Classification - It is the process of grouping organisms together on the basis of their similarities and

differences.

Nomenclature – It is the process of naming an organism.

Taxonomy – It is the branch of Biology that deals with the systematic classification of living things.
Taxonomic Hierarchy – Organisms are grouped in various hierarchy levels on the basis of their similar
characteristics. This is known as Taxonomic Hierarchy.

Aristotle –
 A Greek Philosopher
 Father of Biology
 First one to classify the living organisms into 2 categories – Plants and Animals.

Taxonomic Hierarchy –
 Highest level of classification of living things – Kingdom
 Lowest level of classification of living things – Species.
 Kingdom is divided into Phyla (Animal) and Division (Plants).
 Phyla and Divisions are composed of Classes.
 Classes are divided into Orders.
 Orders are further divided into Family.
 Family consists of Genus.
 Each Genus has several Species.

In 1969 Robert H Whittaker proposed Five Kingdom Classification on the basis of

 Cellular Structure
 Mode of Nutrition
 Lifestyle of organisms.
Five Kingdoms are –
Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Ques- What is the need for Classification?

Ans – Classification of organisms is needed to study the characteristics of wide varieties of organisms in
systematic manner.
Ques – Write three advantages of Classification?
 It helps in identifying and naming different organisms.
 It helps to understand the origin and evolution of organisms.
 It helps to understand the relationship between different groups of organisms.
Ques- Difference between Kingdom Monera and Kingdom Protista?

Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista

Cell Type They are prokaryotic ; single They are eukaryotic, single celled
celled organisms. organisms.

Cell Organelles like Mitochondria Cell Organelles like Mitochondria

and Nucleus are absent in the and Nucleus are present in the
cell. cell
Reproduction They multiply by Binary Fission. They multiply asexually by binary
or Multiple Fission.
Example All Bacteria  Amoeba
 Paramoecium
 Euglena
Bacteria –
 Unicellular and simplest organisms.
 Found everywhere on Earth.
 Found in soil, water, air and our alimentary canal.
 Found in hot spring or even in Snow.
 Size of cell vary from 0.2 to 100 microns. ( 1 micron = 1/1000mm).
 Flagella is used for movement.
Ques - Mention different types of bacteria?

Cocci (Coccus) Bacilli (Bacillus) Spirilla (Spirillum) Vibrio

Spherical Shape Rod Shape Long and Spirally Short and Curved like
Coiled Comma
Streptococcus  Escherichia Coli (E.Coli)  Treponema  Vibrio Cholerae
 Staphylococcu  Lactobacillus
s

Ques - Structure of Bacteria –

 Consists of Cell wall, Cell Membrane and Cytoplasm.
 Nucleus, Mitochondria and Plastids are absent.
 Some have flagella for movement.
 Some have slimy layer called Capsule around the Cell Wall.
Ques – Tinned and Packaged foods should not be consumed after their expiry date?
Ans -Bacteria spoil the tanned and packaged food by producing a deadly poisonous substance called Botulin
which causes disease called Botulism. It also results in severe digestive disorders too. That’s why we should
not consume the expired tinned and packaged foods.
Ques - Define Compost?
Ans- It is a natural method of decomposing organic matter with the help of microorganisms present in the soil.
It add nutrients to the soil.
Ques - What are Aerobic Bacteria?
Ans- Bacteria that need oxygen to survive. Example- Acetobactor.
Ques – How bacteria helps in setting curd?
Ans – The Lactobacillus bacteria acts on the lactose of the milk and converts it into lactic acid. The lactic acid
causes the milk to curdle.
Ques- How bacteria helps in vinegar preparation –
Ans -Acetobacter acts on ethyl alcohol to prepare the acetic acid – Vinegar.
Ques- How bacteria helps in Nitrogen Fixation ? OR What is the function of Rhizobium?
 Rhizobium lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants such as peas and beans.
 They trap the nitrogen from atmosphere and convert it into soluble nitrates which are easily absorbed
by the plants from the soil along with water. Hence they enrich the soil and aid in the growth of the
plants.
Ques – Define Retting?
Ans- Stems of Jute plants when submerged in water are acted upon by bacteria and separates the jute fibres
from the stem. This process is known as Retting.
Ques - Define Curing?
Ans- This is the process in which bacteria at certain degree of fermentation acts on tea and tobacco leaves to
produce a characteristic flavour.
Ques- How bacteria helps in tanning of leather?
Ans- Animal Hides and Skins are exposed to bacteria and then treated with chemicals to convert these into
leather.
Ques - What are the harmful effects of bacteria?
 They cause diseases in humans and animals.
 Cholera
 Diphtheria
 Tuberculosis
 Tetanus
 Typhoid
 They cause diseases in plants.
 Bacterial Wilt
 Black rot of cabbage
 Fire blight in Pear
 They spoil the food both raw and cooked.
Ques – What are the uses of bacteria? OR State how bacteria are beneficial for us?
 Formation of Compost.
 Vinegar Preparation.
 Setting of Curd.
 Tanning of Leather.
 Produce antibiotics such as Streptomycin, Tetracycline to treat infections.
 Curing of Tea and Tobacco
 Retting
 Production of fuel
 Nitrogen Fixation
 Recycling of matter – responsible for decay and decomposition of dead organisms.
 Sewage Treatment – Bacteria used to decompose the organic matter present in sewage.

Bacteria Name Disease / Use

Lactobacillus Setting of Curd
Escherichia Coli (E.Coli) Produce vitamins such as Vitamin B and K in large Intestine
Acetobacter Vinegar (Acetic Acid) Preparation
Rhizobium Nitrogen Fixation
Vibrio Cholerae Causes Cholera
Treponema Causes Syphilis
Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Causes Diphtheria
Streptococcus Pneumoniae Causes Pneumonia
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Causes Tuberculosis
Salmonella Typhi Causes Typhoid

 Bacteria acts like scavengers, help in converting complex food material into agriculturally useful
nutrients like nitrates, sulphates and phosphates.
 Bacteria present in intestine of herbivores animals like cow helps in digestion of cellulose.
 Biodegradable waste are the waste that can be broken down into simple substances by the action of
bacteria.
 Bacteria breakdown biodegradable waste in biogas plants for the production of Biogas.
 Biogas is a mixture of methane, CO2 and other gases and is used as fuel for cooking and lighting
purposes.
 Gobar gas is a type of Bio Gas obtained by decomposition of cow dung by bacteria.
Ques – Write 2 characteristics features of Kingdom Protista?
 They have a special structure called Contractile Vacuole which helps to remove waste.
 They have pseudopodia, Cilia or Flagella for locomotion.
Ques – Why shape of Amoeba keeps changing?
Ans – Because of the formation and withdrawal of pseudopodia.

Ques- What are pseudopodia?

Ans- They are finger like cytoplasmic projections that help the animal to move around, feed and excrete.
Ques – What is the function of Contractile Vacuole?
Ans- They help in the process of excretion by removing the excess water from the body of the animal.
Ques – How does locomotion occur in Amoeba?
Ans- Locomotion in Amoeba occurs with the help of pseudopodia. Amoeba moves in the direction of
pseudopodium. When a new pseudopodium is formed, the old one is withdrawn and thus amoeba moves in
irregular fashion. This type of slow movement is called Amoeboid Movement.
Ques - Explain the process of Nutrition in Amoeba? OR Describe 5 stages of Nutrition?
 Ingestion – When an amoeba senses a food particle, it encircles the particle by forming two
pseudopodia around it. When the food particle is completely encircled, it is engulfed in the form of a
vacuole called Food Vacuole.
 Digestion – Digestive juices are secreted by the cell to break the food particle present inside the food
vacuole into simple molecules.
 Absorption – The simple molecules is absorbed in the cytoplasm and undigested food remains in the
food vacuole.
 Assimilation – Amoeba uses the simple molecules which are formed as a result of digestion.
 Egestion – The undigested food in the food vacuole is removed from the body by rupturing the cell
membrane.
Ques – How does Respiration occur in Amoeba?
Ans- In Amoeba respiration occurs through their general body surface by the process of Diffusion.
 Oxygen from waterbody diffuses into the animal body.
 This oxygen is used to break down the food to release energy and CO2.
 CO2 diffuses out from the animal body into the surrounding waterbody.
Ques – What are waste materials in Amoeba and how they are excreted? OR How does Excretion occur in
Amoeba?
 CO2 and Ammonia are main waste materials excreted by Diffusion through general body surface.
 Excess water is removed by Contractile Vacuole via cell membrane.
Ques- Explain reproduction in Amoeba?
Binary Fission – During favourable conditions the nucleus of Amoeba elongates and finally divides into two
daughter nuclei. The cytoplasm of the cell then divides resulting in the formation of two daughter cells.
Multiple Fission –
 During unfavourable conditions amoeba secrets a thick wall called Cyst around itself and becomes
inactive.
 The nucleus divides repeatedly and forms several nuclei.
 Each nucleus then is surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm.
 On return of favourable conditions the cyst breaks liberating the daughter cells.
Ques- Define-
  Prokaryote – a microscopic single celled organisms which neither has a distinct nucleus nor other
specialized cell organelles.
 Eukaryote – an organism consisting of a cell having a distinct nucleus and other cell organelles.
 Amoeboid Movement - Irregular movement in which the animal body changes its shape according to
the requirement.
 Diffusion - The net movement of molecules or atoms from a high concentration region to a low
concentration region.
 Ingestion – It is the process to take food into the body.
 Digestion – The process of changing food into simple substances that the body needs.
 Egestion - The process by which the body gets rid of undigested food.
Ques – Apart from Amoeba who show the amoeboid movement?
Ans – White blood cells have the amoeboid movement which helps them to squeeze through the walls of
blood vessels.
 Amoeba is a unicellular and free living animal.
 Amoeba is a mass of protoplasm.
 It does not have a distinct shape.
 It feeds on microscopic algae, bacteria, plant cells and other microscopic protozoa present in water.

FUNGI
 Fungi are non green organisms.
 They can be saprophytic or parasitic in nature.
 They thrive best in warm, dark and damp places. Even in high temperatures.
 They can be both Unicellular and Multicellular.
 Yeast are the only Unicellular fungi.
 Moulds are multicellular fungi.
 Rhizopus or Bread mould is found growing on stale bread or vegetables.
Ques - Define –
Hyphae - Multicellular fungi form thread like structures called hyphae on the substrate on which they grow.
Mycelium – A network of hyphae is called Mycelium.
Ques – What does black or grey patches on stale bread represents?
Ans -The black or grey patches seen on stale bread are actually the sporangia containing mature spores.
Ques – Define Structure of Rhizopus?
 It looks like white cottony mass which later turns black / grey.
 The mass of cottony threads is the mycelium.
 The hyphae are transparent and unicellular.
 Some of the hyphae grow erect and have sac like spherical heads. These are called Sporangia.
 Each sporangium bears reproductive part of the fungus called spores which turn black.
Ques – Rhizobus is a saprophyte ? Give reasons.
Ans- Rhizopus lacks chlorophyll so cannot prepare its own food. It grows on stale bread and absorb nutrients
from the decaying organic matter. Hence they are Saprophyte.
Ques – How does respiration takes place in Fungi / Rhizobus?
Ans -Rhizobus respires aerobically from the hyphal walls by the process of diffusion.
Ques – Name few fungi?
 Bracket Fungi
 Aspergillus
 Penicillium
 Mushrooms
 Yeasts
Ques- State some uses of Fungi?
 Some fungi produce antibiotics. Penicillin is obtained from a fungus called Penicillium Notatum.
 Fungi Yeast is used to make bread.
 Some fungi are used to give special flavour to cheese.
 Saprophytic fungi acts as natural scavengers to decompose plant and animal remains.
Ques – Name two edible Fungus?
 Agaricus / Button Mushroom
 Morchella mushroom.
Ques- What are the harmful effects of Fungi?
 They cause diseases in humans and animals.
 Ringworm Infection.
 Athlete’s foot disease
 Moulds cause lung infection.
 They cause diseases in crop plants and fruit plants.
 Rust and Smut diseases of Wheat, Barley and Bajra.
 Late blight of potato.
 Smut of sugar cane.
 They spoil the food, leather goods and textiles.
Ques- Define –
Enzyme – A chemical substance secreted by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific
reaction.
Saprophyte – A microorganism or fungus that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.
Autotrophs – Organisms that are capable of preparing their own food.
Heterotroph- An organism that does not produce its own food.
Breed- To produce young ones.

Category Example
Unicellular Alga Chlamydomonas
 Filamentous Alga Spirogyra, Moss, Fern
Trees such as Pine, Fir, Cedar, Mango and Banyan.
They take nutrition by trap and digest insects. Pitcher Plant
Venus Flytrap
They take nutrition from trees on which they grow. Dodder and Mistletoe
They are Saprophyte that does not possess Monotropa
chlorophyll.

Singular Plural
Fungus Fungi
Hypha Hyphae
Sporangium Sporangia
Pseudopodium Pseudopodia
Bacterium Bacteria
Coccus Cocci
Bacillus Bacilli
Spirillum Spirilla
Phylum Phyla

Ques – What is a contractile vacuole? How does it help Amoeba?

Ans- Contractile vacuole is a cell organelle in Amoeba which controls the water balance by releasing or
accumulating the water into the cell or out of it.
In Amoeba they help in the process of excretion by removing the excess water from the amoeba body.
Ques – What is binary fission?
Ans- Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which when unicellular organisms matures, stretches
itself. During elongation nucleus divides into two parts and then finally cytoplasmic division takes place and
two daughter cells are formed.
Ques – Where does digestion occurs in Amoeba and Why?

Ans- Digestion occurs only inside a food vacuole to prevent the digestive juices mixing with the cytoplasm.
Ques - What is a Food Vacuole?
Ans- When an amoeba senses a food particle, it encircles the particle by forming two pseudopodia around it.
When the food particle is completely encircled, it is engulfed in the form of a vacuole called Food Vacuole