Development of the State
1. The word considerable is closet in meaning to
P1. In anthropology, considerable debate takes place over how (A) constant (B) significant
human societies develop. The competing theories focus on the (C) elementary (D) usual
transformation of civilization from simple to complex
organizational forms. Regardless, one of anthropology's 2. Which of the following best expresses the essential
presumptions is that this hierarchical pattern of transformation information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices
does, in fact, exist. This chronological pattern of evolution is change the meaning in important ways or leave out important
categorized by bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and state societies, information.
respectively. Although there are an almost infinite number of (A) The reasons that political structures evolve vary depending
situations which could affect the transition from one political on the situations they are in.
structure to the next, each system appears out of necessity. (B) Political structures are formed to meet the needs of the
members of a society and are shaped by environmental resources.
P2. Hunter-gatherer bands are considered to be the most basic (C) The changes in political structure are significantly affected by
form of society. They are often based on kinship; a band is the infinite number of social situations.
sometimes not larger than an extended family, usually numbering (D) There are many conditions under which political structures
less than 100 members. As an informal organizational system, a change, but they always occur due to demand.
band has no written laws, and, therefore, no records to refer to for
guidance. It is governed by its elder family members, who are 3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of
looked up to for advice and direction. Since there is minimal hunter-gatherer bands?
leadership, decisions and power are shared equally among band (A) They are systematically organized under the rule of one
members. Generally, nomadic bands do not generate surpluses, leader.
which lead to a subsistence mentality. Finally, these bands have (B) There is strict hierarchical order among the members.
no graded status levels; therefore, tribal members aren't separated (C) There are no records to determine course of action.
into classes, castes, or social levels. (D) The members produce large surpluses through cooperation.
P3. A tribe is markedly larger since it consists of many families 4. The phrase looked up to is closest in meaning to
and communities linked together. Thus, it differs from a state (A) isolated (B) respected
inasmuch as familial ties are crucial to a tribe member's social (C) considered (D) scrutinized
standing. Tribal systems form during times when resources,
achieved by plant and animal domestication, are plentiful but 5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true
unpredictable. The system's effectiveness and flexibility allow of tribes?
tribe members not only freedom during surplus periods but also (A) Tribes are made of many families and communities that are
food reserves during hard times. However, due to the large connected to one another.
amount of mingling among members both within and outside of (B) Tribe members tail to socialize due to the different ways of
tribes, there are often conflicts within the tribes regarding obtaining resources.
ideological differences. In addition, tribe members often speak a (C) Tribe members could get married with people from other
number of different languages, which may lead to identity and tribes.
ideology crises and cultural fragmentation. Due to these (D) The variety of different languages existing within a tribe
challenges, tribes often join together with one common leader, causes difficulties.
transitioning into the next-to-last stage of state development.
6. The word Ultimately in the passage is closest in meaning to
P4. Consisting of possibly thousands of people, a chiefdom is (A) Abnormally (B) Consequently
considerably larger than a tribe. A Often, a chiefdom is (C) Completely (D) Ideally
temporarily formed by several tribes uniting, only to collapse and
fragment until they reunite into another chiefdom. B Chiefdom is 7. All of the following were mentioned in paragraph 4 EXCEPT
characterized by having a chief who exercises control over (A) chiefdoms are formed by merging several tribes into one
several communities. C A simple chiefdom is formed by a central huge community
community surrounded by several worker-class, auxiliary (B) the lower class supplies the higher class with goods and
communities that provide support with goods and services. D services
Chiefdoms follow a system of taxation and tribute, in which the (C) chiefs are elected from the members of several tribes joined
commoner supplies the elite with resources such as food and together
labor. Therefore, widespread inequality usually exists between (D) there is a power imbalance between the two classes in a
these two chiefdom classes. Class status is inherited although chiefdom society
sometimes individuals may improve their status by
accomplishing something important, marrying a person of higher 8. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about
social status, or being related to someone who has improved their social status in a chiefdom?
own ranking. The chief is entitled to a number of privileges (A) Upper classes were challenged by lower class individuals
simply because he is born to powerful parents. These entitlements when several tribes united.
are often supported by a series of myths that assert his power. To (B) Changes in ones class status occur infrequently.
further bolster their significance, these myths are often created (C) The commoners provide labor for the upper classes to
with a religious tone in order to assure their acceptance. When improve their status.
dissatisfaction threatens a chiefdom, the chief and the elite use (D) Religion plays an important role in keeping the power for the
force to suppress upheaval. This may temporarily insure that the upper classes.
elite remain in power, but it also creates a constant source of
conflict between the two classes. Ultimately, chiefdoms are 9. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following
unstable because they create a society in which individuals of the sentence could be added to the passage.
lower class are oppressed with few opportunities to improve their
situation. A chiefdom also differs from tribes and bands in that there
are social levels, and it is centralized.
P5. The most stable stage of development is the state. It 10. The word association is closest in meaning to
resembles a chiefdom in its social class system and (A) link (B) approach
centralization. Nevertheless, the stratification model of a state (C) nature (D) obstacle
is pyramid-shaped, with a multitude of social levels between
its hypothetical base and peak. Furthermore, because of their 11. The author refers to chiefdom in paragraph 5 in order to
much larger size and progressive development, states can (A) provide an example of a state's development
create sovereignty over vast amounts of territory. This is made (B) demonstrate that states are exactly like chiefdoms
possible with institutions such as armed forces, civil services, (C) make a point that state members look like chiefdom
courts, and police, all of which are available due to a state's members
high level of production. Moreover, with a non-kin-based (D) indicate that states have hierarchical levels and
association between rulers and citizens, states are a major centralized rule
departure from the preceding stages of development. Since
state-organized societies are self-governing political units, 12. Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases
they are more adaptable to crises affecting the population. If below. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices
conflict turns popular opinion against the state, the state will and match them to the type of society to which they relate.
more likely change to popularly-accepted governing agents TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.
than fragment.
Tribes
●
●
●
Chiefdoms
●
●
Answer choices
(A) They may have multiple languages.
(B) They are characterized by being oppressive.
(C) They tend to be family-based.
(D) The members are very social.
(E) There is a distinct class system.
(F) There are self-governing units.
(G) The members easily marry and move across groups.
Development of the State
B D C B B / B C B A D / A A,C,G B,E
