~ sl

CONCEPT MAP Vl
n
. _.I
.......
~)!{s=- - - - - "'

• A word equation shows change of _ __

Chemical Equation Chemical Reactions
reactants to product through an
arrow placed between them. · .and Eguatioils i • A chemical reaction is a
.,_. ! . . • . .I.... ·,f+-t
t._ ........... _,\ .... .....,.;. ...... process in which one or
N2 + 3H2 ➔ 2NH3 r more substance changed
. Reactants Produce into one or more new
Chemical Reaction
substnce

!
Balancing chemical equations
• Combination Reactions : 1\vo or
• Thermal decomposition :
t
more substances combine to Indications of
• Number of atoms of each forms single substance. e.g., Decomposition reaction which chemical ·Reaction
element remains the same before take place by absorption of heat
Ca0(s) + H 2 O(1) ➔ Ca(OH)2 (aq)
and after chemical reaction.
• Start balancing with the compound • Photo decomposition :
lhal contains maximum number of Decomposition by absorption of Change in colour
atoms. • Decomposition Reaction : light
A single reactant breaks do,m to
• We cannot alter the fonnula of lhc give simpler prmlucls. e.g., .
compound or element • Decomposition by Electricity :
CaCOls) ~ CaO(s) + C02(s) Electrolysis of water Change in state
• Mention physical states of
2HiC)(l) ➔ 2Hi(g) + Oi(g)
reactants and products along with
chemica I formula.

CH• + 20 2 ➔ CO2 + 2H20 • Displacement Reaetlons : . In • Double displacement reaction : Two

such reactions more reactive compounds react by exchange of ions to Evolution of gas
C= 1 C =I
element displaces less reactive ____. form two new compounds e.g.,
H=4 = H=4 clement from its compound e.g., BaCli(aq) + N~S0laq) ➔
0 =4 0=4
Zn + CuS04 ➔ ZnS04 + Cu BaS0ls) + 2NaCl (aq)

Change in temperature
• E~othennic reaction: liberation
of beat • Redox Reactions : In a chemical reaction
• Endotbrmic reaction: absorption
when one reactant gets oxidised while the
of heat other gets reduced such reactions are called
Endothermic reaction .r.edox reactions. e.g., ·
Oxidation
A+ 8+ .....
,, --c
CuO + H 2 ➔ C~+~O
E1.otbermic: reaction

A.+s-c+6 reduction
"'··'
1
IE./ ...., = ~
m
,0

~
V'I
m
n
0
z
n
l'Tl

Indicators
"-i3:
l>
V'I
"
• Sour in taste • Bitter in taste
• Changes blue litmus to red • Formed by the reaction between acid and base.
• Soapy and ffl
• Conduct electricity due ~
Some important salts
slippery to touch
to presence of - .\ • Common salt (NaO)
• Good conductor
(H+ cations & anions) ions. h of electricity • Bleaching power (CaOCl 2)
• Hydrogen .ion of acids ~ • Baking Soda (NaHCO)
• Corrosive in
cannot exist alone, they nature • Washing Soda (Na 2C03 •
exist after combinin_g with H 20 molecules as • Changered 108i0 )
H 30 + ions. litmus to blue l
• Corrosive in nature • Plaster of paris (CaSO, · -J\O)
• Change colour of 2
Phenolphthalein pink.

;; •_, .

[H30l pH [Olr] pOH

14.00 0.00
13.00
12.00
-
1.00
2.00
+ i
11.00 3.00 BASTC ~ ria.Tlia (':sn.fietii:baa1caton )
1050 3.50 ·
10.00 4.00 • Natural indicators can be extracted fro • They are man made substance.
1111 I 9.00 5.00 a wide variety of flowers, fruits, roots,
8.00 6.00 • Some synthetic indicators are,
7.00 7.00 NEUTRAL leaves and other parts of plants. phenolphthalein, methyl orange etc .
. 6.00 8.00 • Some natural indicators are, litmus
5.00 9.00 • Phenolphthalein is pink in basic medium
4.50 9.50 turmeric, red cabbage etc.
and colourless in acidic medium.
4.00 l0.00 • Litmus gives red colour in acidic and blu
ACIDIC • Methyl orange is yellow in basic medium
3.00 11.00
2.00 12.00 colour in basic medium. and red in acidic medium.
1.00 13.00 ·• Clove oil, onion, vanilla extract are natura
0.00 14.00 (./')
olfactory indicators. I
-"
w
 ~

l/)
I
sl ....l:-
i\il~ CONCEPT MAP
Chemical Properties of Metals Chemical'Properties of Non-Metals
• Form basic oxides with oxygen (Al • With chlorine form covalent compounds.
and Zn f'ortns amphoteric oxides) • Do not react with acids on room temperature. On
• f onn me1al oxide and H2 gas with heating oxidised to respective oxides.
H20 • Chlorine dissolves in water and form acidic
• Na and IC reac1s violendy.witb cold solution.
~ • Hydrogen bum~ with a pop sound.
water. · •
• Mg reacts only with hot water. ...., • C and S form oxide with oxygen.
" Metals and
• AJ,Znandfereactwithsteam.
• FormsaltsandH2 gaswithacids. .·
Non-Metals I PhysicalPropertiesofNon-Metals -e:/•
d.·. ~.:..: ,
• Poor conductors of heat and =
• Reactive metals di$places le,.( electricity, weak and brittle.' , ·. · ,
reactive metals hm their solution. Extraction of
metals • Low density and non-sonorous. _,_(• ·

bysical Properties of Metals

• Metallic'lusture Metals of Medium Metals of low
• Usually solid (except Hg which~~ reactivity e.g., Zn, reactivity e.g.,
liquid) . ~ :Ji Metals of high Fe, Pb, etc. Hg, Ag, Au, etc.
reactivity
• Show ductility~malleability. · ' e.g.,K,Na,
• Good conductor of -heat and Ca, etc.
electricity. Sulphide
Carbonate Sulphide OTe
ore ore
Corrosion Reaction of Metals with Non-Metals + + +
Roasting
Calcination Roasting
• Metal lo.ses the valence electrons +
~onwith while non-metal accep.ts these Metal
d electro~ torfo~ ~onic bond. ~ - --~ ,
~ Oxide of +
• Properties of 1omc compounds : · 1 Ct f.J metal Purification
• Generally solids and exist in the form _, } I .i or metal
Reduction to it
ofcrystals. . c-··,. . • metal
• High melting and boiling points. · ,I ~ ·- ' , Pure
,._, 14 -!, metal
• Soluble in water, insoluble in ) Purification
kerosene, petrol etc. - of metal
• Galvanizing • Conduct electricity in molten state and .J,
• Electroplating not in solid state. Pure metal
) )
 f¥I _
_ _ _ _ __
@
_-r.;)
gjW CO
r:_gz..___ NC
__ _EP
_T __
_MA P_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(°"I
l'T'I
"'U
Hydro carbo ns Impo rtant carbo n comp ounds -I
ADotropes Soaps and deterg ents 3:
Tetravalency of carbo n )>
"'U
Ethanol : CH3CH 2 OH Vl
Soaps :
._ Form four covale nt bonds Gr~h ite Ethan ol is the most comm on
.· · ~yer structures, • Na or K salts of long chain Satur ated Unsat urate d
~/S&ws ca~~ ~n and most midel y used alcoho l
. ,• . . ,. ·"· tcQnductor of el1 · . carboxyliq!acids and somet imes ethano l is also
•.F~ ... '" s~
~~~
h~lm. d nng
• Forms miceJ.les that bas caJled ju.st alcohol.
structures • Allcen e:
'J)Ol~ head,and nOJ\~polar tail.
' . t ...:•
•Alka ne:
~ Gener al formu la Properties
r,~1•
i! l·1
,, ; . ,;. • Foon scum in b~rtfwater. Gener al formu la
11 i tl~ C0 H2n 2Na + 2CH3CHpH
Chem ical prope rties C.,H2a+2
Hydrophilic end Hydrophobic end )C = C( 2CH3 CHpN a + H2 t
• Combu~ti~~ :Carbon ~urns ~ j ,/ I I
;~i rui ......... -C-C ~
2 e-._e. Soap mole1.-ult: I CH f"'H OH Hotconc.
.
with Jteat~ I H2S
oxygen·.•'.-~~
and light _
•·• ,,_,.-~_CO Nit z-, 2
For examp le,
•Alky ne: CH3 = CH2 + H:P
C+02 "1if:) +~+ Li 2 CH4
Gener al formu la Uses
2
E CH3 - CH 3 C.,H2n--2 Ethan ol is used in manuf a-
4. +.0. f;-+C
CH_ .<?rJ:H . nf
,·. ,f.
➔. ·'0. +..> Diam:ond
3
CH Q~2 fB +6i 1--~i~ CH3 - CH 2 - CH3 -C- C- crurin g of paints, dyes,
.f0 ff:!O °f'En 2~ • F~a ri varnis hes etc.
• Oxl~•$(,n'"{~<XHDJR>UD . ~ens io
Haid
ofo¥i
und~ di_ 'ox~ ... tie~fs
o.sQJgfag ·iif~·· .•.. .· ':·;
· resen
·on.inp
-q1~.- N11• Cyclic Hydro carbo ns EthanoicAcidl : CH3COOH
cH~ ;oir+ toj -+CH3 '·;'· a • Cycloalkanes : Those satura ted Acetic acid, also known as
hydrocarbons in which carbo n atoms ethano ic acid, is an organic
• Addido•reactio■ -:-- ~ . . ., Deter gents : m-e joinc:d together to form ring are compo und best recogn ized for
Unsaturated hy ~a dd • Sodiu m salt of long chain known as cycloa lkanes .For examp le, giving vinega r its sour taste
hydro gen in presen q,.o:
sulpho nic acids. and punge nt smell.
cataly sts e.g. Pd ~ ,l\ij
• Rema ins effective even in 6 0 0 Prope rties
R, ,.....R i hard water. Cyclopropane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane CH3COOH + CH 3 CHpH
/C= C, +H2 Fuller ene
R ' • Used to make shamp oos and • Arene s : Those hydro carbon s which H""
R ~ CH3COOCH 2CH3
H H • Has shape like a soocer ball produ cts for cleani ng clothe s. contai n at least one benze ne ring in Ester
Ni
I I their molec ules are called arenes. Uses
~R -C- C-R ~
-~:-1-·~·- -.
►
Exam ples of deterg ent are : For examp le, • Ethanoic acid is used in the
I I j_ •
CH -(CH2 ) 11 -C 6H4 -S03Na+
3 preparation of dyes, plastic
R R p , -;i ,> ~.j
• Subst itutio n : Sodium n-dodecyl beDZCDe su:pbonate and pharmaceuticals.
.._~ I w "'~ ~
Satura ted hydro caroon s react - Vv • Ethanoic acid is used to
CH 3 -(CH 2 ) 10 -CH 2 -S0 4Na+
, coagu late rubber from latex.
with Cl 2 in presen ce of sunlig ht ...... ... .,
~~--- ,,,,,,,._
Sodium n-dodecyl sulpbonate
0
Henzcne
0
Toluene Naphthalene
./-~/" Vl
I I HCI I
CH 4 Cl2 Rllliabr > CH 1CI _..
u,
 ~ sl VI
I
....
OI
.n CONCEPT MAP
~)Yi--~-----

Respiration: It Nutrition: lt is a Translocation: It Transportation: Excretion: It is

is an oxidative process of intake is a transport of It includes the removal of toxic
process involving and utilisation of sucrose, hormones circulation of material from the
the consumption of nutrients by an and minerals from nutrients and 0 2 body e.g., CO2
oxygen and libemtion organism. the site of synthesis through blood. and~.
of CO2 and HzO. Autotropbic: to utilisation site in
plants,
Synthesis their
own food.e.g.,
Aerobic:
Plants.
Occurs in Blood: Consists of RBC, ~C,
the presence Heterotropbic: Blood Vessels:
Arteries, Veins and Platelets and Plasma.
ofO,. Depend on ether
OJ:&anisms for Capillaries.
food e.g., H ~
fungi, etc.
'Transpirafion 'in --
Plants: loss of
Nutrition Nutrition in water from aerial
inAmoeba
. . Human beings parts of the plant.

\
.
*
Anaerobic:
Occurs in
the absence
ctfOA.
V,
/2""' i ··~ : Q
m
z
('")
';'
q::~~ _.
C, j

.,. . ~
\O\llii
 £!, l¥1 .
@ril@I- CONC EPT MAP_~
~
Control and Coordinatio n ~
~~
'vi
"'C""I
0
z
nm
Movement or Locomotion Pbytohormones: These ~
Human Nervous System:· Endocrine System: It is
(in Plants): These are two ~
are chemical substances The nervous system helps in made up of ductless glands ►
"O
types: • affecting growth and that secretes hormones Vl
controlling and coordinating
development in plants. various activities of the to carry messages to the
Immediate Response target 0rgans.
to Stimuli: Non human body.
directional in response • Auxin:,Promotes cell elongation.
to environmental stimuli. • Gibberellins: Induces stem elongation. Hypothalamus
• Cytokinin:P_romotes cell cµvision. Pituitary ..., ,,
CNS PNS
• Abscisic Acid:Accelerates abscission
of leaves . .
1W , Thymus

~ - Pancreas
Spinal Cord: It is a slender Brain: The highest · - ~ ;:-j-- Adrenal
like structure measuring coordinating centre
Movement Due to Growth: 45 cm.long originating surrounded by rz,~:r::1~/
meninges . . Ovary - ~ ,--~ ·- Testis
Directional in response to from medulla oblongata.
(infemale) c~,- ~~--~ ) (inmale)
environmental stimuli.

Geotropism: Cbemotropism: Tbigmotropism: Voluntary

Pbototropism: In Autonomic
In response In response to In response to Nervous
response to light. Nervous
to g[!Vity. chemicals. touch. System. System.

'e-'· Hydrotropism:
Spinal Cranial
In response to · Sympathetic Parasympathetic
,r:-1'4r .1 1 . Nerve. Nerves.
water. Nervous Nervous System.
<.\\ ,t.,-X~
,,/' . ~' ~~ -
~ System.
Vl
_.I
--.i

.,,
 ~ I
~ ;

V,
I
~
le ~ (X)

§g§ CONCE PT MAP

Asexual Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction: It involves union of male and female gamete. Reproductive Health:
Production of offsprings Involves reproductive
by a single parent disorders e.g.,
without the formation of Sexual Reproduction Human Reproductive infertility in males and
gametes. in Plants: Flower is the System: It is of two types : females and different
reproductive part of a plant. types of contraceptive
Spore formation methods such as
Fission Condom, Copper-T,
f fe
i. f' Saheli pills.
~ -

~
,t n·~'
Pollination: Transfer
Regeneration Male.Reproductive Female Reproductive
of pollen grains from
Syst~m: Includes a pair of System: Consist of a
stamen to pistil.
testis, a pair of spermduct pair of ovaries, a pair
. ,... , and a penis. of oviduct, uterus,
vagina and vulva
1-f-ij- f Self Pollination Cross Pollµlation
,,. ,
Vegetative
propagation

V'l
("")
m

~
i;
§Of=l - ... -- . . ..,,.,-,..
===~ -- -~- ~~~
0
z
n
Variations·: It happeqs Heredity: Transmission m
Mendel's Inheritance Rules: Sex Determination: It
of characters-from one , ~
during meiosis~ mutation is a biological system :s::
)>
and gamete formation generation to the next is that determines the
V)
called heredity. development of sexual "
characters _(male and
DNA provides Monohybrid Cross female) in an organism.
information in the
form of gene
Dihybrid Cross p~ ~
1 cross fertilisation
P Generation Parent l 9 Parent 2 0
Round yellow cotyledon x Wrinkled green cotyledon
Fl ~
_~--
,... ,\.,... J t self fc:rtilisalion
yy
_· RR
y
rr
•
)Y

Male
,•.. . -..:~:~?· F I Generation R r Yy
F2~~~ ~ Female
3 : l Ratio
All round-yellow cotyledons
~ - I
F Generation Round yellow cotyledon x
I
Round yellow cotyledon
G=«1 \
(selfed) R r Yy l R r Yy

RY Ry rY ry
Zygote

RY RR YY RR ~v RrYY - RrYy J

Ry RR Yy RR ;,yl) Rr Yy Rr yy ..) r r
F2 Generation
~

rY Rr YY RrYy rrYYv rrty

ry 1 Rr Yy Rryy~ rr Yy rryy • Offsprings ~
Phenotypic Ratio 9: 3:3: I
Female
Ll
Male V)
~
I

'°
§ O E ] '- '' - ' 1
"\...t:t' I MAP
V'>
,...,I
0

. ~ g le of_
'9tm;fi1 tfiJ MJ.®Jl!Lil®®
mc1dence(1) Laws R E FL E C T IO N
= angle of ~~g back of _ _ _ _._. It LIGHT
etlection{r) light in the same is a form of energy REFR
· medium produces the sensati
tb a t1 -- -- ~ Bc ACTION
nd~g of li ~t \s!n i = CODSWl~
on of La ws si n r
In ci de nt ray. vision in e res . Y while ~ \
th e n~ rm al , m one ~ um Also caUcd
another m edium Snell's law
re fl ec te d ra y R eg ul ar reflectio
n-
al l lie in th e Reflection on sm
ootl '
same plane. surface. Incident ray. oorma\
I
Land rcf:radcd ta ). an
Diffuse reflection- \~ R ec ri lin ~ I \
I
propagauon ~ie in the same pla
Reflectio n on roug ne,
h of lig ht \
surface. - RE..FRACTlV
E
h~DEX
Li g. bt tra ~l s Ratio of spc-ed of lig
J ~ 1
)I, in fu:e
ht
1 1, \~ with a speed space(_C)
:PLANE MIRROR CONCAVE MIR ~
ls a looking glas R coNVL"X oB x 10 @ a medlum(v) nt1>=tb.<it\
~ ,-,
s. Spherical glass po OR
lishe< MJRROR m /se ci n
highly polished
on on the outSidc. It is
al Spherical glass ail/Vacuum.
one surface. known as convergi so
ng polished inside. It
is
mirror. also k-nown as speed of
l. JFonns virtual an
\1 ~ diverging mirror. \~ light
erect image.
d~
Pi a.--.: of
U~ NS' \ r
e nt
\
~ lm ag c,'> produc - 1, fotm~ on lh e I I
~ D is ta n~ of ob ed arc nwcnal
w \\b \~ \
]ecl always re!il. inverte
d, ~--ii rtual, upr~ht' lncdimn. )\ re tr.icting ~urfa c-es.
from miTTOr can be enlarged ba \~ one is C\11"\"N"'
sed tmd snu1\\
~ L ight s\\O'W
S
= distance of on the position exce images . nnd tt-fracti"~ inuc.
'{
unage Crom pt bcha,nour !,UCh should he different
when nbjcct is pl ~
aced as retl~tion,
roirJ:Or. ~ tween pole an I • iU scs: fur sc c~ that of the
d focus '--'\ purposes. Ul ty rcfracti,)n, SUIT{lunull\\l- I
~ . The si_ze of th
e ~ U s~: M llk M lP vehicles as rear· mtcrfcrenc:e,
im ag e ,s same as shaving mirrors. de ttml view mirror and diffraction,
object. ntist street lighting. po\arisation ete.
~i rr or, in floodlig
ht et c l,
L_Jimage IS laterally 41 ~For spherical m ~ 7
I 'L inverted-
im>r,
Radius of cUf"\1&tur co
-r L~ ~'S ~I AGNl FIC ,\1 '\0
Nl
e NVEX FORMULA Rati'-' of di$t.\OO--e of
= 2 xfocal length {R) LENS
(t) Relation ~,tween in,~~ \\) the
J,
Mirror formula
~ ('e nt nl l
1 1 1 portion of k1 \S
tl"IC.al lcntttb,
ms~~,
'-' f ot,_i(d troll\ the
-+ V,
or rit;l\ \.-en~ or p.
)le
-= - CONCAVE LENS distlln<--C of ob_j<,t' l
\/ IA f Ct"ntnU portion of is thickd" thtln i an J ill\S..~. tJ'\~ \ i n cs..~ '"t' i 11\UR"'f-
:\I ~,
n
lens is thinner tht1n .msrginlll. It is equal ro hd_~t of ~
oru~~t'""':d\U't z
Ial:;o knO"'n as l ,· 0
~
marginal. It is :uso
l l 1 -= = -=h~
1 ('O ll \~
known l\S diw n; in t\g [ ~
g ~ ~ _..J C
- =-,, - .,-
te ns . tens. .. L0
---
\ ("\ \
 l ei/

: CONCEPT MAP \~
?0
The Human Eye and the Colourful World ~
iii
..,,
Power ofAccomodation n
Human Eye 0
The ability of the eye lens to adjust its Refraction z
The organ which gives us the Bending of light when it passes
n..,,
focal length so as to see the objects
sense of light or enables us to I obliquely from one medium to ~
clearly located anywhere. Near point I
see. It interprets the shapes, another medium 3:
of the human eye is 25 cm. Far point of l>
colors and dimensions of the "O
the human eye is infinity U')
object
Refraction Through Prism/ Atmospheric Scattering
Parts of the Defects of Dispersion : Refraction Of Light
Human Eye Human Eye Splitting of white light when Refraction of light
passes through a prism or rain by atmosphere Rayleigh
Retina : It is a light sensitive screen drop into its seven component scattering
on which image is formed. colours- VIBGYOR. Intensity of
Twinkling scattered
Cornea : Thin membrane acts like a of stars light ex: IIA 4
lens which allow light to enter the eye.
Rainbow: Stars seen Tyndall
Eye Lens : Convex lens made of
Seven colours band of higher than effect
transparent, crystalline and flexible
sunlight in the form they actuaJly The smoke
jelly like material. of bow in the sky. II is are particles
Pupil : Hole in the middle of iris formed due to become visibl
Advance
through which light enters. reflection, refract ion
sunrise
and dispersion of and delayed
Iris: Controls the amount oflight entering sunlight by tiny water sunset
the eye by changing the size of pupil. droplets.
Flattering of
Myopia or Short Sightedness: can see the sun at
nearby objects but can't see far off objects morning and
distinctly. Corrected by using concave even in
Glass
lens.
Hypermetropia or Long Sightedness :
can see far off objects clearly but cannot Red
see nearby objects clearly. Corrected by Orange
convex lens '-- / Yellow
' Green
Blue
Presbyopia: It is due to lessening o indigo
flexibility of the crystalline . lens and Violet
U'l
weakening of ciliary muscles. Corrected I
N
~
usio_g bifocal lenses.
El - - - - - • ■ • , • ,-. •
~ Vl
,.,.,I
,.,.,
Electrici~
K
~ c,u
• Rheostat + • H i-=--.
rfCdl l
~ ,. ~ ~l
+ - V
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ~ Switch l
ELECTRICITY The arrangement of
Study electric charges H ~ ELEMENTS OF ....
various electrical ~ ~,
at rest and in motion components along which CIRCUIT
+~ -- electric current flows ~ Voltmclcr I

~ Fuse I
Simplr circuit diagram
~LED I

' ' ~ ~
'
CHARGE ELECTRIC ELECTRIC RESISTANCE ELECTRIC OHM'S LAW HEATING
Somdbing CURRENT POTENTIAL Obstruction POWER Current passing EFFECT OF
associated with Flow of charge Work dooe per offered to the Rate at which through a
mattc:r due to ELECTRIC
per unit time unit charge. flow of electric energy conductor is
which it produces across the section
CURRENT
w electric current is dissipated c.- directly Ascmrem
and experiences oftbe oonductor. Y=- R=V/1 consumed in a
Q - proportional to flows through
electric and I=Q/t S.I. mit is ohm circuit the potential a cooductor, the
magnetic effects. S.I. unit is SJ. unit is volt P=VI difference.
l free electroos
Q = ne ampere(A) S.I. unit is watt JocV:::) V=IR lose energy
,;:
S.l unit is J. J, .J,
which is
coulomb (C) COMBINATION IFACT()RS AFFECTING KWb - (Kilo watt hour) - The commerc
ial converted into
OF RESISTANCES RESISTANCE unit of electric energy I kwb = 3.6 x I06 J beat Joule's
.1, heating law
.1, t H=Illt= Vlt
,. ➔ Length of wire(/).
SERIES "
PARALLEL Resistance R oc /
i D COMBINATION
COMBI
Flltcn NA110I
dof~I .. .. I J Onemd oftbe Area of Cl'O§-section of wire (A).
.,
fustff'.liltald , ---4: ~
second end ofdie .Ii ·
last resistance m ·t ;
r- ·
! R3
resistances are
connected to one
terminal and the i' Jl, i
. Ra:.!.
A
... I
I v ····R2 .. \
connected to ~ B C
secmd ends are Nature of ~ terial of the wire. Low resistance - Silver,
two terminals of R, coDDCCted to H Copper, ~ . High resistance nichrome,
a cell. another terminal A~. Ii··"'R,_ /B constantan, etc.
'3 . < I
Roq =R,+ ltz+ R1 of a cell . .
R = p-,p =reststJVtt• y
I I I I A
-=-+ -+-
Req R1 Rz R3
y Temperature (T). Resistanc e of all ~
metals increases with a rise in tempera
IL_
.. .@ @ iii ~
m<;];?© CO NC EP T MA P
Magn t.-"tic Effec ts of E lectr ic Curr ent
tism.
An electric current tlowing in a conduc~or produc es magne

~
Magne tic Field Due to A Curre nt Carry ing Condu ctor
Magne tic
Field Domes tic Electr ic
~
►
"O
Vl
Space around The magne tic field around a straigh t conduc tor carryin g Circui t
a magne t in curren t is in the form•of closed circula r loops, in a plane • Electri city used
which magne tic erpend icular to the conduc tor in home at
Properties effect is 220VA C
of Magne ts experie nced • A cable contain ing
• Attractive three colour ed
propert y wires-r ed
• Magne t attracts Magne tic field due to current through a circula r
loop (live wire), black
magnet ic Magne tic t'ield (neutra l wire) &
materials e.g. Lines green ( earthed
iron, cobalt. etc. A line such that wire)
• Directive the tangen t at
propert y any point on it
gives the Force on
• When a magnet
directio n of the l!:lectro-Magnet A Curre nt Carry ing Condu ctor
is suspended The force experi enced by the
magnet ic lield A soft metal core made
freely, it always conduc tor
be in N-S at that point into magne t by the
direction passag e of electric F = BIL sin 0
• Opposi te poles current throug h a coil Directi on of force can be
attract and like surrou nding it. determ ined by Fk-min g's left hand
poles repel. rule or right hand palm or screw
• Poles exists in rule.
pairs Magne tic field due to ·a current in a soleno id
• Repuls ion is a Current flow ....--.;,
sure test of -,,
magne t

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Food Chm: The Ecosystem: lt is Food Web: It is

l i n e a r ~ of a self sustaining Ozone Depletion: Waste Management:
network of food Earth 's atmosph~ Proper disposal of
Iiving orgaiigm structural aod chains operating an
functional unit
damaged by UV-radiations wastes.
in anecosyst an ecosystem which get which is called
where nutrieo5 oftbe biosphere. connected at vaiious ozone depletion.
and energy is trophic levels so as
trans&red fiom Natural Ecosystem: to form a number of
oneaganismro e.g., Forest Ecosystem feeding connections
anothel: e.g,. grain aIIlongstdifferent
➔ sparow ➔ ca1S. organisms of biotic
community.
' t I It t I l I
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-r: ~
~

t Biodegre dable Non-biod egredable

~~ Waste: e.g., Kitchen Wa.,te: e.g., Plastic,
waste, Paper, etc. Glass, etc.
t Artificial Ecosystem:
~ e.g., gardens, dams,
agricultura l farms.
t
~ lD.
~ Non-
t Biodegra dable
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