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ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS/
INDUCTION
When an electrical conductor cuts through
magnetic field lines, an emf (voltage) is induced
across the ends of the conductor. If the wire is part
of a complete circuit, a current is induced in the
wire. This is called electromagnetic induction
and is sometimes called the generator effect.
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
When N moves out off a coil it creates a S where
INDUCTION
it enters before, and current is induced that create
It states that: The emf induced in a conductor is a magnetic field that oppose the magnetic field of
proportional to the rate at which the magnetic field the magnet moving into a coil.
lines are cut by the conductor.
The induced emf can be increased by:
An induced emf can be made in several ways:
• moving the wire or magnet faster
1. Moving a coil or wire between the • using a stronger magnet
magnetic poles • Increasing the coil of wire for example,
2. A bar magnet is pushed into a coil. looping the wire through the field several
times.
Lenz law
The direction of the current induced in a The current and emf direction can be reversed by:
conductor by a changing magnetic field is such
• moving the wire in the opposite direction
that the magnetic field created by the induced
• turning the magnet round so that the field
current opposes the initial changing magnetic field
direction is reversed.
which produced it. The direction of this current
flow is given by Fleming’s right hand rule. A.C. GENERATOR
Is a device that transforms mechanical energy into
an electrical energy. It consists of insulated coil of
copper wire that is rotated between the magnetic
poles or (by rotating a magnet around a coil of
wire) by turning the shaft. The slip rings (one on
each coil) are fixed to the coil and rotate with it.
There are two brushes in contact with the slip
rings and keep the coil connected to the outside
part of the circuit or the load, usually brushes are
made of carbon.
When N moves into a coil it creates a N where it
enters, and current is induced that create a Function of the Slip rings
magnetic field that oppose the magnetic field of
the magnet moving into a coil. Slip rings are attached to the coil and rotate with it
so that carbon brushes press against the slip rings
to conduct current from the coil to external parts
or load.
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this induce an emf (alternating voltage) in the coil.
In turn alternating current will flow to light the
bulb of the bicycle.
In case where the coil is the one rotating, the
split ring or commuter rings is used this generate
direct current to that will flow to light bulb of the
bicycle.
Note:
• doubling of the frequency (f) doubles the
maximum output
• doubling the turns doubles the maximum
output voltage
Question 1
An A.C. generator has output voltage of 12V,
1. Sketch a graph of the form of the variation of
output voltage with time for this AC generator.
Operation of the A.C Generator
Label the drawn graph as 1
When the coil is rotated, it cuts magnetic field
2. Using the same set of axes show how the
lines or by rotating a magnet around a coil of wire,
voltage would vary if the rotational speed of the
so an EMF is induced in the coil, which drives an
generator was doubled. Label the drawn graph as
induced current in the coil. Each side of the coil
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travels upwards then downwards then upwards
etc. so the current flow backwards then forwards 3. Using the same set of axes show how the
then backwards etc. It is an alternating current. voltage would vary if the number of turns of the
The current is maximum when the coil is generator was doubled. Label the drawn graph as
horizontal since field lines are being cut at the 3
fastest rate and Zero when the coil is vertical,
since it is cutting NO field lines THE TRANSFORMER
Bicycle generator/Dynamo A transformer is a device that is used to change
alternating voltage or alternating current into a
lower alternating voltage/current or higher
alternating voltage/current.
When the wheel rotates, the magnet is made to
rotate next to the fixed coil of wire. The rotating
magnet produces a changing magnetic field, and
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Structure of a transformer
Question 2
A transformer consists of a primary coils and
secondary coils each coils of wire wrapped around Calculate the number of turns required for the
a laminated iron core. primary coil of a transformer if secondary has 400
turns and the primary voltage is stepped up from
12V to a secondary voltage of 48V. Np = 100
turns
TRANSFORMER POWER TRANSFER
EQUATION
If a transformer is 100% efficient then the power
input to the primary coil is equalled by the power
How a transformer works output from the secondary coil.
It works by the process of mutual induction. 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
When an alternating voltage, Vp is applied to the Then: power in primary = power in secondary
primary coil of Np turns, it induces a changing
magnetic field in the laminated iron core which 𝑰𝒑 𝒙 𝑽𝒑 = 𝑰𝒔 𝒙 𝑽𝒔
induce an emf on the secondary coil of Ns turns. Question 1:
Exercise Calculate the primary current if when a
Why can a transformer not change the level of the transformer is supplied with 230V the secondary
voltage output of a battery? provides 4A at a voltage of 13V. Assume that the
transformer is 100% efficient. 𝑰𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝑨
THE TRANSFORMER EQUATION
STEP-UP TRANSFORMERS
The voltages or potential differences across the
primary and secondary coils of a transformer are Exercise
related by the equation: • Draw and label a step up transformer
• Explain the term step up transformer
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 Use: To increase the voltage output from a power
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 station from 25 kV (25 000 V) to up to 400 kV.
𝑁𝑜. 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦
= Ns > 𝑁𝑝
𝑁𝑜. 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
Vs > 𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
= STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMERS
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
Exercise Exercise
Question 1 • Draw and label a step down transformer
• Explain the term step down transformer
Calculate the secondary voltage of a transformer
that has a primary coil of 1200 turns and a Use: To decrease the voltage output from the
secondary of 150 turns if the primary is supplied mains supply from 230V to 18V to power and
with 230V. recharge a lap-top computer.
Vs= 28.8 V
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Ns < 𝑁𝑝 Exercise
Vs < 𝑉𝑝
Question 1
TRANSFORMERS AND THE NATIONAL Why is electrical energy transmitted over the
GRID National Grid in the form of alternating current?
The National Grid is the system of cables used to
deliver electrical power from power stations to
consumers. The higher the voltage used, the
greater is the efficiency of energy transmission.
Lower voltages result in higher electric currents
and greater energy loss to heat due to the
resistance of the cables.
At power stations the output voltage of the
generators is stepped up by transformers from
25kV to 132kV. The voltage may be further
increased to up to 400 kV for transmission over
long distance pylon lines.
The voltage is reduced in stages by step-down
transformers to different levels for different types
of consumer. The lowest level is 230V for
domestic use. The final step-down transformer
will be at substation within a few hundred metres
of each group of houses.
