Q1. What were the causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Solution:
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was launched due to:
1. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): The brutal killing of innocent Indians led to
widespread anger.
2. Rowlatt Act (1919): This law allowed imprisonment without trial, causing unrest.
3. Khilafat Issue: Muslims in India were angered by the British treatment of the Ottoman
Caliph.
4. Economic Hardship: Exploitation under colonial rule increased poverty.
5. Gandhiji’s Leadership: Gandhi urged people to boycott British goods, institutions, and
titles.
Q2. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement differ from the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Solution:
1. Scope of Protest:
• Non-Cooperation focused on boycott (e.g., foreign goods, schools, and titles).
• Civil Disobedience aimed at breaking specific colonial laws (e.g., Salt Law).
2. Participation:
• Civil Disobedience saw greater participation of peasants and women.
3. Violence:
• Non-Cooperation ended due to violence (Chauri Chaura incident), while Civil
Disobedience was better controlled by Gandhiji.
4. Objective:
• Non-Cooperation aimed to achieve Swaraj by non-cooperation, while Civil
Disobedience sought complete independence through defiance.
Q3. Why did Gandhiji call off the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Solution:
• Gandhiji suspended the movement in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident, where a
violent mob killed 22 policemen.
• He believed in non-violence (ahimsa) and felt that the people were not ready for a
mass non-violent struggle.
• He also wanted to avoid giving the British an excuse to use repression.
Q4. How did the idea of nationalism develop through cultural processes in India?
Solution:
1. Revival of Indian Folklore: Nationalists like Rabindranath Tagore and Natesa Sastri
collected folk songs, stories, and legends to promote a shared cultural identity.
2. Use of Symbols: The tricolor flag became a symbol of unity and resistance.
3. National Education: Promotion of Indian languages and indigenous education
strengthened cultural nationalism.
4. Role of Festivals: Festivals like Ganesh Utsav and Durga Puja became platforms for
expressing nationalist ideas.
Q5. Why did the Simon Commission face protests in India?
Solution:
1. The Simon Commission (1927) was set up by the British government to review
constitutional reforms in India.
2. It was opposed because no Indian member was included, which insulted Indian
aspirations.
3. The slogan “Simon Go Back” became a symbol of the protests.
Q1. Explain the significance of the Salt March in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Solution:
• The Salt March (1930): Gandhiji led a march from Sabarmati to Dandi to protest the
British monopoly on salt.
• It symbolized defiance of colonial laws
