CHAPTER 5:
LOGIC
GE 3 – MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD
PREPARED BY: KAYSERI ANN EUREKA GABRIEL
5.1. LOGIC STATEMENTS AND QUANTIFIERS
5.2. TRUTH TABLES, EQUIVALENT STATEMENTS,
AND TAUTOLOGIES
5.3. THE CONDITIONAL AND THE BICONDITIONAL
5.4. THE CONDITIONAL AND RELATED
STATEMENTS
5.5. SYMBOLIC ARGUMENTS
5.6. ARGUMENTS AND EULER DIAGRAMS
5.1.
LOGIC STATEMENTS AND
QUANTIFIERS
5.1. LOGIC STATEMENTS AND QUANTIFIERS
❑ Logic Statements
❑ Simple Statements & Compound Statements
❑ Logic Connectives and Symbols
❑ Truth Value and Truth Tables
❑ Negation
❑ Compound Statements & Grouping Symbols
❑ Conjunction and Disjunction
❑ Quantifiers & Negation
STATEMENT
- a declarative sentence that is
either true or false, but not both
true and false.
Determine whether each sentence is a statement.
__1. Oriental Mindoro is a state in the United States.
__2. How are you?
__3. 9² + 2 is a prime number.
__4. x + 1 = 5.
__5. Open the door.
__6. 7055 is a large number.
__7. x > 3.
This is a false statement.
TRUE FALSE
Simple Statements
-a simple statement is a statement
that conveys a single idea.
Compound Statements
- a compound statement is a
statement that conveys two or more
ideas.
Determine the simple statements in each
compound statement.
1. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball
game.
2. Today is not Friday and I am going to a movie.
3. I am going to the basketball game and I am not
going to a movie.
4. I am going to a movie if and only if it is not raining.
Negation
- If a statement p is true, its negation
~p is false.
- If a statement p is false, its
negation ~p is true.
- The tilde symbol ~ is used to
denote the negation of a statement.
Negation of a statement
Determine the negation of each statement.
1. Ellie Goulding is an opera singer.
2. The dog does not need to be fed.
3. Charles Boyle is a character in Brooklyn
Nine-Nine.
4. The fire engine is not red.
Conjunction
- the conjunction p Ʌ q is true if and
only if both p and q are true.
Disjunction
- the disjunction p ꓦ q is true if and
only if either p or q is true, or both p
and q are true.
Logic Connectives and Symbols
Symbolic Type of
Statement Connective
form statement
not p not ~p negation
p and q and pɅq conjunction
p or q or pꓦq disjunction
If p, then q If … then p→q conditional
p if and only if q if and only if p q biconditional
Translate Symbolic Statements
Consider the Write the following compound statements in
following simple symbolic form.
statements. 1. If it is raining, then I am not going to the
basketball game.
r: It is raining. 2. Today is not Friday and I am going to a movie.
b: I am going to the 3. I am going to the basketball game and I am
basketball game. not going to a movie.
f: Today is Friday. 4. I am going to a movie if and only if it is not
m: I am going to a raining.
movie. 5. If today is Friday, then I am not going to the
basketball game.
Truth Value and Truth Tables
▪ The truth value of a simple statement is
either true (T) or false (F).
▪ The truth value of a compound statement
depends on the truth values of its simple
statements and its connectives.
▪ A truth table is a table that shows the truth
value of a compound statement for all
possible truth values of its simple statements.
Truth Tables
Truth Table for ~p
p ~p
Truth Table for p Ʌ q T F Truth Table for p ꓦ q
p q pɅq F T p q pꓦq
T T T T T T
T F F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F
Truth Values of Compound Statements
Consider the Determine the truth value of each compound
following simple statement if r and b are true and f and m are false.
statements. 1. Today is Friday and I am going to a movie.
2. I am going to the basketball game or I am
r: It is raining. going to a movie.
b: I am going to the 3. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
basketball game. 4. Today is not Friday and it is not raining.
f: Today is Friday. 5. It is not raining and I am going to the
m: I am going to a basketball game.
movie. 6. Today is Friday or I am not going to the
basketball game.
Compound Statements & Grouping Symbols
Symbolic form The parentheses indicate that:
p Ʌ (q ꓦ ~r) q and ~r are grouped together.
(p Ʌ q) ꓦ r p and q are grouped together.
p and ~q are grouped together.
(p Ʌ ~q) → (r ꓦ s)
r and s are also grouped together.
Compound Statements & Grouping Symbols
English sentence The comma indicates that:
p, and q or not r. q and ~r are grouped together.
p and q, or not r. p and q are grouped together.
If p and not q,
p and ~q are grouped together.
then r or s.
r and s are also grouped together.
▪ Let’s eat, grandma.
▪ Let’s eat grandma.
Quantifiers and Negation
▪ Existential Quantifiers:
“some”, “there exists”, “at least one”
▪ Universal Quantifiers:
“all”, “no”, “none”, “every”
Negate: “All dogs are mean.”
Quantifiers and Negation
Statement Negation
All X are Y. Some X are not Y.
No X are Y. Some X are Y.
Some X are not Y. All X are Y.
Some X are Y. No X are Y.
Statement Negation
All X are Y. Some X are not Y.
No X are Y. Some X are Y.
