UNIT-I

1. What is a computer? Explain in detail with the help of a block diagram.

o A computer is an electronic device that manipulates data and
performs tasks based on instructions provided by software. It
processes data, stores information, and outputs results. The
main components of a computer are the Central Processing
Unit (CPU), Memory, Input Devices, and Output Devices.
o Block Diagram:
o [Input Devices] --> [CPU] --> [Output Devices]
o |
o [Memory]
The CPU is the brain of the computer, which performs
arithmetic and logical operations. Memory stores data
temporarily or permanently.
2. What are various types of computer?
o Supercomputers: Extremely powerful machines used for
complex scientific calculations.
o Mainframe Computers: Large computers used by
organizations to manage large data sets and multiple users.
o Minicomputers: Smaller than mainframes, used by smaller
businesses for specific tasks.
o Microcomputers: Personal computers, desktops, and laptops
for everyday use.
3. Explain in detail about various core components of a computer
o Central Processing Unit (CPU): The heart of the computer
that performs calculations, logical operations, and controls
other components.
o Memory (RAM): Temporary storage used by the CPU to store
data that is actively being used or processed.
o Storage Devices: Permanent storage like hard drives, SSDs,
or optical drives for saving files.
o Input Devices: Devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners
that allow the user to input data.
o Output Devices: Devices like monitors, printers, and
speakers that display the result of computations.
4. What are various types of computers? Explain about Super, Mainframe, and
Mini Computers.
o Supercomputers: Used for complex and resource-intensive
tasks like weather simulations, scientific research, and
cryptography.
o Mainframe Computers: Large-scale computers used by
large organizations for bulk data processing. Examples include
IBM zSeries.
o Minicomputers: Smaller than mainframes, used in
businesses for mid-range applications like manufacturing
control.
5. What are the various applications of computers?
 oEducation: E-learning, research, simulations, and computer-
based tests.
o Business: Financial modeling, database management, online
transactions, and inventory management.
o Healthcare: Patient record management, diagnostic tools,
and telemedicine.
o Entertainment: Gaming, movie production, and digital media
editing.
6. Explain about various output devices.
o Monitors: Display visual output.
o Printers: Produce a hard copy of digital content.
o Speakers: Output sound or audio.
o Projectors: Display images and videos on a larger screen.
7. Explain applications of computers in:
o Health Care: For managing patient records, diagnostics,
research, and telemedicine.
o Research: Used in simulations, data analysis, and scientific
calculations.
o Education: E-learning platforms, digital textbooks, virtual
classrooms.
o Business: Inventory systems, online banking, payroll
management, and customer relationship management (CRM).
8. What is memory? What are various types of memories?
o Memory: A device or storage that holds data for processing.
o Types:
 Primary Memory (RAM): Temporary, fast storage for
active processes.
 Secondary Memory: Permanent storage like hard
drives and SSDs.
 Cache Memory: High-speed memory for frequently
accessed data.
UNIT-II
1. What is software? Explain various categories of software.
o Software: A set of instructions that tells a computer how to
perform tasks.
o Categories:
 System Software: Includes the operating system and
utility programs.
 Application Software: Used by end-users to perform
specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheet
management, etc.
 Development Software: Tools for programming like
compilers and debuggers.
2. What is computer memory? Explain various types in detail.
o Computer Memory: Refers to the components used to store
data and instructions.
 RAM: Volatile, fast-access memory used by the CPU.
  ROM: Non-volatile memory used to store firmware.
 Cache Memory: Small, fast memory used to store
frequently accessed data.
 Hard Disk/SSD: Secondary storage for long-term data
storage.
3. What is utility software? Explain various types.
o Utility Software: Programs designed to help manage,
maintain, and protect a computer system.
o Examples: Antivirus programs, disk cleanup tools, and file
compression software.
4. What is an operating system? Explain various functionalities of an operating
system.
o Operating System (OS): Software that manages computer
hardware and software resources and provides services for
application software.
o Functions: Memory management, process scheduling, file
management, and device control.
5. What are device drivers? Explain.
o Device Drivers: Programs that allow the operating system to
communicate with hardware devices like printers, graphics
cards, etc.
6. What is a computer network? Explain various types in detail.
o Computer Network: A system of interconnected devices that
communicate with each other.
o Types:
 LAN (Local Area Network): A small, local network
within a building.
 WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that covers a
large geographic area.
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A network that
spans a city or large campus.
7. Explain Device Drivers with the help of a diagram.
o Device drivers translate operating system commands into
specific instructions for hardware.
o [Application] --> [Operating System] --> [Device Driver] -->
[Hardware]
8. What are various general-purpose application software? Explain in brief.
o General-purpose software includes programs designed for
a wide range of tasks.
o Examples: Word processors (Microsoft Word), spreadsheets
(Microsoft Excel), email clients, and web browsers.
UNIT-III
1. Explain various functions available in Microsoft Excel.
o Excel provides functions for calculations, data manipulation,
and formatting. Common functions include SUM, AVERAGE,
VLOOKUP, and IF.
2. Explain various cell references in Microsoft Excel.
 o Relative: Refers to cells in relation to the current position.
o Absolute: Fixed reference (e.g., $A$1) that does not change
when copied.
o Mixed: A combination of relative and absolute references.
3. Explain Sorting and filter data in Microsoft Excel.
o Sorting: Organizes data in ascending or descending order.
o Filtering: Displays only the data that meets specified criteria.
4. Explain various charts available in Microsoft Excel.
o Excel offers different charts like bar charts, line charts, pie
charts, scatter plots, etc., for visualizing data.
5. Explain Autofill and Flash Fill in Microsoft Excel.
o Autofill: Automatically fills in values based on patterns.
o Flash Fill: Automatically completes data based on user input
patterns.
6. What are various types of errors occurred during using formulas in Microsoft
Excel?
o Errors include #DIV/0!, #REF!, #NAME?, #VALUE!, etc.,
usually caused by invalid formulas or incorrect references.
7. Explain error handling in Microsoft Excel.
o Error handling involves using functions like IFERROR or
ISERROR to manage errors in formulas.
8. Explain the steps to perform conditional formatting in Microsoft Excel.
o Conditional formatting changes the appearance of cells based
on criteria. It can be accessed via the “Home” tab >
“Conditional Formatting”.
9. Explain data validation in Microsoft Excel.
o Data validation restricts the type of data that can be entered
in a cell (e.g., limiting entries to dates or numbers).
10. Explain drop-down lists in Microsoft Excel.
o Drop-down lists allow users to select values from a pre-defined
list to avoid data entry errors.
11. Explain the process to protect workbook and worksheets in Microsoft Excel.
o Excel allows users to password-protect workbooks and
worksheets via the “Review” tab > “Protect Sheet”.
12. Explain the process of importing data into Excel.
o Data can be imported from various sources such as CSV files,
databases, and online services using the “Data” tab.
13. Explain Pivot Tables and Charts.
o Pivot Tables: Summarize and analyze large data sets.
o Pivot Charts: Visual representation of data from Pivot Tables.
14. Explain VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP.
o VLOOKUP: Searches vertically for a value in a table.
o HLOOKUP: Searches horizontally for a value.
15. What is a macro and Write a program in VBA.
o Macro: A set of recorded actions that can be automated.
o Example of VBA code:
o Sub HelloWorld()
 o MsgBox "Hello, World!"
o End Sub

UNIT-IV
1. Explain various types of measurement scales.
o Nominal: Categories without a specific order (e.g., gender,
colors).
o Ordinal: Categories with a specific order but no fixed intervals
(e.g., rankings).
o Interval: Numerical scales where the difference between
values is meaningful (e.g., temperature).
o Ratio: Similar to interval scales but with a true zero (e.g.,
weight, height).
2. Explain Measures of Variation.
o Range: The difference between the highest and lowest
values.
o Variance: The average squared deviation from the mean.
o Standard Deviation: The square root of the variance,
showing how data spreads.
3. What is Structured Data, Unstructured Data, and Cross-Sectional Data?
o Structured Data: Organized data in rows and columns (e.g.,
databases).
o Unstructured Data: Data without a predefined structure
(e.g., emails, videos).
o Cross-Sectional Data: Data collected at a single point in
time across different subjects.
4. Explain Percentiles and Deciles.
o Percentiles: Divides data into 100 equal parts.
o Deciles: Divides data into 10 equal parts.
5. Explain Measures of Shape.
o Skewness: Describes the asymmetry of data distribution.
o Kurtosis: Describes the "tailedness" of the data distribution.