Chemistry
Project Report
On
“ANTACIDS”
Session: 2019-20
Under Supervision of Submitted
by
Mr. Naveen Gupta Mehak
(Lecturer in Chemistry) Roll No.
……………..
Class XII (Medical)
POOJA MODERN PUBLIC
SCHOOL,
KURUKSHETRA
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mehak Roll No. …………………… student of XII
(Medical) of school Pooja Modern Public School, Kurukshetra has carried out
of work in project “ANTACIDS” under the supervision & guidance as partial
fulfillment of the requirement for passing the XIIth Class examination under
scheme of C.B.S.E., New Delhi for the session 2019-20. This project is complete
in my opinion and suitable for presentation.
Mr. Naveen Gupta
Lecturer in Chemistry
ACKNOWLEDGE MENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Naveen Gupta, Lecturer of
Chemistry, Pooja Modern Public School, Kurukshetra for her inspiration,
valuable guidance and constant encouragement in the completion of this project.
Without her it would have been an impossible task for me. I have put my sincere
effort to make this project interesting. I have fully consulted all the available books
on this subject and I am thankful to esteemed authors
Mehak
Class 10+2, (Medical)
Roll No. ………………….
INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Side Effects
3. Some More Side Effects
4. Hyperacidity – Cause of Intake
5. Symptoms of Hyperacidity
6. Some Commonly Used Antacids
INTRODUCTION
Antacids
An Antacid is any substance, generally a base or basic salt, which neutralizes
stomach acidity. They are used to relieve acid indigestion, upset stomach, sour stomach,
and heartburn.
Action Mechanism
Antacids perform a neutralization reaction, i.e. they buffer gastric acid, raising the
pH to reduce acidity in the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in
the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to the central nervous system. This happens
when these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers. The gastric acid may also reach ulcers
in the esophagus or the duodenum.
SIDE EFFECTS
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Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food and high-calcium diets, can cause the
milk-alkali syndrome, which has serious toxicity and can be fatal. In 1915, Bertram Sippy
introduced the “Sippy regimen” of hourly ingestion of milk and cream, the gradual
addition of eggs and cooked cereal, for 10 days, combined with alkaline powders, which
provided symptomatic relief for peptic ulcer disease. Over the next several decades, the
Sippy regimen resulted in renal failure, alkalosis, and hypercalemia, mostly in men with
peptic ulcer disease. These adverse effects were reversed when the regimen stopped, but
it was fatal in some patients with protracted vomiting. Milk alkali syndrome declined in
men after effective treatments were developed for peptic ulcer disease. But during the
past 15 years, it has been reported in women taking calcium supplements above the
recommended range of 1200 to 1500 mg daily, for prevention and treatment of
osteoporosis, and is exacerbated by dehydration. Calcium has been added to over-the-
counter products, which contributes to inadvertent excessive intake. Compounds
containing calcium may also increase calcium output in the urine, which might be
associated with kidney stones. Calcium salts may cause constipation. Other adverse
effects from antacids include:
1. Carbonate:
Regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result in altered
excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones. A chemical reaction between the
carbonate and hydrochloric acid may produce carbon dioxide gas. This causes
gastric distension which may not be well tolerated. Carbon dioxide formation can
also lead to headaches and decreased muscle flexibility.
2. Aluminum hydroxide:
May lead to the formation of insoluble aluminium-phosphate-complexes, with a
risk for hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. Although aluminium has a low
gastrointestinal absorption, accumulation may occur in the presence of renal
insufficiency.
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3. Magnesium hydroxide:
Has laxative properties. Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal failure
leading to hypermagnesemia, with cardiovascular and neurological complications.
See Milk of magnesia.
4. Sodium :
Increased intake of sodium may be deleterious for arterial hypertension, heart
failure and many renal diseases.
SOME MORE SIDE EFFECTS
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Fortunately, because acid reflux is such a common problem, antacids are among
the medicines available and free of side effects for most people. Side effects from
antacids vary depending on individual and other medications they may be taking at the
time. Those who experience side effects most commonly suffer from changes in bowel
functions, such as diarrhea, constipation, or flatulence. Although reactions to any drug
may vary from person to person, generally those medications that contain aluminum or
calcium are the likeliest to cause constipation, those that contain magnesium are the
likeliest to cause diarrhea. Some products combine these ingredients, which essentially
cancels them out, to forestall unpleasant side effects. In general, people with kidney
problems should probably not take antacids as this can sometimes cause a condition
known as alkalosis. In other people, side effects may occur if substances such as salt,
sugar, or aspirin, are added to a particular medication. As with all medications, always
carefully read the product label on the package and check with your doctor or pharmacist
if you have any question about potential drug interactions or side effects. Some side
effects, such as constipation and diarrhea, are fairly obvious. Other more serious side
effects, such as stomach or intestinal; bleeding, can be more difficult to recognize. In
general, any sign of blood in the stool or the presence of vomiting is a danger sign and
should be brought to the immediate attention of a physician. If your symptoms persist for
more than 10 days to two weeks while you are using the medication, you should stop
taking it and consult your doctor. Persistent symptoms may indicate that you have more a
serious problem than occasional acid reflux. Pregnant or nursing baby should always
consult your doctor before taking this medication. Generally, you should not give these
medications to children under the age of 12 unless under the advice and supervision of
your doctor or the package label has indicated that the product is safe for young children.
Constant use of antacids leads to a condition called acid rebound where the stomach
begins to over secrete acid in order to make up for the quantity that is being neutralized.
HYPERACIDITY, CAUSE FOR INTAKE OF ANTACIDS
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Hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia simply means increase of acidity in the stomach.
The human stomach secretes hydrochloric acid which is necessary for the digestion of
food. When the stomach contains an excessive amount of hydrochloric acid, then the
condition is called as hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia. Sometimes, hyperacidity is
confused for a simple bellyache. This is because people with hyperacidity usually
generally get pains in their stomachs with similar symptoms as bellyaches. This
confusion is more rampant in children who cannot differentiate between different kinds
of stomach ailments. However, hyperacidity can be found out with the sour belching and
aftertaste of the already eaten food in the mouth. The prime Medical factors of
hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia are as follows
(i) Stomach Ulcers:
Ulcers in the stomach are one of the prime causes of hyperacidity. Once this is
diagnosed, the treatment will be done by the surgical removal of the stomach
ulcers.
(ii) Acid Reflux Disease:
Some people have a gastric disorder called as the acid reflux disease. In this
condition, the acids of the stomach, i.e. gastric acids or hydrochloric acid, get
refluxed up to the food pipe, which is biologically called as the esophagus. When
this happens, it builds up the level of acidity in the stomach.
(iii) Stomach Cancers:
Stomach cancers can also cause hyperacidity as one of their symptoms. This is a
very rare case, but the mortality rate is quite high. Hence, a hyperacidity that lasts
more than two weeks must be immediately shown to the doctor and got checked
for any cancer. A timely diagnosis can enable complete treatment of the disease.
SYMPTOMS OF HYPERACIDITY
5
Hyperacidity symptoms are observed a couple of hours after eating, when the food
has been digested and still excess acids are left within the stomach. At this stage, the
following symptoms are seen:
1. A typical feeling of restlessness
2. Feeling of nausea (wanting to throw up) and actual vomiting
3. Sour belching with an aftertaste of the already-eaten food
4. Stiffness in the stomach, which is called as atomic dyspepsia
5. Lack of desire for any other type of food
6. Indigestion
7. Constipation
Interactions
Altered pH or complex formation may alter the bioavailability of other drugs, such
as tetracycline. Urinary excretion of certain drugs may also be affected.
Problems With Reduced Stomach Acidity
Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired ability to digest and absorb
certain nutrients, such as iron and the B vitamins. Since the low pH of the stomach
normally kills ingested bacteria, antacids increase the vulnerability to infection. It could
also result in reduced bioavailability of some drugs. For example, the bioavailability of
ketoconazole (antifungal) is reduced at high intragastric pH (low acid content).
Some Famous Antacid Brands
1. Alka-Seltzer— NaHCO3 and/or KHCO3
2. Equate — Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
3. Gaviscon — Al(OH)3
4. Maalox (liquid) — AI(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
5. Maalox (tablet) — CaCO3
6. Milk of Magnesia — Mg(OH)2
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7. Pepto-Bismol — HOC6H4COO
8. Pepto-Bismol Children’s — CaCO3
9. Rolaids — CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2
10. Tums—CaCO3
11. Mylanta
Drug Names
Some drugs used as antacids are
1. Aluminium hydroxide
2. Magnesium hydroxide
3. Calcium carbonate
4. Sodium bicarbonate
5. Bismuth subsalicylate
6. Histamine
7. Cimetidine
8. Ranitidine
9. Omeprazole
10. Lansoprazole
SOME IMPORTANT COMMONLY USED ANTACIDS
1. Aluminium Hydroxide
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Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, Alum, is the most stable form of aluminium in
normal conditions. It is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as
hydrargillite) and its three, much more rare, polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite and
nordstrandite. Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AIO(OH), and aluminium
oxide, Al203, differing only by loss of water. These compounds together are the major
components of the aluminium ore bauxite. Freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide
forms gels, which is the basis for application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water
purification. This gel crystallizes with time. Aluminium hydroxide gels can be
dehydrated (e.g., with the utility of water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to
form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids.
Heat-dried aluminium hydroxide powder is known as activated alumina and is used in
gas purification, as a catalyst support and an abrasive.
Production
Bauxites are heated in pressure vessels with sodium hydroxide solution at 150—
200 °C through which aluminium is dissolved as aluminate (Bayer process). After
separation of ferruginous residue (red mud) by filtering, pure gibbsite is precipitated
when the liquid is cooled and seeded with fine grained aluminium hydroxide. The
aluminium hydroxide is further calcined to give alumina, which may be smelted in the
Hall-Héroult process in order to produce aluminium.
Chemistry
Gibbsite has a typical metal hydroxide structure with hydrogen bonds. It is built up
of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminium ions occupying two-thirds of the
octahedral holes between the two layers. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric. It
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dissolves in acid, forming Al(H20)63+ (hexaaquaaluminate) or its hydrolysis products. It
also dissolves in strong alkali, forming Al(OH)4- (tetrahydroxoaluminate).
Pharmacology
Pharmacologically, this compound is used as an antacid under names such as Alu-
Cap, Aludrox or Pepsamar. The hydroxide reacts with excess acid in the stomach,
reducing its acidity. This decrease of acidity of the contents of the stomach may in turn
help to relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia. It can also cause
constipation and is therefore often used with magnesium hydroxide or magnesium
carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects. This compound is also used to
control phosphate (phosphorus) levels in the blood of people suffering from kidney
failure. Aluminium hydroxide, alum, is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g.,
Alhydrogel, Anthrax Vaccine), since it appears to contribute to induction of a good
antibody (Th2) response. Its pharmacological action is not known. However, it has little
capacity to stimulate cellular (Thi) immune responses, important for protection against
many pathogens.
Use as a Fire Retardant
Aluminium hydroxide also finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer
applications in a similar way to magnesium hydroxide and hydromagnesite. It
decomposes at about 180 °C giving off water vapour.
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2. Magnesium Hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula
Mg(OH)2. As a suspension in water, it is often called milk of magnesia because of its
milk-like appearance. The solid mineral form of magnesium hydroxide is known as
brucite. Magnesium hydroxide is common component of antacids and laxatives; it
interferes with the absorption of folic acid and iron. Magnesium hydroxide has low
solubility in water, with a Ksp of 1.5x10—11; all of magnesium hydroxide that does
dissolve does dissociate. Since the dissociation of this small amount of dissolved
magnesium hydroxide is complete, magnesium hydroxide is considered a strong base.
History
In 1829, Sir James Murray used a fluid magnesia preparation of his own design to
treat the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Marquis of Anglesey. This was so successful
(advertised in Australia and approved by the Royal College of Surgeons in 1838) that he
was appointed resident physician to Anglesey and two subsequent Lords Lieutenants, and
knighted. His fluid magnesia product was patented two years after his death in 1873. The
term milk of magnesia was first used for a white-colored, aqueous, mildly alkaline
suspension of magnesium hydroxide formulated at about 8%w/v by Charles Henry
Phillips in 1880 and sold under the brand name Phillips’ Milk of Magnesia for medicinal
usage. Although the name may at some point have been owned by GlaxoSmithKline,
USPTO registrations show “Milk of Magnesia” to be registered to Bayer, and “Phillips’
Milk of Magnesia” to Sterling Drug. In the UK, the non-brand (generic) name of “Milk
of Magnesia” and “Phillips’ Milk of Magnesia” is “Cream of Magnesia” (Magnesium
Hydroxide Mixture, BP).
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Preparation
Magnesium hydroxide can be precipitated by the metathesis reaction between
−¿(aq.)→ Mg ( OH )2 (s )¿
magnesium salts and sodium, potassium, or ammonium hydroxide: M g 2+¿ ( aq . )+2 O H ¿
Uses
Suspensions of magnesium hydroxide in water (milk of magnesia) are used as an
antacid to neutralize stomach acid, and a laxative. The diarrhea caused by magnesium
hydroxide carries away much of the body’s supply of potassium, and failure to take extra
potassium may lead to muscle cramps. Magnesium hydroxide is also used as an
antiperspirant armpit deodorant. Milk of magnesia is useful against canker sores
(aphthous ulcer) when used topically. Milk of magnesia is sold for Medical use as
chewable tablets, capsules, and as liquids having various added flavors. It is used as an
antacid, though more modern formulations combine the antimotility effects of equal
concentrations of aluminum hydroxide to avoid unwanted laxative effects. Magnesium
hydroxide powder is used industrially as a non-hazardous alkali to neutralise acidic
wastewaters. It also takes part in the Biorock method of building artificial reefs. Solid
magnesium hydroxide has also smoke suppressing and fire retarding properties. This is
due to the endothermic decomposition it undergoes at 332 °C (630 °F) :
Mg ( OH )2 → MgO+ H 2 O
Biological Metabolism
When the patient drinks the milk of magnesia, the suspension enters the stomach.
Depending on how much was taken, one of two possible outcomes will occur. As an
antacid, milk of magnesia is dosed at approximately 0.5—1.5g in adults and works by
simple neutralization, where the hydroxide ions from the Mg(OH)2 combine with acidic
H ions produced in the form of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells in the stomach to
produce water. Only a small amount of the magnesium from milk of magnesia is usually
absorbed from a person’s intestine (unless the person is deficient in magnesium).
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However, magnesium is mainly excreted by the kidneys so longterm, daily consumption
of milk of magnesia by someone suffering from renal failure could lead in theory to
hypermagnesemia.
3. Bismuth Subsalicylate
Bismuth subsalicylate, with a chemical formula C 7H5BiO4, is a drug used to treat
nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea, and other temporary discomforts
of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. Commonly known as pink bismuth, it is the
active ingredient in popular medications such as Pepto-Bismol and modern (since 2003)
Kaopectate.
Pharmacology
As a derivative of salicylic acid, bismuth salicylate displays anti-inflammatory
action and also acts as an antacid.
Adverse Effects and Contraindications
There are some adverse effects. It can cause a black tongue and black stools in
some users of the drug, when it combines with trace amounts of sulfur in saliva and the
gastrointestinal tract. This discoloration is temporary and harmless. Some of the risks of
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salicylism can apply to the use of bismuth subsalicylate. Children should not take
medication with bismuth subsalicylate while recovering from influenza or chicken pox,
as epidemiologic evidence points to an association between the use of salicylate-
containing medications during certain viral infections and the onset of Reye’s syndrome.
For the same reason, it is typically recommended that nursing mothers not use medication
containing bismuth subsalicylate (such as Pepto-Bismol) because small amounts of the
medication are excreted in breast milk and pose a theoretical risk of Reye’s syndrome to
nursing children.
Radioactivity
While bismuth is technically radioactive, its half life is so long, on the order of
hundreds of billions of years, that its radioactivity presents absolutely no threat under all
Medical and other ordinary purposes.
Decomposition
Bismuth subsalicyclate is the only active ingredient in an over the counter
medication that will actually leave a shiny metal slag behind.
EXPERIMENT
OBJECTIVE:
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To analyse the given samples of commercial antacids by determining the amount
of hydrochloric acid they can neutralize.
REQUIREMENTS:
Burettes, pipettes, titration flasks, measuring flasks, beakers, weight box,
fractional weights, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid,
phenolphthalein.
PROCEDURE:
1) Prepare 1 litre of approximately N/b HCI solution by diluting 10 ml of the
concentrated acid for one litre.
2) Similarly, make 1 litre of approximately N/b NaOH solution by dissolving 4.Og of
NaOH to prepare one litre of solution.
3) Prepare N/b Na2CO3 solution by weighing exactly 1.325 g of anhydrous sodium
carbonate and then dissolving it in water to prepare exactly 0.25 litres (250 ml) of
solution.
4) Standardize the HCI solution by titrating it against the standard Na 2CO3 solution
using methyl orange as indicator.
5) Similarly, standardize NaOH solution by titrating it against standardized HCI
solution using phenolphthalein as indicator.
6) Powder the various samples of antacid tablets and weigh 1.0 g of each.
7) Add a specific volume of standardised HCI to each of the weighed sample is taken
in conical flasks. The acid should be in slight excess, so that it can neutralize all
the alkaline component of the tablet.
8) Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein and warm the flask till most of powder dissolves.
Filter off the insoluble material.
9) Titrate this solution against the standardised NaOH solution, till a permanent
pinkish tinge is obtained. Repeat this experiment with different antacids.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
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Standardisation of HCl Solution
Volume of N /10 N a2 C O3 Solution taken = 20.0ml
S.No. of Burette Readings Volume of Acid
Observations Initial Final Used
1. 0 ml 15.0 ml 15.0 ml
2. 0 ml 15.1 ml 15.1 ml
3. 0 ml 15.0 ml 15.0 ml
4. 0 ml 15.0 ml 15.0 ml
5. 0 ml 15.0 ml 15.0 ml
Concordant volume = 15.0ml
Applying normality equation,
N 1 V 1=N 2 V 2
N 1∗15.0=0.1∗20
Normality of HCl , N 1=2/150.0=0.133 N
Standardisation of NaOH Solution
Volume of the given NaOH solution taken = 20.0ml
S.No. of Burette Readings Volume of Acid
15
Observations Initial Final Used
1. 0 ml 26.5 ml 26.5 ml
2. 0 ml 26.8 ml 26.8 ml
3. 0 ml 26.6 ml 26.6 ml
4. 0 ml 26.6 ml 26.6 ml
5. 0 ml 26.6 ml 26.6 ml
Concordant Volume = 26.6 ml
Applying normality equation,
N 1 V 1=N 2 V 2
0.133∗26.2=N 2∗20
Normality of NaOH , N 2=3.537 /20=0.176 N
Analysis of Antacid tablet
Weight of antacid tablet powder = 1.0g
Volume of HCl solution added = 20.0ml
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Sr. No. Antacid Vol. of NaOH soln. used to Vol. of HCl soln. used to
neutralize unused HCl neutralize 1.0g of antacid
matter
1. Gelusil 12.1 ml 12.0 ml
2. Digene 16.0 ml 16.2 ml
3. Aludrox 19.3 ml 18.9 ml
4. Logas 24.3 ml 24.4 ml
5. Ranitidine 21.4 ml 2.7 ml
6. Ocid 20 22.7 ml 21.9 ml
CONCLUSION
The antacid which has maximum volume of HCl is used for neutralizing i.e. OCID
20 is more effective.
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