants with fluid
flows
Fibres/Textile Engg & Tech : Used to analyze processesof fast-moving
fabrics.
“What is a fluid?
06/09/2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
What is Fluid?
Fluids are “ Substances that flow”
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms under an applied shear stress
Fluids State is commonly divided into the liquid and Gaseous States
It has no own shape, but Substances take the shape of the container
E.g. water, milk, air , steam
06/09/2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
Differences Between Solid & Fluids
The molecules of a solid are usually closer to each other than those of a fluid
The attractive forces between the molecules of a solid
are so large that a solid tends to retain its shape
Solid is very compact and rigid.
The spacing and latitude of motion of molecules are
very small in solid, large in liquid and extremely
large in gas
Solid does not change its shape without a change in volume under the application of tangential forces.
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms under an applied shear stress
An ideal elastic solid deforms under load, and once the load is removed, it returns to its original state
06/09/2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
Differences Between Gas & Liquid
Fluid may be either a gas or a liquid.
The molecules of a gas are much farther apart than a liquid’s.
Hence, a gas is very compressible, and when all external pressure is
removed, it tends to expand indefinitely.
A liquid is relatively incompressible.
Liquid may have a free surface, a surface from which all pressure is removed except its vapor pressure.
if all pressure, except its vapor pressure, is removed, the cohesion between molecules holds them together so
that the liquid does not expand indefinitely.
06/09/2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
Fluid Mechanics
Fluids Mechanics is the branch of science that deals with the behavior of Fluid (Liquid or
Gases) at rest as well as in motion.
It deals with static, kinematics and dynamics aspect of fluids.
The study of fluids at rest is called Fluid Statics.
The study of fluid in motion , where pressure forces are not considered, is called fluid
kinematics.
The study of fluid in motion , where pressure forces are considered, is called fluid
Dynamics
06/09/2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
Different Types Of Fluids
Basically, the fluids are classified into 5 types and these are-
1. Ideal fluid
2. Real fluid
3. Newtonian fluid
4. Non Newtonian fluid
5. Ideal Plastic Fluid
06/09/2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
Ideal Fluid
A Fluids which is in compressed and have no viscosity falls in the category of ideal fluid
Ideal fluid is not found in actual practice but it is an imaginary fluid because all the fluid that
exist in the environment have some viscosity, there is no ideal fluid in reality.
Real Fluid
A Fluids which has at least some viscosity is called real fluid
Actually all the fluids existing or present in the environment are called real fluid.
Newtonian Fluid
If real fluid obeys Newton’s law of Viscosity (i.e. shear stress is directly proportional to the
shear strain)then it is known as the Newtonian Fluid
E.g. Water , Kerosene, air, mercury
06/09/2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
Non-Newtonian Fluid
If real fluid does not obeys the Newton’s law of Viscosity (i.e. shear stress is
directly proportional to the shear strain)then it is known as the Non-Newtonian
Fluid
E.g. Paint, Toothpaste, polymer solution, blood
Ideal Plastic Fluid
A fluid having the value of shear stress more than the yield value and shear
stress is proportional to the shear strain (velocity gradient) is known as ideal
Plastic Fluid
06/09/2023
Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
Properties Of Fluid
(1) Density (or ) Mass Density( ):
Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to
its volume.
Thus, mass per unit volume of fluid is called Density
Unit : kg/m3
Temperature increase with density decrease
Pressure increase with density increase
Water =1000 kg/m3
Mercury =13600 Kg/m3,
Air =1.23 Kg/m3
06-09-2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
Properties Of Fluid
(2) Specific Weight (or ) Weight Density( ):
Specific Weight or Weight Density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the weight
of a fluid to its volume.
Thus, weight per unit volume of fluid is called Specific Weight or weight
Density
=
Unit : N/m3
Temperature increase with Specific Weight decrease
Pressure increase with Specific Weight increase
Water =9810N/m3
Mercury =132943 N/m3,
Air =12.07 N/m3
06/09/2023
Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
Properties Of Fluid
(3) Specific Volume( ):
Specific Volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by unit mass.
Thus, volume per unit mass of a fluid
,
Unit : m3/Kg
(4) Specific Gravity or Relative Density ( ):
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of density of fluid to density of standard fluid.
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆=
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
(5) Viscosity:
Viscosity is the property of fluid to resist the flow of fluid.
The cohesion and interaction between molecule , offers resistance to sheer deformation
Different Fluids deforms at different rates under the same shear stress
06/09/2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate
